Give a clear explanation of RSA cryptography and why it works.So.pdf

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Give a clear explanation of RSA cryptography and why it works. Solution RSA stands for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman cruptography, that is an internet incryption and authetication system that uses two mathematical keys, one public that can be shared publically and one private that is kept secret. It in both key can encrypt a message . If public key encrpts a message, private key decript it or vice versa and because of this feature only, RSA is widely used asymmetric algorithm now -a-days . This asymmetry is based on practical difficulty of product of two large prime numbers, called factoring problem. In it user uses these two prime numbers to create and publish a public key that has an auxillary value also. These prime numbers are kept secret. And this publishing method is used to encript any message, if key is large enough then sufficieint knowlege of prime number is necessary to decode the messay. Thus this system ensures confidentiality, integratiy, autheticity and non-reputability of data that is cummunication electronically and data storage.Thus it is use to protect information travelling back and fourth over the net. Thus RSA uses following four steps : key generation, key distribution, encription and decription. Why RSA works : Here we find the answers of following three questions actually : (i) Why opposite keys are used :In it both key encript the message and if message is to be descripted, then the opposite key that was used to encript it, should be used to descript it also. In it the Identity of the particular person is important. Because of this feature only, services like elctronic voting ,mix nets and digital signature are so widely used. (ii ) Why RSA satisfies the correctness equation : This equation states that ciphertext c that originates from message m should be equal to m after decryption. Or decrypting the ciphertext must product the original message. (iii) Why to use inverse of a key to calculate with respect to Totient : RSA works on the fact that it is difficult to deduce the given secret what is public and reason is that deducing what is secret from what is public, can not be impossible because security relies upton a problem that is considered hard..

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Cryptography defines different methods and technologies used in ensuring communication between two parties over any communication medium is secure, especially in presence of a third part. This is achieved through the use of several methods, such as encryption, decryption, signing, generating of pseudo-random numbers, among many others. Cryptography uses a key, or some sort of a password to either encrypt or decrypt a message that needs to be kept secret. This is made possible using two classes of key-based encryption and decryption algorithms, namely symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. The best known and the most widely used public key system is RSA. This algorithm comprises of three phases, which are the key generation phase, encryption phase, and the decryption phase. Owing to the advancement in computing technology, RSA is prone to some security risks, which makes it less secure. The following paper preview different proposals on different methods used to enhance the RSA algorithm and increase its security. Some of these enhancements include combining the RSA algorithm with Diffie-Hellman or ElGamal algorithm, modification of RSA to include three or four prime numbers, offline storage of generated keys, a secured algorithm for RSA where the message can be encrypted using dual encryption keys, etc.

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Encryption is a fundamental concept in cryptography that involves the process of converting plaintext (readable and understandable data) into ciphertext (encoded and unintelligible data) using a mathematical algorithm and an encryption key. The primary purpose of encryption is to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information during transmission or storage. In the encryption process: 1. **Plaintext:** This is the original, readable data that is to be protected. It could be a message, a file, or any form of digital information. 2. **Encryption Algorithm:** An encryption algorithm is a set of mathematical rules and procedures that transform the plaintext into ciphertext. Common encryption algorithms include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RSA, and Triple DES. 3. **Encryption Key:** The encryption key is a piece of information used by the encryption algorithm to perform the transformation. The key determines the specific pattern and method by which the plaintext is converted into ciphertext. The strength of the encryption often depends on the length and randomness of the key. 4. **Ciphertext:** This is the result of the encryption process—the transformed and encoded data that appears random and is indecipherable without the corresponding decryption key. Encryption serves several important purposes in the field of cryptography: - **Confidentiality:** The primary goal of encryption is to keep information confidential and secure from unauthorized access. Even if an unauthorized party intercepts the ciphertext, they should be unable to understand or decipher it without the correct decryption key. - **Integrity:** Encryption helps ensure the integrity of data by providing a means to detect any unauthorized modifications. If the ciphertext is altered, the decryption process will produce incorrect results, alerting the recipient to potential tampering. - **Authentication:** In some encryption scenarios, the use of digital signatures or authenticated encryption helps verify the origin and authenticity of the encrypted data. - **Secure Communication:** Encryption is widely used to secure communication over networks, such as the internet. Protocols like HTTPS (HTTP Secure) use encryption to protect the confidentiality of data transmitted between a web browser and a web server. - **Data-at-Rest Protection:** Encryption is applied to data stored on devices or servers, ensuring that even if physical access is gained, the data remains protected from unauthorized viewing. In summary, encryption is a crucial tool in the field of cryptography, providing a means to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive information in various digital environments.

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Table 1 Endowment of Labor and Capital US 100 20 Canada 10 Workers Ma.pdf

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State if you agree or disagree with the statement made and why? Lesson #1 - Discussion Forum – Linkage between Public Administration and Information Technology The article “Computing and Public Organizations” by Kraemer and King is an interesting look back at the prevailing questions and concerns thirty years ago about the potential impact of the use of computers in public organizations. The main point of the authors\' discussion is whether a wide-spread organizational use of computers would affect the centralized or decentralized nature of an organization. While the authors conclude that any move, either way, would involve more factors than just the use of computers, they do seem to come down on the side of computer use increasing the centralization of organizational decision making. When considering the impact of computer use on the centralization of decision making in public organizations as it stands today, thirty years after the article was written, it is still difficult to make a definitive statement on whether organizations have become more or less centralized due to the use of information technology. In some cases, data gathering both with and without IT is so decentralized throughout an agency that a desired level of centralization is never achieved. A case in point is the Veterans Administration, where data from field offices were either inefficiently or never sent to regional offices that could make service-related decisions, an outcome of decentralization that had very negative consequences for the veterans that are supposed to be the focus of the agency. Other government agencies also suffer from having so many points of entry to a centralized system that the public is uncertain how to access the information they need. An example would be the military’s health insurance program, which has three or four portals that each accomplish a different task within the overall program. A strong and well-organized linkage between public agencies and information technology is a deciding factor in how beneficial the use of technology is to public organizations. Solution I disagree with the fact the IT helps in the centralization of decision making as well as with the point that it is difficult to determine whether IT helps in decentralization or centralization. I believe IT has helped in the decentralization of decision making especially in public administration. The banking sector is a very good example. Centralization is where the distance- between where the problems arise and where the solution is decided- is greater. In decentralization, this distance is smaller and decisions are solved closer to the place where the problems arise. Decision making depends upon many factors- like access to information, knowledge, experience, skills, abilities, talent etc. With the inflow of technology into the hands of everyone, data collection, gathering, assortment and analysis has become easier. Data is converted into meaningful information and then into.

State if you agree or disagree with the statement made and whyLes.pdf

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subject.....project management. Tools and Processes Based on the progressive case study (PCS) project, you will need to develop a list of tools and processes that you would use as the contractor of record for opening the new division office. •Will you use subcontractors for different parts of the project? •How will you maintain contact communication? •How will you track progress, milestones, and setbacks? •How will you monitor resources and budget? •What reporting systems will you use? You are not expected to address all of these areas, though this is not an exhaustive list. Choose one or two components and describe the tools and processes you will use, then explain the rationale for using these tools. You may choose to use a certain tool as that is where your experience is, or it is more cost effective for example. not less than 150 words A project team requires individuals from the cross-functional area who can come and work together on different aspects of the project. In this regard, a project based organizational structure will be developed that will be flat in nature. The first parameter of the selection of the team member is the ability to work in the respective areas of the project and or the past experience of working on similar projects. The second parameter is the ability to manage a dual line of command (line and project) while working on the project. The third parameter is the propensity to work in a team and complement each other so that project work runs smoothly. The fourth parameter is the ability to take decisions with the given authority so that project work is not delayed due to the decision-making process. Besides, there should be guidelines related to the scope, objectives, time-based milestones as well as closure of the project. It should be based on the ethical principles. Regarding the challenges, the first challenge is the procurement of resources to build capacity as no any department or function wants to release the best employees. The second challenge is the building of the clarity in command so that any ambiguity is eliminated. The third challenge is the timely availability of resources and funds other than HR to start the project. The next challenge is to build the cooperation based team culture in the project team Solution TRACKING PROGRESS, MILESTONES, AND SETBACKS: A contractor needs to keep a close check on the progress of the project on which he is working. Project management is a difficult and very important task and requires skills and expertise of the contractor so as to make sure that the project is working as planned for. Keeping a track on the progress of the project is must from time to time and making sure that the milestones are achieved properly and if in case of any setbacks, recording why it happened. Following are the list of the tools that can be used to track the progress, milestones and setback of the project: MONITORING RESOURCES AND BUDGET: For successful completion of every project it is .

subject.....project management.Tools and Processes Based on the pr.pdf

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