The document discusses globalization and its cultural impacts, focusing on changes in peasant societies in the Third World. It provides an overview of theories of cultural change and social change, then presents a case study of Guatemala. Guatemala underwent changes from the Spanish conquest through colonial rule, liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and more recent integration into the global economic system. Globalization has led to peasantization, proletarianization, and the erosion of traditional community structures in Guatemala.

1. Cultural Change, Globality, and the Future Imperialism, Acculturation, and the Third World

2. Globalization and Cultural Change: Introduction Cultural Change Change always present Present era: change has accelerated Globalization Again, present since the empires Industrial era: Process has accelerated via technology Infiltrated into all parts of Third World cultures

3. Leading Trends: Globalization Economic Globalization: Expansion of trade into an international division of labor Core countries Peripheral countries Semiperipheral countries Expansion of a global production system Transportation innovation Communication innovation Labor-intensive processes to Third World More recently: white-collar work

4. Leading Trends: Globalization Impact Peasantization : Settlement of Nomadic peoples Independent cultivators (e.g. Yanomamo) Proletarianization Alienation of land Rural workers Rural-to-urban migration

5. Leading Trends: Earlier Phases of Globalizaton Extermination of existing populations Locations: the Americas, Australia Processes: Diseases, conquest by division Slavery Examples: African slavery by Arabs, then Westerners Contemporary examples: sex slavery in Thailand, forced labor in China

6. Leading Trends: Applied Anthropology Westernization of Technology and Economics Derivative Institutions Politics Religion Positive Aspects of Westernization Health Promotion (though debatable) Elimination of harmful practices such as: Tribal Warfare Clitoridectomy and circumcision Child Marriages

7. Leading Trends: Applied Anthropology Negative Aspects of Westernization: Loss of land Loss of livelihood (India’s cotton): Loss of independence Role of Applied Anthropology Change from subsistence to cash crops Change from indigenous to market-based technology (e.g. fertilizer, demos ) Persuasion; changing attitudes

8. Overview Theories of cultural change Nature of peasant society Case study of the twin processes in Guatemala Guatemala at Conquest Guatemala under Colonial/Conservative Rule Guatemala under Liberal Regimes

9. Theories of Social Change Most theories focus on the local Index variables (Sociologists) Entrepreneuralism (Economists; Psychologists) Diffusionism: (Anthropologists) Macroscopic Approaches Dependency Theory (Frank) World-Systems Analysis (Wallerstein) Recent trends: Asian corporatism?

10. States of Economic Growth (Rostow) Traditional stage: culture and attitudes are barriers to development Culture change (premodern) stage : acceptance that change is both necessary and beneficial Take-Off Stage: Investment and savings begin to rise Self-Sustained growth: Self-reinforcing investment and savings rates as society undergoes industrialization; spread of education High economic growth (or era of mass consumption): achievement of high standard of living

11. Theory of Social Change: Pattern Variables Modernization is measured by indicators known as pattern variables Traditional vs. modern measures Ascription vs. Achievement Particularism vs. Universalism Drawbacks Traditionalism masks diversity Ignores wider economies Counterexamples in modern society

12. Theory of Social Change:Psychological variables Strategy Foster entrepreneurial attitudes Select society with this attribute Example: McClelland Need for achievement ( n -ach) : a measurable concept;t One indicator: folk tales Turkey: the boy and the grocer Implication: decision as to whom to aid.

13. Theory of Social Change: Diffusionism Strategy Change in key societal characteristics Demonstration projects Marketing strategies Tzintzuntzan: Mexican case study Pottery marketing encouraged--and resisted Image of limited good: absolute scarcity Dyadic contract: distrust of organizations

14. World Systems Analysis and Allied Theories Dependency Theory Specialization on single exports Primary sector Fostered by industrial countries World-Systems Analysis Core countries (Industrialized, Diversified) Peripheral: (Monocrop, specialized) Semiperipheral (Intermediate, go-betweens)

15. The World Production System The world has become one large system of production Reasons: Improved communication Reasons: Improved transportation technology The production system involves the search for lower labor costs Here how it works:

16. Division of Labor: Industrial Production System Detail labor involves breaking each task down To its subtasks in production Assigning each subtask to each individual and Ordering each individual how to do each subtask

17. Effects: Globalized Division of Labor Has enabled globalization of production Labor intensive tasks sent to Third World Such as this leatherworking operation in Ecuador Result: downsizing and plant closures Mexican maquiladoras close As low wages in China or Bangladesh draw factories there

18. Peasant Society Importance: Linkage to wider society Definitions based on this linkage Kroeber: Part societies with part cultures. Redfield: Two Aspects Great versus Little Tradition Folk-Urban Continuum Fallers: African societies Lack of a long-standing tradition Drawback: Indigenous African states

19. Peasant Society: A Structural Definition according to Eric Wolf The funding metaphor Primitive Cultivators and Peasants both must meet a Caloric fund (food, other necessities) Replacement fund (seeds, house repair) Ceremonial fund (life change, solidarity) Peasants Subject to domain of state Rent fund (taxes, tribute, forced labor)

20. Indigenous Guatemala: Ethnohistorical Overview Pre-Columbian Era (ca 1000-1524) Either city states Or parts of a larger state. Colonization by Spain (1524-1600) Colonial and Early Independence (1600-1871) Liberal Era (1871-Present) Reform Hiatus (1944-1954) Civil War and Aftermath (1960-Present)

21. Pre-Columbian Era Sociopolitical Organization Patrilineal Clans Joint Land Tenure Warring Kingdoms: Quiche dominated Tributaries to various cycles of states Other Attributes Calendrical System Base 20 system of numbers Writing combining glyph types

22. Spanish Colonization Conquest completed by 1540, with a few exceptions Colonial Setup Spaniards perennially understaffed Created congregaciones: forced population relocation to town centers Each town deeded communal land Quota system of labor and tribute

23. Spanish Colonization: Town Government Offices staffed by Indians themselves Enforced the quota system of labor Assessed each household for tribute Administered the allocation of land Handled other daily affairs Structure Caciques became the administrators Alcaldes (mayors) and regidores (council) Police and messengers: the mayores

24. Spanish Colonization: Religious Governance Priests directed the town’s church Sacristans oversaw church’s daily administration Cofradias assigned care of each saint and its celebration Alter boys handled menial chores Syncretism: Each saint “fronted” for indigenous spirits

25. Colonial Guatemala/Central America Guatemala was captaincy-general of Central America (including Chiapas) Spain lost interest in Central America Lacked the gold/silver deposits of New Spain and Peru Spain directed staff to these two colonies Central America came to be neglected In due course, Indians gained autonomy by default

26. Closed Corporate Communities Communities were both closed and corporate Corporate Estate: communal land Body of rights and obligations Rights: usufruct land rights Obligations: community service Focus of service: civil-religious hierarchy

27. Communities as Corporate: Civil-Religious Hierarchy Civil and religious organizations became fused into a theocracy Hierarchy of offices Lowest: messengers, police Middle level mayordomo of cofradias Upper level: mayors, council, top cofrades Obligatory service Financial support of office Yearlong service without pay

28. Communities as Corporate: Civil-Religious Hierarchy Cargo career Youths began as messengers Early to middle age: mayordomos Elders became senior officeholders: councillors. mayors, senior mayordomos Principales (e.g. moletik in Zinacantan) Leveling mechanism Led to reduced stratification Resources directed to community welfare

29. Communities as Closed: Structural Barriers Community Endogamy Community markers Distinctive dress style Linguistic dialects Product specialization Regional markets Rotating: markets held alternate days Solar: central markets Semimonopoly of crafts ensure demand

30. Regional Economies of Colonial Central America Hostile symbiosis between Haciendas Closed corporate communities Conservatives vs. Liberals Conservatives: maintain national self-sufficiency Liberals: Wealth through Economic development External commerce

31. Liberal Reformas: Roots Economic Strategy Country needs to industrialize Key: Produce exports Guatemala: lucrative export proved to be coffee Origins: Costa Rica had a booming coffee economy by 1840s In 1860, coffee proved successful

32. Liberal Reformas: Land Rationale for Land Reforms Needed land “locked” in communal land Incentive lacking for Indians to plant the crop Land Reforms Privatization: only land registered to private individuals was recognized Result: land grabs of communal property Some communities vanished; others restructured

33. Liberal Reforma: Labor Coffee requires massive labor inputs Tending seedlings Weeding Picking and processing beans Labor Reforms Restoration of labor quota system Debt peonage legalized Fincas de mozos: worker-producing farms Vagrancy laws (1930s)

34. Liberal Reforma: Impact on Communities Land became a commodity Communal land mostly nonarable Communities became dependent on labor markets Corporate institutions eroded Politics dominated political part of CRH Religious movements entered communities “ True” Catholicism displace folk beliefs Protestantism entered.

35. Liberal Reforma: Long-term impact Social reforms introduced, reversed Labor legislation Land redistribution Civil war of attrition Guerrilla warfare involved Indian in 1980s Communities bombed, mass emigration Peace Accords of 1996 ended war Guatemala has become part of global system of production.

36. Reactions to Globalization: Latin America Venezuela: Control of Oil Resources under Chavez Cochabamba, Bolivia: Privatization of water followed by return to public Bolivia: Control of gas resources Argentina: Worker takeover of closed factories Mexico: Narrow defeat of a socialist coalition; EZLN revolt

37. Reactions of Globalization: East Asia China: Controlled foreign investment Japan: Independent industrialization The Four Tigers: Independent commerce India: New Silicon Valleys Question in ReOrient: Is East Asian hegemony about to re-emerge?

38. Reactions To Globalization: Fundamentalism Iran: Islamic Republic as reaction to imperialism Iraq and Afghanistan: Protracted warfare, with many precedents Other Fundamentalist Movements: Turkey, Algeria, rest of Middle East

39. Conclusion Corporate capital dominates the world Third World Countries have become industrial appendages Outsourcing of manufacturing and increasingly high-tech industries Reactions have been multifarious—from co-optation to expulsion