The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North America and Latin America between 1530 and 1770. It covers demographic changes from disease, the transfer of plants and animals between the Old World and New, and the economies, societies, and religions that developed in the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British colonial regions. It also addresses imperial reforms, conflicts between colonists and imperial powers, and concludes with comparisons of the political, economic, environmental, and cultural impacts across the different colonial regions.
The British invaded the Philippines as part of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France from 1762-1764. Admiral Cornish and General Draper led over 6,800 British men who captured Manila in October 1762 after the Spanish defenders surrendered. The British looted homes and buildings in Manila, stealing over 1 million pesos worth of treasures. While the British conquered Manila and nearby areas, most Filipinos remained loyal to Spain and resented the British due to the looting and because they were Protestants. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war and returned the Philippines to Spanish control in 1764.
The British fleet arrived in Manila Bay in September 1762 during the Seven Years' War between Britain and Spain. They informed the Spanish that they were under orders from King George III to capture Manila and demand their surrender. The British attacked Manila directly rather than the nearby port of Cavite first, recognizing that taking the capital would help them more easily capture other areas. The British occupation of Manila and surrounding regions lasted for two years, and brought some local support for British rule through rebellions.
1. The document discusses the various ways Filipinos helped Spain during the Spanish colonial period, such as providing food and fighting alongside Spanish forces against other groups.
2. It notes that thousands of Filipinos fought in Spanish military expeditions to colonize places like the Moluccas and help conquer areas like Indochina and Taiwan.
3. The document also describes how Filipinos both helped and fought against the Spanish, with Christian Filipinos fighting Muslim Filipinos and heroes emerging on both sides of those conflicts.
Mexico played an important role in Spain's conquest of the Philippines in 1565. Legaspi and Urdaneta, though Spanish, lived in Mexico and received troops, missionaries, and supplies from Mexico to succeed in colonizing the Philippines. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was ruled from Mexico by the Mexican viceroy, who appointed governors and officials. Mexicans came to live and work in the Philippines, and Filipinos went to Mexico. The galleon trade between Mexico and the Philippines linked and enriched the colonies until 1815. Both cultures influenced each other through the exchange of plants, animals, industries, dress, music, dances, traditions, and language.
The encomienda system assigned Spanish landowners responsibility over indigenous populations in a specific area. They were responsible for collecting tribute in the form of goods, labor, or taxes from the native population to support the Spanish crown and Catholic church. This system led to abuse and exploitation of the native population. It disrupted communities and traditional leadership structures.
The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch all sought to colonize parts of Southeast Asia between the 15th-19th centuries. [1] The Portuguese colonized areas of Indonesia, Malacca, Timor, and the Moluccas. [2] They took control of Malacca in 1511 and the spice trade, but their rule was hampered by difficulties. [3] The Spanish colonized the Philippines for over 300 years after the Portuguese explorer Magellan arrived in 1521, establishing Manila as their capital in 1571. The Dutch controlled most of Indonesia as the Dutch East Indies, gradually conquering kingdoms through political influence and forced labor systems until independence in 1949.
1. Encomienda was a system established by Spain to reward colonists who helped conquer new lands. Colonists known as encomenderos were given large parcels of land and native people living there, and were responsible for protecting the natives and converting them to Christianity.
2. However, encomenderos often abused the natives, forcing them to work and collect excessive taxes. Over time, the natives became slaves on their own land.
3. The Spanish established a governing structure led by the Governor General, with encomenderos, alcalde mayor, and gobernadorcillo having authority at different levels. They also imposed policies like reduccion, bandala, and
The document discusses Mexico's role in the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Philippines from the 16th to 19th centuries. It notes that the Legazpi expedition to colonize the Philippines was funded and manned by Mexican authorities and soldiers. It also summarizes that the Philippines was ruled from Mexico by the Mexican viceroy for Spain from 1565 to 1821. Finally, it briefly outlines some Mexican and Filipino cultural contributions and influences that were exchanged between the two regions during this period of colonization.
The British invaded the Philippines as part of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France from 1762-1764. Admiral Cornish and General Draper led over 6,800 British men who captured Manila in October 1762 after the Spanish defenders surrendered. The British looted homes and buildings in Manila, stealing over 1 million pesos worth of treasures. While the British conquered Manila and nearby areas, most Filipinos remained loyal to Spain and resented the British due to the looting and because they were Protestants. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war and returned the Philippines to Spanish control in 1764.
The British fleet arrived in Manila Bay in September 1762 during the Seven Years' War between Britain and Spain. They informed the Spanish that they were under orders from King George III to capture Manila and demand their surrender. The British attacked Manila directly rather than the nearby port of Cavite first, recognizing that taking the capital would help them more easily capture other areas. The British occupation of Manila and surrounding regions lasted for two years, and brought some local support for British rule through rebellions.
1. The document discusses the various ways Filipinos helped Spain during the Spanish colonial period, such as providing food and fighting alongside Spanish forces against other groups.
2. It notes that thousands of Filipinos fought in Spanish military expeditions to colonize places like the Moluccas and help conquer areas like Indochina and Taiwan.
3. The document also describes how Filipinos both helped and fought against the Spanish, with Christian Filipinos fighting Muslim Filipinos and heroes emerging on both sides of those conflicts.
Mexico played an important role in Spain's conquest of the Philippines in 1565. Legaspi and Urdaneta, though Spanish, lived in Mexico and received troops, missionaries, and supplies from Mexico to succeed in colonizing the Philippines. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was ruled from Mexico by the Mexican viceroy, who appointed governors and officials. Mexicans came to live and work in the Philippines, and Filipinos went to Mexico. The galleon trade between Mexico and the Philippines linked and enriched the colonies until 1815. Both cultures influenced each other through the exchange of plants, animals, industries, dress, music, dances, traditions, and language.
The encomienda system assigned Spanish landowners responsibility over indigenous populations in a specific area. They were responsible for collecting tribute in the form of goods, labor, or taxes from the native population to support the Spanish crown and Catholic church. This system led to abuse and exploitation of the native population. It disrupted communities and traditional leadership structures.
The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch all sought to colonize parts of Southeast Asia between the 15th-19th centuries. [1] The Portuguese colonized areas of Indonesia, Malacca, Timor, and the Moluccas. [2] They took control of Malacca in 1511 and the spice trade, but their rule was hampered by difficulties. [3] The Spanish colonized the Philippines for over 300 years after the Portuguese explorer Magellan arrived in 1521, establishing Manila as their capital in 1571. The Dutch controlled most of Indonesia as the Dutch East Indies, gradually conquering kingdoms through political influence and forced labor systems until independence in 1949.
1. Encomienda was a system established by Spain to reward colonists who helped conquer new lands. Colonists known as encomenderos were given large parcels of land and native people living there, and were responsible for protecting the natives and converting them to Christianity.
2. However, encomenderos often abused the natives, forcing them to work and collect excessive taxes. Over time, the natives became slaves on their own land.
3. The Spanish established a governing structure led by the Governor General, with encomenderos, alcalde mayor, and gobernadorcillo having authority at different levels. They also imposed policies like reduccion, bandala, and
The document discusses Mexico's role in the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Philippines from the 16th to 19th centuries. It notes that the Legazpi expedition to colonize the Philippines was funded and manned by Mexican authorities and soldiers. It also summarizes that the Philippines was ruled from Mexico by the Mexican viceroy for Spain from 1565 to 1821. Finally, it briefly outlines some Mexican and Filipino cultural contributions and influences that were exchanged between the two regions during this period of colonization.
The French colonial empire began in 1605 with the founding of Acadia in Canada. Over the next few centuries, France established colonies across North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, becoming the second largest colonial power behind Britain by the 19th century. However, France lost most of its North American and Caribbean territories to Britain following several wars between the two powers from 1744-1815. While weakened, France rebuilt its empire in Africa and Asia in the 19th century before decolonization in the postwar period led to the end of the French colonial empire.
This document provides a summary of key revolts and independence movements in the Philippines from the 16th century to the late 19th century under Spanish colonial rule. It discusses over 25 major revolts caused by issues like abusive governance, oppression, taxation, and the desire to return to native religions and customs. Important revolts and movements included the Katipunan led by Bonifacio, which launched the Philippine Revolution of 1896, as well as the Biak-na-Bato Republic established by Aguinaldo. Tensions increased further following the Spanish-American War of 1898, leading to the Philippines gaining independence from Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, claiming the lands for Spain and converting some locals to Catholicism. However, Lapu-Lapu, a native ruler, resisted Spanish colonization and killed Magellan in 1521. Spain then began over 300 years of colonization, introducing Christianity, exploiting gold and other resources, and establishing political and economic systems like the encomienda. Filipino nationalism emerged in response to Spanish abuses, led by reformists like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena. Their Katipunan revolutionary movement was suppressed, leading to the Philippine Revolution and war for independence from Spain.
Hist2 8 formation of philippine colonial society (1876-1896)Yvan Gumbao
The document discusses the 19th century political and economic development in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule. It notes the common grievances Filipinos had against the oppressive colonial policies, including abuses by friars and excessive forced labor and taxes. It also discusses the ideas of liberty and equality from the Enlightenment and French Revolution that influenced growing nationalism. The document also summarizes the economic changes like the development of cash crops and opening of trade, as well as some liberal reforms enacted by Spanish governors, though these were often later reversed.
The document summarizes key aspects of Philippine history under Spanish colonial rule from the 16th century to the 19th century. It discusses the initial contact and conversion of natives to Catholicism starting with the Magellan expedition. It then covers the pacification campaigns of the Spaniards and the establishment of settlements through military might and religion. The document also summarizes the policies of attraction and divide and conquer used by the Spaniards to subjugate the Filipinos. It discusses the systems of encomienda, taxation, and other government monopolies that exploited the natives and caused economic decline. It also notes the initial resistance of groups like the Moros and cultural communities that were able to avoid subjugation.
Portugal was a world power in the 15th-16th centuries but then declined due to losses of territory and economic threats. It lost its capital to an earthquake in 1755 and its largest colony, Brazil, declared independence in 1822. Between 1900-1950, two million Portuguese immigrated abroad. A revolution in 1910 dissolved the monarchy and a dictatorship emerged in 1926 until democracy was restored in 1974. Portugal is now a member of NATO and the EU.
The document discusses challenges to Spanish authority in the Philippines from 1560-1820, including revolts by Filipinos against Spanish rule and threats from other colonial powers. It provides details on Portuguese attempts in the 1560s-1570s to displace the Spanish and Dutch attacks from 1597-1647. It also lists numerous Filipino revolts from 1574-1744, their causes and leaders, and why they ultimately failed, including lack of unity and inadequate preparation. Resistance continued longest among Moro groups in the south and in mountainous interior regions.
Spanish rule over the Philippines was constantly challenged by indigenous rebellions and invasions from European powers seeking to dominate Asian trade routes. The Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese, and British all launched attacks and instigated revolts against Spanish control during the 16th-18th centuries. Meanwhile, the Moros of Mindanao resisted Spanish colonization for over 300 years through armed conflict. Despite possessing superior weapons, the Spanish struggled to establish dominance due to a lack of unity among Filipino groups, absence of strong leadership, and fierce resistance from the Moros and mountain tribes.
The document summarizes Spanish colonization of the Philippines from 1565 to 1872. It details key events such as Legazpi establishing the first Spanish settlements in Cebu and Manila. It established the colonial system including religion, society, government, laws and the economy. It also discusses early Filipino revolts against Spanish rule such as those led by Lakandula, Tamblot, and Dagohoy. The document provides context on Spanish colonial integration and resistance during this time period.
The document summarizes several Filipino revolts against Spanish colonial rule between 1744 and 1841. It describes the causes of revolt as oppression, including forced labor and land grabbing by Spanish encomenderos and friars. It then details several major revolts, including the Dagohoy Rebellion in Bohol (1744-1829), the Silang Rebellion in Ilocos led by Diego and Gabriela Silang (1762-1763), and the religious revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-1841). It notes that the revolts ultimately failed due to a lack of unity among Filipinos and an absence of strong national leaders who could unify revolutionary efforts.
The document provides background information on Portugal's colonial empire in the Americas between the 16th and 18th centuries. It discusses Portugal's initial colonization efforts in Brazil in the early 1500s through the establishment of captaincies and settlements. It then covers periods of rivalry with other European powers like the Dutch and English for control of Portuguese trade routes and colonies, which contributed to the decline of the Portuguese Empire. The document also mentions gold discoveries that led to a gold rush in Brazil and increased centralization of power by the Portuguese crown over its empire.
This document summarizes the Spanish-Moro wars between Spain and the Sultanates in the Philippines over a period of 35 years. It describes the initial raids by the Moro sultanates on Spanish settlements in the Visayas in the late 1500s. This led to retaliatory attacks by Spain and periods of tense peace. Major events included the 1635 Spanish building of a fort in Zamboanga, and warfare led by the Sultan Kudarat in the 1630s-1640s contesting Spanish expansion. While Spain had some successes capturing Moro coastal areas and forts, they struggled to fully conquer the sultanates in Mindanao and Sulu due to resistance and other geopolitical threats
The document summarizes the challenges to Spanish authority in the Philippines from 1560-1820, including revolts by Filipinos seeking independence. It describes threats from the Portuguese and Dutch to Spanish rule during this period through military attacks and battles. It then outlines several early revolts by Filipinos, their causes including abuses by Spaniards and a desire to regain lost freedom, and their ultimate failures usually due to Spanish military superiority or lack of unity among Filipinos. It also discusses the fierce and prolonged resistance of Moro and mountain peoples in the south and interior to Spanish colonization.
The document discusses two rebellions against Spanish rule in the Philippines - the 1763 rebellion in Isabela and Cagayan led by Juan Marayag and Dabo, and the 1840-1841 Tagalog Religious Revolt led by Apolinario dela Cruz. It also summarizes Spanish efforts to conquer the Muslim sultanates in Mindanao and Sulu, facing strong resistance from leaders like Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao.
This chapter discusses the various revolts against Spanish rule in the Philippines from 1574 to 1840. It outlines 14 major revolts led by figures such as Lakandula, Magat Salamat, Francisco Sumoroy, Francisco Dagohoy, Diego and Gabriela Silang, and Herman Pule. The causes of the revolts included refusal of reforms, religious intolerance, imposition of taxes and services, and land grabbing. However, most revolts failed due to lack of national consciousness, divide and conquer tactics, geographical barriers, and superior Spanish military forces. The Muslims of Mindanao offered more sustained resistance to Spanish colonization through the Moro Wars from 1578 to 1898.
The document summarizes several revolts against Spanish economic policies in the Philippines from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes the Encomienda system, Polo y Servicio, Bandala, and other taxes that exploited Filipinos and led to revolts. Specifically mentioned are the revolts of Magalat in 1589 in Cagayan, the Pampangos against Polo y Servicio, and the simultaneous revolts of Malong in Pangasinan and Almazan in Ilocos in the late 16th/early 17th century. Later revolts included Juan dela Cruz Palaris' revolt in 18th century Pangasinan and the Basi Revolt
Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines faced numerous challenges from the 1560s to 1820s. These included resistance from rivals like the Portuguese and Dutch, as well as numerous uprisings by Filipinos in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao seeking independence. Some of the major revolts included the Magalat Revolt in 1596, the Maniago Revolt in Pampanga in the 1660s, and the Tamblot Revolt in Bohol in 1621-1622 against Spanish religious policies. Forts, watchtowers, and statues around the Philippines commemorate this turbulent period of history.
GE Rizal: The Philippines of Rizal's Time (11 Evil Colonial Power)iamclaii
During Rizal's time in the Philippines, the country suffered under oppressive Spanish colonial rule. The Spanish governance was unstable, with frequent changes in leadership. Colonial officials were often corrupt, accepting bribes and imposing harsh punishments. Filipinos had no representation and no rights, facing racial discrimination, abuse of forced labor systems, and an unjust legal system dominated by corrupt friars. This exploitation and oppression ignited nationalist sentiments and a desire for reforms that figures like Rizal sought to advocate.
This document summarizes the nature and development of Philippine nationalism. It discusses several key factors that contributed to the rise of Philippine nationalism, including the influx of liberal ideas from abroad, the Spanish Revolution of 1868, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, and the martyrdom of three Filipino priests in 1872. It also examines how customs, traditions, and religion impacted nationalism. The document outlines Filipino traits and values like hospitality, gratitude, cooperativeness, and bravery. It discusses the barriers to developing nationalism and Rizal's vision of an independent Philippines.
The British made two attempts in 1806 and 1807 to invade and seize control of the Spanish colonies located around the La Plata Basin in South America, including Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The first invasion succeeded in occupying Buenos Aires for 46 days but the city was recaptured by local forces led by Santiago de Liniers. A second invasion force was defeated after facing stiff resistance from local militias and being pushed out of Buenos Aires within a week. The invasions strengthened the independence movement in the region.
This document provides an overview of the diversity of colonial societies in North America and Latin America between 1530-1770. It discusses demographic changes from disease, the transfer of plants and animals between hemispheres, the establishment of Spanish, Portuguese, French and English colonies, and their varying social structures. It also summarizes reforms undertaken in the 18th century by Spain, Portugal and Britain to better administer and profit from their colonial holdings.
1. The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North and South America between 1530 and 1770, including differences in their economies, systems of government, and treatment of indigenous populations.
2. Major economies included silver mining in Spanish colonies, sugar plantations in Brazil, and tobacco farming in the Chesapeake region.
3. While Spain and Portugal established hierarchical societies and systems of forced labor, English colonies embraced representative assemblies and relied increasingly on slavery as indentured servancy declined.
The French colonial empire began in 1605 with the founding of Acadia in Canada. Over the next few centuries, France established colonies across North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, becoming the second largest colonial power behind Britain by the 19th century. However, France lost most of its North American and Caribbean territories to Britain following several wars between the two powers from 1744-1815. While weakened, France rebuilt its empire in Africa and Asia in the 19th century before decolonization in the postwar period led to the end of the French colonial empire.
This document provides a summary of key revolts and independence movements in the Philippines from the 16th century to the late 19th century under Spanish colonial rule. It discusses over 25 major revolts caused by issues like abusive governance, oppression, taxation, and the desire to return to native religions and customs. Important revolts and movements included the Katipunan led by Bonifacio, which launched the Philippine Revolution of 1896, as well as the Biak-na-Bato Republic established by Aguinaldo. Tensions increased further following the Spanish-American War of 1898, leading to the Philippines gaining independence from Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, claiming the lands for Spain and converting some locals to Catholicism. However, Lapu-Lapu, a native ruler, resisted Spanish colonization and killed Magellan in 1521. Spain then began over 300 years of colonization, introducing Christianity, exploiting gold and other resources, and establishing political and economic systems like the encomienda. Filipino nationalism emerged in response to Spanish abuses, led by reformists like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena. Their Katipunan revolutionary movement was suppressed, leading to the Philippine Revolution and war for independence from Spain.
Hist2 8 formation of philippine colonial society (1876-1896)Yvan Gumbao
The document discusses the 19th century political and economic development in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule. It notes the common grievances Filipinos had against the oppressive colonial policies, including abuses by friars and excessive forced labor and taxes. It also discusses the ideas of liberty and equality from the Enlightenment and French Revolution that influenced growing nationalism. The document also summarizes the economic changes like the development of cash crops and opening of trade, as well as some liberal reforms enacted by Spanish governors, though these were often later reversed.
The document summarizes key aspects of Philippine history under Spanish colonial rule from the 16th century to the 19th century. It discusses the initial contact and conversion of natives to Catholicism starting with the Magellan expedition. It then covers the pacification campaigns of the Spaniards and the establishment of settlements through military might and religion. The document also summarizes the policies of attraction and divide and conquer used by the Spaniards to subjugate the Filipinos. It discusses the systems of encomienda, taxation, and other government monopolies that exploited the natives and caused economic decline. It also notes the initial resistance of groups like the Moros and cultural communities that were able to avoid subjugation.
Portugal was a world power in the 15th-16th centuries but then declined due to losses of territory and economic threats. It lost its capital to an earthquake in 1755 and its largest colony, Brazil, declared independence in 1822. Between 1900-1950, two million Portuguese immigrated abroad. A revolution in 1910 dissolved the monarchy and a dictatorship emerged in 1926 until democracy was restored in 1974. Portugal is now a member of NATO and the EU.
The document discusses challenges to Spanish authority in the Philippines from 1560-1820, including revolts by Filipinos against Spanish rule and threats from other colonial powers. It provides details on Portuguese attempts in the 1560s-1570s to displace the Spanish and Dutch attacks from 1597-1647. It also lists numerous Filipino revolts from 1574-1744, their causes and leaders, and why they ultimately failed, including lack of unity and inadequate preparation. Resistance continued longest among Moro groups in the south and in mountainous interior regions.
Spanish rule over the Philippines was constantly challenged by indigenous rebellions and invasions from European powers seeking to dominate Asian trade routes. The Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese, and British all launched attacks and instigated revolts against Spanish control during the 16th-18th centuries. Meanwhile, the Moros of Mindanao resisted Spanish colonization for over 300 years through armed conflict. Despite possessing superior weapons, the Spanish struggled to establish dominance due to a lack of unity among Filipino groups, absence of strong leadership, and fierce resistance from the Moros and mountain tribes.
The document summarizes Spanish colonization of the Philippines from 1565 to 1872. It details key events such as Legazpi establishing the first Spanish settlements in Cebu and Manila. It established the colonial system including religion, society, government, laws and the economy. It also discusses early Filipino revolts against Spanish rule such as those led by Lakandula, Tamblot, and Dagohoy. The document provides context on Spanish colonial integration and resistance during this time period.
The document summarizes several Filipino revolts against Spanish colonial rule between 1744 and 1841. It describes the causes of revolt as oppression, including forced labor and land grabbing by Spanish encomenderos and friars. It then details several major revolts, including the Dagohoy Rebellion in Bohol (1744-1829), the Silang Rebellion in Ilocos led by Diego and Gabriela Silang (1762-1763), and the religious revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-1841). It notes that the revolts ultimately failed due to a lack of unity among Filipinos and an absence of strong national leaders who could unify revolutionary efforts.
The document provides background information on Portugal's colonial empire in the Americas between the 16th and 18th centuries. It discusses Portugal's initial colonization efforts in Brazil in the early 1500s through the establishment of captaincies and settlements. It then covers periods of rivalry with other European powers like the Dutch and English for control of Portuguese trade routes and colonies, which contributed to the decline of the Portuguese Empire. The document also mentions gold discoveries that led to a gold rush in Brazil and increased centralization of power by the Portuguese crown over its empire.
This document summarizes the Spanish-Moro wars between Spain and the Sultanates in the Philippines over a period of 35 years. It describes the initial raids by the Moro sultanates on Spanish settlements in the Visayas in the late 1500s. This led to retaliatory attacks by Spain and periods of tense peace. Major events included the 1635 Spanish building of a fort in Zamboanga, and warfare led by the Sultan Kudarat in the 1630s-1640s contesting Spanish expansion. While Spain had some successes capturing Moro coastal areas and forts, they struggled to fully conquer the sultanates in Mindanao and Sulu due to resistance and other geopolitical threats
The document summarizes the challenges to Spanish authority in the Philippines from 1560-1820, including revolts by Filipinos seeking independence. It describes threats from the Portuguese and Dutch to Spanish rule during this period through military attacks and battles. It then outlines several early revolts by Filipinos, their causes including abuses by Spaniards and a desire to regain lost freedom, and their ultimate failures usually due to Spanish military superiority or lack of unity among Filipinos. It also discusses the fierce and prolonged resistance of Moro and mountain peoples in the south and interior to Spanish colonization.
The document discusses two rebellions against Spanish rule in the Philippines - the 1763 rebellion in Isabela and Cagayan led by Juan Marayag and Dabo, and the 1840-1841 Tagalog Religious Revolt led by Apolinario dela Cruz. It also summarizes Spanish efforts to conquer the Muslim sultanates in Mindanao and Sulu, facing strong resistance from leaders like Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao.
This chapter discusses the various revolts against Spanish rule in the Philippines from 1574 to 1840. It outlines 14 major revolts led by figures such as Lakandula, Magat Salamat, Francisco Sumoroy, Francisco Dagohoy, Diego and Gabriela Silang, and Herman Pule. The causes of the revolts included refusal of reforms, religious intolerance, imposition of taxes and services, and land grabbing. However, most revolts failed due to lack of national consciousness, divide and conquer tactics, geographical barriers, and superior Spanish military forces. The Muslims of Mindanao offered more sustained resistance to Spanish colonization through the Moro Wars from 1578 to 1898.
The document summarizes several revolts against Spanish economic policies in the Philippines from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes the Encomienda system, Polo y Servicio, Bandala, and other taxes that exploited Filipinos and led to revolts. Specifically mentioned are the revolts of Magalat in 1589 in Cagayan, the Pampangos against Polo y Servicio, and the simultaneous revolts of Malong in Pangasinan and Almazan in Ilocos in the late 16th/early 17th century. Later revolts included Juan dela Cruz Palaris' revolt in 18th century Pangasinan and the Basi Revolt
Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines faced numerous challenges from the 1560s to 1820s. These included resistance from rivals like the Portuguese and Dutch, as well as numerous uprisings by Filipinos in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao seeking independence. Some of the major revolts included the Magalat Revolt in 1596, the Maniago Revolt in Pampanga in the 1660s, and the Tamblot Revolt in Bohol in 1621-1622 against Spanish religious policies. Forts, watchtowers, and statues around the Philippines commemorate this turbulent period of history.
GE Rizal: The Philippines of Rizal's Time (11 Evil Colonial Power)iamclaii
During Rizal's time in the Philippines, the country suffered under oppressive Spanish colonial rule. The Spanish governance was unstable, with frequent changes in leadership. Colonial officials were often corrupt, accepting bribes and imposing harsh punishments. Filipinos had no representation and no rights, facing racial discrimination, abuse of forced labor systems, and an unjust legal system dominated by corrupt friars. This exploitation and oppression ignited nationalist sentiments and a desire for reforms that figures like Rizal sought to advocate.
This document summarizes the nature and development of Philippine nationalism. It discusses several key factors that contributed to the rise of Philippine nationalism, including the influx of liberal ideas from abroad, the Spanish Revolution of 1868, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, and the martyrdom of three Filipino priests in 1872. It also examines how customs, traditions, and religion impacted nationalism. The document outlines Filipino traits and values like hospitality, gratitude, cooperativeness, and bravery. It discusses the barriers to developing nationalism and Rizal's vision of an independent Philippines.
The British made two attempts in 1806 and 1807 to invade and seize control of the Spanish colonies located around the La Plata Basin in South America, including Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The first invasion succeeded in occupying Buenos Aires for 46 days but the city was recaptured by local forces led by Santiago de Liniers. A second invasion force was defeated after facing stiff resistance from local militias and being pushed out of Buenos Aires within a week. The invasions strengthened the independence movement in the region.
This document provides an overview of the diversity of colonial societies in North America and Latin America between 1530-1770. It discusses demographic changes from disease, the transfer of plants and animals between hemispheres, the establishment of Spanish, Portuguese, French and English colonies, and their varying social structures. It also summarizes reforms undertaken in the 18th century by Spain, Portugal and Britain to better administer and profit from their colonial holdings.
1. The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North and South America between 1530 and 1770, including differences in their economies, systems of government, and treatment of indigenous populations.
2. Major economies included silver mining in Spanish colonies, sugar plantations in Brazil, and tobacco farming in the Chesapeake region.
3. While Spain and Portugal established hierarchical societies and systems of forced labor, English colonies embraced representative assemblies and relied increasingly on slavery as indentured servancy declined.
American colonies prelude to revolutionPaige Ellis
1) In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, British officials began cracking down on piracy as the pirates increasingly targeted British vessels for plunder. By 1730, a campaign had virtually wiped out pirates threatening British trade.
2) In the 1750s-60s, poverty grew in American urban ports as imperial wars killed many men and flooding of poor immigrants depressed wages. Rural and frontier areas also saw growing poverty due to harsh conditions.
3) Most 18th century emigrants to America were enslaved Africans, with the slave trade devastating West Africa and enriching European empires. The voyage over the Atlantic killed about 20% of slaves due to horrible conditions on the ships.
The indigenous people of the Americas had complex societies prior to European contact, but their populations and cultures were devastated by diseases brought by colonizers and the disruption of their ways of life. Native leaders like Opechancanough tried to maintain their people's traditions and autonomy in the face of English colonization efforts. Similarly, Diego Vasicuio and other priests worked to preserve indigenous religious beliefs despite Spanish attempts to convert native Mexicans to Catholicism. Over time, some native groups were able to establish trading relationships with colonists, though many lost their lands and many were enslaved or killed as European colonial powers exploited the Americas.
The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North and South America between 1530-1770. It describes how European colonization introduced diseases that devastated indigenous populations. Europeans also brought food crops, livestock, and institutions from the Old World. In Spanish and Portuguese colonies, the Catholic Church worked to convert indigenous groups while exploiting their labor. Economies were based on mining and plantations using encomienda, mita, and slave labor systems. British colonies developed economies around tobacco, rice, fur trading, fishing and mixed farming. Colonies were diverse with influences from different European groups and interactions with indigenous populations.
10 new world and columbian exchange readingfasteddie
The document discusses the results of the Age of Exploration following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It notes that over 2,000 English words have Native American origins, including common words like barbecue, hammock, and hurricane. It also discusses how Europeans introduced new crops, minerals, and goods to the Americas and brought horses, cattle, and pigs, while devastating native populations through disease and warfare. Over the centuries, this exchange of people, plants, animals, technologies, and ideas fundamentally reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
- George Whitefield was an Anglican minister who toured the American colonies from 1739-1740, giving outdoor sermons that inspired large crowds. He worked with Benjamin Franklin, who printed Whitefield's sermons, growing his audience and improving colonial morals.
- The Comanches gained control of the Great Plains in the 18th century by acquiring horses and guns through raids. Some Apache tribes moved west to safety in New Mexico, merging with Pueblo tribes. The Lipan Apache allied with Spanish missions in Texas to escape Comanche dominance.
- Fearing foreign encroachment, Spain opened Alta California to colonization in the late 18th century. Over 300,000 native Californians
1) The document discusses the development of European colonies in North America and the Caribbean during the 17th century, including the founding and growth of the French, Dutch, and English colonies.
2) It addresses topics like the fur trade that drove French colonization, the establishment of plantations and slave societies in the Caribbean and southern colonies, and the founding of New England for religious reasons.
3) The various colonies developed different economic bases, including tobacco in Virginia, sugar in the Caribbean, and a diversity of crops in New England, with most establishing relations with local indigenous groups.
American colonies puritans & indians, carolinaDesireeh21
The document discusses several American colonies established in the 17th-18th centuries, including:
- The Puritan colonies of New England populated the Algonquian-speaking tribes like the Mohegan and Pequot, who lived in villages and had traditional gender roles. Conflict arose between the colonists and tribes.
- Carolina was founded in the 1670s and drew farmers and artisans, becoming a center of rice plantations that relied on slaves, introducing diseases.
- Georgia was founded in the late 1720s to strengthen control of the southern frontier. It was intended to reject slavery under the Georgia Trustees, though they eventually lifted other bans.
American colonies puritans & indians, carolinaDesireeh21
The document discusses several American colonies established in the 17th-18th centuries, including:
- The Puritan colonies of New England populated the Algonquian-speaking tribes like the Mohegan and Pequot, who lived in villages and had traditional gender roles. Conflict arose between the colonists and tribes.
- Carolina was founded in the 1670s and drew farmers and artisans, becoming a center of rice plantations that adopted the West Indian slave system and brought diseases.
- Georgia was founded in the late 1720s to strengthen control of the southern frontier. It was the only British colony initially rejecting slavery under the guidance of the Georgia Trustees.
1) During the 18th century, the British and French fought for control of North America and influence over Native American tribes.
2) As the French military presence declined after 1763, British traders abused Native Americans and encroached on their lands, leading to conflicts like the Cherokee War of 1761.
3) Meanwhile, Spain sought to maintain its claims in the Pacific Northwest against growing Russian and British exploration of the region in the late 1700s.
- The English initially lacked the resources to establish risky colonies far from home, but by 1604 a peace treaty with Spain reduced the threat of attack, allowing colonization of Virginia to begin in 1606.
- John Smith led the Jamestown colony and forced colonists to work, but by 1616 the colony was still unprofitable until John Rolfe discovered tobacco could thrive there.
- During the 1620s, tobacco from Virginia sold for much higher prices in England, making the colony profitable.
Chapter 13 political transformations : Empires and encounters 1450-1750S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY - CHAPTER 16 WAYS OF THE WORLD.
The Early Modern world, 1450 to 1750- Political transformations of empires and encounters. (sorry for the grammar mistakes)
The Puritans sought to establish a pure church in the New World and fled religious persecution in England. They established authoritarian religious communities with strict moral codes in the Massachusetts Bay colony in the 1630s. Conflict arose between the Puritans and Native Americans over differing concepts of land use and ownership. This led to the Pequot War of 1637 and ultimately King Philip's War of 1675-76, a devastating conflict that killed thousands on both sides.
The document provides an overview of early English colonization in North America between 1590 and 1675. It summarizes the founding and development of the earliest English colonies, including Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, and Virginia. Key factors discussed include religion, economics, interactions with native populations, and the motivations and social conditions that drove English expansion across the Atlantic.
The document discusses the interactions between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans in early America. It describes how the Spanish, French, and English utilized Native American labor through systems like encomienda and repartimiento. It also discusses how the fur trade led the French to exercise more control over Native Americans and eventually caused violence. Additionally, it outlines how Europeans turned to African slavery to solve labor needs, and how slavery became firmly established in the Southern colonies.
The document provides information on various topics related to European colonization of North America, including the international slave trade to Brazil, the Dutch and Portuguese empires, English and French colonies, and Native Americans. Specifically, it discusses how between 3.6-5 million slaves were transported to Brazil over centuries, how the Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in Asian trade routes, the founding and growth of English colonies in North America, the slow colonization of New France compared to English colonies, and that Native Americans lived in independent nations across North America when Europeans first arrived.
1) The document summarizes information about the Portuguese, Dutch, and English involvement in the international slave trade to Brazil between the 16th and 19th centuries. It discusses the large numbers of slaves transported by sailing ships to Brazil and laws passed in the 1820s making the slave trade illegal.
2) It also discusses the Dutch supplanting the Portuguese in the spice and silk trade from Asia to Europe in the 17th century. The Dutch captured the principal Portuguese fortified trading post in West Africa in 1637.
3) Sources used in the document include academic journals and textbooks on American colonial history and the slave trade.
The document discusses the development of African-American culture from the period of slavery in colonial America. It notes that slavery began slowly but increased dramatically after 1675 as the slave population grew to meet labor demands on plantations. During this period, African cultural practices mixed with European and Native American influences to form a distinct African-American culture, seen in musical traditions, folk tales, Christianity and language. While slaves were found across British North America, the South developed a "slave society" dependent on the institution of slavery more so than other regions.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
3. Demographic Changes
New World lacked immunity
to Old World diseases
Smallpox, measles,
diphtheria, typhus, influenza,
malaria, yellow fever and
maybe pulmonary plague
caused severe declines in
native peoples population
not used as tool of conquest
4. Transfer of Plants and Animals
New World food thought to be one factor in the rapid growth
in world population after 1700
5. Transfer of Plants and Animals
Dramatic Impact on
environment and
cultures
crops destroyed
Some benefited from
cattle, sheep, and
horses
7. State and Church
Spanish crown tried
to exert direct control
over its American
colonies through a
supervisory office
called the Council of
the Indies
Difficulty of
communication
between Spain and
the New World
Viceroys of New
Spain and Peru and
their subordinate
officials enjoyed a
substantial degree of
power
8. State and Church
Brazil - 1720 - appointed a viceroy
was not developed because early settlers
found no mineral wealth or rich native
empires
9. Catholic Church
The Catholic Church helped transfer
European language, culture, and Christian
beliefs to the New World
converted Amerindians
Some Ameindians secretly held on to some of
their native beliefs and practices
10. Catholic Church
Catholic clergy tried to
protect Amerindians from
some of the exploitation and
abuse of the Spanish settlers
Bartolome de Las Casas,
denounced Spanish policies
toward the Amerindians
worked to improve the status
of Amerindians through legal
reforms such as the New
Laws of 1542
11. Catholic Missionaries
Amerindian blended Christian beliefs with
elements of their own cosmology and ritual
Church founded universities and secondary
schools
The church played a significant role in the
intellectual and economic life of the colonies
12. Colonial Economies
silver mines in Peru
and Mexico
sugar plantations of
Brazil
required large labor
force
deforestation and
mercury poisoning
13. Encomienda
A grant of authority over
a population of
Amerindians in the
Spanish colonies
Cheap labor and
periodic payment of
goods by the
Amerindians
had to Christianize the
Amerindians
14. Mit’a / Mita
Originally, mandatory
public service in Inca
Empire
Spanish modified it so
that it became forced
servitude-slavery
One-seventh of the
adult male Amerindians
were compelled to work
for 2-4 months each
year in mines, farms
and textile factories
15. Colonial Economies
The mita system undermined the traditional
agricultural economy, weakened Amerindian village
life, and promoted the assimilation of Amerindians
into Spanish colonial society
Portuguese developed the African slave-labor sugar
plantation system in the Atlantic islands and then set
up similar plantations in Brazil
Brazilian plantations first used Amerindian slaves
and then the more expensive but more productive
(and more disease-resistant) African slaves
Sugar and silver helped integrate American colonial
economies into world trade
16. Society in Colonial Latin America
Elites were a small number
of Spanish immigrants and a
larger number of their
American-born descendants
(creoles)
Peninsulares dominated the
highest levels of
government, church, and
business
creoles controlled agriculture
and mining
17. Society in Colonial Latin America
Under colonial rule the
cultural diversity of
Amerindian peoples
and the class
differentiation within the
Amerindian ethnic
groups were eroded
New peoples and new
cultures resulted
18. People from Africa
People of African descent
played various roles in the
Spanish colonies
Slaves and free blacks from
the Iberian Peninsula
participated in the conquest
and settlement of Spanish
America
direct slave trade with Africa
led to increase in the number
of blacks and to a decline in
the legal status of blacks
19. People from Africa
At first, retained their
different cultural identities
In time traditions blended/
mixed to form distinctive
local cultures
resistance always brought
under control
Mostly males made it
impossible for slaves to
preserve traditional African
family and marriage patterns
or to adopt those of Europe
20. People from Africa
In colonial Brazil,
Portuguese immigrants
controlled politics and
the economy
By the early 17th
century, Africans and
their American-born
descendants–both
slave and free–were
the largest ethnic group
21. “Castas”
Growing population
of individuals of
mixed European and
Amerindian descent
(mestizos), European
and African descent
(mulattos), and mixed
African and
Amerindian descent
were known
collectively as
“castas.”
23. Early English Experiments
In 17th century, a
new wave of
interest in
establishing
colonies in the
New World
24. The South
Jamestown -
1606
English Crown
took over 1624
Virginia
developed as a
tobacco
plantation
economy
25. The South
Plantations initially
relied on English
indentured servants
As life expectancy
increased, planters
came to prefer slaves
Slave population of
Virginia increased
from 950 in 1660 to
120,000 in 1756
26. The South
Virginia was administered by a Crown-
appointed governor and by representatives of
towns meeting together as the House of
Burgesses
The House of Burgesses developed into a
form of democratic representation at the
same time as slavery was growing
27. The South
Colonists in the Carolinas first prospered on
the fur trade with Amerindian deer-hunters
The consequences of the fur trade included
environmental damage brought on by:
Over-hunting
Amerindian dependency on European goods
Ethnic conflicts among Amerindians fighting
over hunting grounds
And a series of unsuccessful Amerindian
attacks on the English colonists in the early
1700s.
28. The South
The southern part of the Carolinas was
settled by planters from Barbados and
developed a slave-labor plantation economy,
producing rice and indigo.
Enslaved Africans and their descendants
formed the majority population and developed
their own culture;
A slave uprising (the Stono Rebellion) in 1739
led to more repressive policies toward slaves
throughout the southern colonies
29. The South
Colonial South Carolina was the most
hierarchical society in British North America.
A wealthy planter class dominated a
population of small farmers, merchants,
cattlemen, artisans, and fur-traders
These people economically stood above the
people of mixed English-Amerindian or
English-African background and slaves
30. New England
The Pilgrims, who wanted to break
completely with the Church of England,
established the small Plymouth Colony in
1620.
The Puritans, who wanted only to reform the
Church of England, formed a chartered joint-
stock company (the Massachusetts Bay
Company) and established the
Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630
31. New England
The Massachusetts Bay colony had a normal
gender balance, saw a rapid increase in
population, and was more homogenous and
less hierarchical than the southern colonies.
The political institutions of the colony were
derived from the terms of its charter and
included an elected governor and, in 1650, a
lower legislative house
32. New England
Without the soil or the climate to produce
cash crops, the Massachusetts economy
evolved from dependence on fur, forest
products, and fish to a dependence on
commerce and shipping.
Massachusetts’s merchants engaged in a
diversified trade across the Atlantic, which
made Boston the largest city in British North
America in 1740.
33. The Middle Atlantic Region
Manhattan Island was first colonized by the
Dutch and then taken by the English and
renamed New York.
New York became a commercial and shipping
center; it derived particular benefit from its
position as an outlet for the export of grain to
the Caribbean and Southern Europe
34. Mid-Atlantic Region
Pennsylvania was first developed as a
proprietary colony for Quakers, but soon
developed into a wealthy grain-exporting
colony with Philadelphia as its major
commercial city.
In contrast to rice-exporting South Carolina’s
slave agriculture, Pennsylvania’s grain was
produced by free family farmers, including a
substantial number of Germans
35. French America
Patterns of French settlement closely
resembled those of Spain and Portugal; the
French were committed to missionary work,
and they emphasized the extraction of natural
resources—furs.
French expansion was driven by the fur trade
and resulted in depletion of beaver and deer
populations and made Amerindians
dependent upon European goods
36. French America
The fur trade provided Amerindians with
firearms that increased the violence of the
wars that they fought over control of hunting
grounds.
When firearms reached the horse frontier in
the early eighteenth century, they increased
the military power and hunting efficiency of
the indigenous peoples of the American West
and slowed the pace of European settlement.
37. French America
Catholic missionaries, including the Jesuits,
attempted to convert the Amerindian
population of French America, but, meeting
with indigenous resistance, they turned their
attention to work in the French settlements.
These settlements, dependent on the fur
trade, were small and grew slowly.
This pattern of settlement allowed
Amerindians in French America to preserve a
greater degree of independence than they
could in the Spanish, Portuguese, or British
colonies.
38. French America
The French expanded aggressively to the
West and South, establishing a second fur-
trading colony in Louisiana in 1699.
This expansion led to war with England in
which the French, defeated in 1759, were
forced to yield Canada to the English and to
cede Louisiana to Spain
40. Imperial Reform in Spanish America
and Brazil
After 1713 Spain’s new Bourbon dynasty undertook a
series of administrative reforms including:
Expanded intercolonial trade,
New commercial monopolies on certain goods,
A stronger navy
Better policing of the trade in contraband goods to
the Spanish colonies.
These reforms coincided with the eighteenth-century
economic expansion that was led by the agricultural
and grazing economies of Cuba, the Rio de la Plata,
Venezuela, Chile, and Central America
41. Imperial Reform in Spanish America
and Brazil
The Bourbon policies were detrimental to the
interests of the grazing and agricultural export
economies, which were increasingly linked to
illegitimate trade with the English, French,
and Dutch.
The new monopolies aroused opposition
from creole elites whose only gain from the
reforms was their role as leaders of militias
that were intended to counter the threat of
war with England
42. Imperial Reform in Spanish America
and Brazil
The Bourbon policies were also a factor in the
Amerindian uprisings, including that led by
the Peruvian Amerindian leader José Gabriel
Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru II).
The rebellion was suppressed after more
than two years and cost the Spanish colonies
over 100,000 lives and enormous amounts of
property damage
43. Imperial Reform in Spanish America
and Brazil
Brazil also underwent a period of economic
expansion and administrative reform in the
1700s.
Economic expansion fueled by gold,
diamonds, coffee, and cotton underwrote the
Pombal reforms, paid for the importation of
nearly 2 million African slaves, and
underwrote a new wave of British imports
44. Reform and Reorganization in British
North America
In the latter half of the seventeenth century
the British Crown tried to control colonial
trading (smuggling) and manufacture by
passing a series of Navigation Acts and by
suspending the elected assemblies of the
New England colonies.
Colonists resisted by overthrowing the
governors of New York and Massachusetts
and by removing the Catholic proprietor of
Maryland, thus setting the stage for future
confrontational politics.
45. Reform and Reorganization in British
North America
During the eighteenth century economic
growth and new immigration into the British
colonies was accompanied by increased
urbanization and a more stratified social
structure
46. Conclusion: Political and Economic Comparisons
Amerindians in the colonies of Spain,
Portugal, France, and England all
experienced European subjugation
Of the Catholic powers of Spain, Portugal,
and France, Spain gained the most wealth
and developed the most centralized control
British colonial governments were more likely
to develop according to local interests than
the French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonial
governments
47. Conclusion: Environmental and Cultural
Comparisons
The environments in all colonies underwent change
from the introduction of European technology,
animals, and plants
All lost natural resources to European markets.
The Catholic nations forced more cultural uniformity
on their colonies than Britain did in the more
religiously and ethnically diverse British colonies
The British colonies welcomed a much larger influx of
European migrants than did the other New World
colonies