International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
Examination of Adsorption Abilities of Natural and Acid Activated Bentonite f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of the initial concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb metal ions from multicomponent solutions on the sorption capacity of natural and acid activated bentonite was examined in this paper. The acid activation was performed by using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The results of adsorption research have shown that bentonite can be effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from multicomponent solutions. Acid activation of bentonite changes the structure and content of individual oxides, increases the porosity and the number of available spots for the adsorption process. For this reason, the bentonite removal efficiency increased after acid activation for all heavy metals tested. With increased acid concentration, the degree of bentonite adsorption increased, and sulfuric acid rather than chloric acid showed better results in removal efficiency.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
A model HA-type polymer of para-benzoquinone synthetic humic acid (SHA) and its complexes with copper, iron and manganese metal ions were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Natural humic acids (HA) and synthetic humic acids (SHA) were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated similarity of SHA and HA spectra. The AFM images of SHA and its complexes revealed variable morphologies, such as small spheres, aggregates and a sponge-like structure. The SHA complexes displayed morphologies similar to those of natural HA. The presence of copper, iron and manganese ions led to the formation of aggregate-type structures in an apparent arrangement of smaller SHA particles.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
Examination of Adsorption Abilities of Natural and Acid Activated Bentonite f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of the initial concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb metal ions from multicomponent solutions on the sorption capacity of natural and acid activated bentonite was examined in this paper. The acid activation was performed by using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The results of adsorption research have shown that bentonite can be effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from multicomponent solutions. Acid activation of bentonite changes the structure and content of individual oxides, increases the porosity and the number of available spots for the adsorption process. For this reason, the bentonite removal efficiency increased after acid activation for all heavy metals tested. With increased acid concentration, the degree of bentonite adsorption increased, and sulfuric acid rather than chloric acid showed better results in removal efficiency.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
A model HA-type polymer of para-benzoquinone synthetic humic acid (SHA) and its complexes with copper, iron and manganese metal ions were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Natural humic acids (HA) and synthetic humic acids (SHA) were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated similarity of SHA and HA spectra. The AFM images of SHA and its complexes revealed variable morphologies, such as small spheres, aggregates and a sponge-like structure. The SHA complexes displayed morphologies similar to those of natural HA. The presence of copper, iron and manganese ions led to the formation of aggregate-type structures in an apparent arrangement of smaller SHA particles.
BIOSORPTION OF ZINC (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING BORASSUS FLABELLIFE...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The effective removal of heavy metals from the sugar industry effluent among the most important issue of the many industrialized
countries. Removal Zn2+ from aqueous solution where studied using palm fiber. Batch adsorption was performed as a function of
pH, initial metal ion concentration, equilibrium time and bio-sorbent dose. The optimum pH obtained from results found to be 5.
The maximum contact time for the equilibrium concentration is 180 minutes. The biosorbent dose of 6g. The maximum efficiency of
removal of metal ion by bio-mass is 79 %.The results are fit exactly by both Langmuir and freundlich isotherm model.
Keywords: Biomass; Biosorption; Isotherm; Kinetics; Removal of Zinc.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
BIOSORPTION OF ZINC (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING BORASSUS FLABELLIFE...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The effective removal of heavy metals from the sugar industry effluent among the most important issue of the many industrialized
countries. Removal Zn2+ from aqueous solution where studied using palm fiber. Batch adsorption was performed as a function of
pH, initial metal ion concentration, equilibrium time and bio-sorbent dose. The optimum pH obtained from results found to be 5.
The maximum contact time for the equilibrium concentration is 180 minutes. The biosorbent dose of 6g. The maximum efficiency of
removal of metal ion by bio-mass is 79 %.The results are fit exactly by both Langmuir and freundlich isotherm model.
Keywords: Biomass; Biosorption; Isotherm; Kinetics; Removal of Zinc.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
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International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
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Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Method For Evaluating the Sorption Capacity of The SorbentsIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: A new method for evaluating the sorption capacity of the sorbents is offered. The proposed model is based on the adsorption data of the sorbent depending on the sorption duration in static mode. The new model allows to quickly and easily evaluate the duration of sorbent saturation. The formula of this relationship is determined by means of plotting of sorbent saturation curve on the base of experimental data, and using of Exel Trendline program. After the appropriate calculations and plotting q from time the sorption capacity of the sorbent is estimated. The model, as a primary parameter, includes time. The experimental data were obtained on the base of peat-containing sorbent for sorption of copper and cobalt. Sorption processes were evaluated by ICP-MS.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT: THE ROLE OF AQUATIC MOSSESindexPub
n the present study, the performance of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica for removing cadmium and lead from simulated wastewaters has been evaluated. Five kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data and compared. Previously, the effect of parameters such as the initial solution pH, contact time, and initial metal ion concentration on biosorption was investigated using a sorbent dose of 2 g l-1. The initial pH of the solution was found to have an optimum value in the range of 4.0-6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacity of cadmium and lead by Fontinalis antipyretica increased with the initial metal concentration.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon from Bombax buonopozense
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 3 Issue 8 ǁ August 2014 ǁ PP.17-24
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Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon from Bombax buonopozense *Mustapha S1., Dauda B.E.N1., Iyaka Y.A1., Mathew T.J1., Aliyu I.A1. and Shaba E.Y1. 1Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65 Minna, Niger State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: The removal of potential toxic metals (Cu and Zn) in modified adsorbent from aqueous solutions by B. buonopozense was investigated. Experiments were carried out as function of contact time, initial concentration, dosage, temperature and pH. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Dubinin– Radushkevich (D–R), Temkin and Freundlich models. Adsorption data were modeled using the pseudo-first- order, pseudo-second-order and intra particle diffusion kinetics equations. The experimental data were fitted well for pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters and were also determined. The positive values of indicate non-spontaneity. KEYWORDS: Adsorption, B. buonopozense, modeled, modified, non-spontaneity
I. INTRODUCTION
Dispersal of various contaminants into the environment has increased as result of industrialization. Some of these contaminants are potential toxic, since some of them are hazardous to plants and humans, even at very low concentrations. It is therefore necessary to treat metal contaminated wastewater prior to its discharge to the environment. Copper is one of the most widely used heavy metals. Its waste sources include mining wastes, drainage discharge, plating baths, fertilizer industry, paints and pigments [1]. Large doses of copper in human cause hepatic and renal damage, neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal irritation, and necrotic changes in the liver and kidney [2] [3] [4] and excess amount of zinc cause system dysfunctions that result in impairment of growth and reproduction [5]. In some instances, exposure to the toxic metal may also result in jaundice and metal fume fever [6].Among the many methods available for the removal of metals from industrial effluents, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, coagulation, membrane separation, and electro deposition, sorption seems to be the most economically feasible alternative [7] [8]. Biosorption which serves as an alternative technology has emerged as an eco-friendly, effective and low cost operating preceding [9] [10]. Furthermore, this process can minimize pollutants and has a wider applicability in wastewater control. Biosorption is a physico-chemical process that includes mechanisms such as absorption, adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation and precipitation for the removal of substances from solution by biological material. Some biomass have been reported to effectively sequester heavy metals. These include akee apple seeds [11]; corns chaff [12]; grape stalks [13] and orange peels [14]. Activated carbon is considered as adsorbent for the treatment of effluents and commonly used for the removal of various pollutants from wastewater [15]. However, its widespread use in wastewater treatment is sometimes restricted due to its high cost. Non-conventional adsorbents have been examined extensively for their ability to sequester various types of pollutants from wastewater [16] [17]. Various low-cost adsorbents developed from different origins show little or poor sorption potential for the removal of pollutants as compared to commercial activated carbon. Therefore, the search to develop efficient sorbents is needed for the removal of potential toxic elements. The main aims of this study were to prepare activated adsorbent and evaluate the effectiveness of the spines of Bombax buonopozense for copper and zinc removal. The Freundlich, Dubnin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models were used to fit equilibrium data from adsorption. The adsorption kinetic features were examined using pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion models. Thermodynamics of copper and zinc adsorption were also evaluated.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of the Adsorbent Samples were obtained from the B. buonopozense trees, washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove the dirt, dried at room temperature and finally crushed and sieved through with a mesh size.
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Preparation of Adsorbate Solutions: Stock solution in 1000 mgdm-3of Cu and Zn metals were prepared by dissolving the desired quantity of CuSO4.5H2O and Zn(NO3)2.6H2O in distilled water. The test solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution to the desired concentrations. Adsorption Studies: Batch adsorption experiments were carried out by agitating weight of the sample with 40cm3 of aqueous solutions of desired concentrations at room temperature using a shaker operating at 160 rpm under different conditions for a period of time. All the studies were conducted to determine the effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and temperature on the biosorption. The percentage removal of metal adsorption by the adsorbent was calculated using the equation: and are initial and equilibrium concentration of metal ion (mg/dm3) in the solution respectively. Adsorption capacity was calculated by using the mass balance equation for the adsorbent: Equilibrium modeling in a batch system: Equilibrium isotherm data provides results to evaluate the applicability of sorption processes as function of operational unit and the kinetic data gives the complete description of the transport mechanisms of adsorbate in adsorbent. The Freundlich equation is an empirical equation and is expressed as: Where, KF and n are the Freundlich constants. The parameter KF indicates the Freundlich adsorption capacity, while the parameter n is the heterogeneity of the system. The Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm does not assume a homogenous surface or constant sorption potential. The D–R equation is expressed as: Where is the amount of metal ion adsorbed at equilibrium, K is a constant related to the adsorption energy, is the theoretical saturation capacity (mgg-1) and is the Polanyi potential given by the expression: The biosorption mean free energy E represents the mean free energy of sorption per molecule of the sorbate when it is transferred to the surface of the sorbent from infinity and it is calculated from the following equation: Temkin isotherm is the model which assumes that the heat of adsorption (function of temperature) decreases with the coverage as a result of adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. Temkin isotherm is expressed as: Where is the Temkin isotherm constant known to be the equilibrium binding constant (Lg-1) corresponding to the maximum binding energy and bT (J.mol-1) is related to the heat of biosorption. Biosorption Kinetics Kinetic models examine the behavior of biosorbent and the rate controlling mechanism of adsorption process. The pseudo first order lagergren model is expressed as:
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is plotted against t (min). The pseudo first order considers the rate of adsorption site to be proportional to the occupied sites. A pseudo second order equation based on the rate of adsorption is expressed as: Where is the second order reaction rate equilibrium constant (g/mg.min). Intra particle diffusion is a rate limiting step in a batch experiment and in order to find the transportation of metal ion within the pores of the modified activated carbon. The Morris weber equation is applied because this controls the batch process for most contact time. Where qt (mgg-1) is the amount adsorbed at time t (min) and Ki (mg/g/min-0.5) is the intra-particle rate constant. Thermodynamic Studies Thermodynamic adsorption parameters such as the change of adsorption enthalpy, entropy change, and free energy change described the magnitude of adsorption process due to the transfer of solute from solution to the solid–liquid interface and solid surface [18] [19]. Therefore,
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Contact Time It is important to establish the residence time dependence of batch system under various process conditions. ‘Fig.’ 1 showed that maximum removal took place within the 90 min. The percentage of metals adsorbed increased after which there was a significant decrease in percentage adsorption. This could be as a result of desorption of the metal. The optimum time for zinc and copper is in accordance with the finding of Jimoh et al. [20]. A rapid step is involved in the transfer of metal from metal solution to binding sites at which the bulk transport of metal ions onto biomass takes place in few minutes due to mixing [21] [22]. This could be as a result of monolayer coverage of the ions on the carbon surface. Figure 1: Effect of contact time on biosorption of Copper and Zinc
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Effect of pH: It is known that pH can affect protonation of functional groups. As shown in ‘Fig.’ 2, the metal uptake increased with the increasing pH in the range of 2 to 10. This phenomenon could be explained by increasing total net negative charges of surface adsorbent which intensified electrostatic forces in the adsorption process. After all with increasing pH, total negative groups available for the binding of metal ions increased and therefore deprotonation occurs [23]. The metal species are more easily attracted by the negatively charged surface of adsorbent, favoring accumulation of metal species on the surface and thus promoting adsorption. However, at pH greater than 7, the occurrence of hydrated species of heavy metal changes in surface change or the precipitation of the appropriate salt may also occur [24]. Similar trend has been reported by Ho and Ofomaja [25]. Figure 2: Effect of pH on the biosorption of Copper and Zinc Effect of Initial Concentration: The effect of the concentration on the metal removal efficiency is presented in ‘Fig’ 3. The adsorptions of metals were investigated as a function of concentration in the range of 10-50 mgdm-3 of adsorbate solution. The results show that metal removal is concentration dependent. The increase in the mass transfer driving force and therefore the rate at which the metals in aqueous phase pass from the bulk solution to the particle surface could results in higher adsorption [26] [27]. This was similar to the report of El-Ashtoukly et al. [28] that used pomegranate peel for the adsorption of lead and copper. Figure 3: Effect of variation of initial concentration on the biosorption of Copper and Zinc
Adsorbent Dosage: The availability and accessibility of adsorption site is controlled by adsorbent dosage [29]. ‘Fig.’ 4 shows that increasing the amount of adsorbent added into fixed concentration ions solution increase the availability of active sites of the adsorbent. Higher dosage of adsorbent increases the adsorption due to more surfaces and functional groups available on adsorbent on which metals could interact with. These chemical and
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functional groups were important in the formation of Van der Waals bonding and also played major role in
binding metals to the adsorbent during adsorption process. This is due to the increased of available adsorption
sites arising with the increase in surface area which is an indication of increase conglomeration of the adsorbent
[30] [31]. These observations corresponded to the reports made by Mohanty et al. [32].
Figure 4: Effect of adsorbent load on the biosorption of Copper and Zinc
Isotherm Models: Biosorption isotherms describe the relationship between the mass of the adsorbed component
per biosorbent mass and the concentration of this component in the solution. Three well-known adsorption
isotherms were chosen to fit the experimental data regarding the sorption of metal ions on the surface of the
biomass as shown in ‘Table’ 1, 2 and 3.
Table 1: Freundlich isotherm of the Bombax buonopozense spines on Copper and Zinc
Metal Kϝ n R²
Copper 0.743 3.436 0.962
Zinc 0.557 3.25 0.955
Table 2: Dubnin Radushkevich isotherm of the B. buonopozense spines on Copper and Zinc
Table 3: Temkin isotherm of the B. buonopozense spines on Copper and Zinc
The constants in the Freundlich equilibrium were 0.743 and 0.557 Lg-1 for copper and zinc metals,
respectively. The value of was between 0 and 10, suggesting relatively strong adsorption of these ions onto the
surface of peanut shells. The maximum adsorption capacity, obtained using Dubnin-Radushkevich isotherm
is calculated. The mean free energy of adsorption, E, were calculated as 7.07 and 15.813kJmol-1. The values
for ion exchange mechanism are between 1-16kJmol-1, indicating that the adsorption of copper and zinc metals
are ideal and chemical adsorption respectively. Temkin model shows effect of some indirect interaction amongst
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adsorbate particles and suggests heat of adsorption of all the molecules in the layer, due to these interactions.
However, high correlation coefficients in ‘Table’ 3 when compared to ‘Table’ 1 and 2 suggest that this was best
model to describe these equilibria.
Biosorption Kinetics: Table 4 and 5 described the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order respectively.
The pseudo second-order equation fit the experimental data well with correlation coefficient that is close to
unity, as compared to the first order model. This shows that kinetics of zinc and copper biosorption is better
described by pseudo second order kinetic model. The intra particle diffusion controls the batch experiment for
the contact time. Value of and are shown in ‘Table’ 6. Values of I give an insight about the thickness of the
boundary layer effect and this contributes on the surface adsorption in the rate limiting step [33].
Higher value of copper indicates an enhancement in the rate of adsorption and better adsorption mechanism
which is related to an improved bonding between the sorbate and the adsorbent [34].
Table 4: Pseudo-first-order for Copper and Zinc adsorption onto the adsorbents
Metal K₁(minˉ¹) qₑ(mggˉ¹) R²
Copper 0.0001 0.363 0.493
Zinc 0.0356 2 × 10ˉ
⁵
0.002
Table 5: Pseudo-second-order for Copper and Zinc adsorption onto the adsorbents
Metal K
₂
(mggˉ¹minˉ¹) qₑ(mggˉ¹) R²
Copper 0.025 2.548 0.973
Zinc 1.858 0.0025 0.025
Table 6: Intra particle diffusion for Copper and Zinc adsorption onto adssorbent
Metal Kᵢ I
Copper 0.547 0.031
Zinc 4 × 10ˉ
⁵
0.021
Thermodynamic Studies: The results of change in standard free energy , enthalpy and entropy
are given in ‘Table’ 7. These parameters are useful in defining whether the sorption reaction is endothermic or
exothermic, and spontaneity or non spontaneity of the adsorption process. The positive values confirm that
the absorption process is endothermic process, which is an indication of the existence of a strong interaction
between adsorbents and metal ions. The process of adsorption increases with the increase in temperature. The
positive values of indicated increase in disorder and randomness at the solid solution interface of the metal
ions with adsorbent. This could be as a result of adsorption process due to some structural changes of the solid
adsorbent in the sorbate. The enhancement of adsorption rate of the activated carbon at higher temperatures was
attributed to the enlargement of pore size and activation of the adsorbent surface [35]. The positive values at
different temperatures were due to the fact that the adsorption process is non-spontaneous. The value of
decreased with an increase in temperature which is an indication that the spontaneous nature of the adsorption is
inversely proportional to the temperature.
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Table 7: Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of copper and zinc onto the adsorbent
ΔH(kJ/mol) ΔS(Jmolˉ¹Kˉ¹) R² ΔG(kJ/mol)
313K 323K 333K
Cu 10.733 25.125 0.932 2.869 2.618 2.366
Zn 23.587 68.241 0.809 2.228 1.545 0.863
IV. CONCLUSION
Activated spines of Bombax buonopozense have been found to be an economically viable and potential bio
sorbent for the removal of copper and zinc metals. Sorption of these potential toxic metals onto activated spines
of Bombax buonopozense has indicated that the sorbent provide an alternative to conventional methods
employed to control the level of zinc and copper pollution. The uptake of these metals could be described by
Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), Temkin and the Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The correlation coefficients
show that the Temkin model is best fitted. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetics.
Hence, it has the potential for metal removal from contaminated waters. This process will be environment
friendly and reduce the large amount of effluent discharges and also provide an affordable technology for
industries.
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