Introduction
In Australia, at least 17,000 women develop gestational diabetes every year –
you are not alone! The number of women developing gestational diabetes is
expected to grow significantly over the next few decades.
Gestational diabetes is associated with an increased risk of complications
in pregnancy and birth, as well as a greater likelihood of mother and child
developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The good news is that with good
management of gestational diabetes, these risks are significantly reduced.
There have been huge advances in the knowledge about the management
and treatment of gestational diabetes and the importance of a healthy lifestyle
in keeping gestational diabetes and its complications under control. This
booklet aims to provide you with information about gestational diabetes, how
to look after your gestational diabetes and where to get assistance if you
need it.
The booklet is not designed to take the place of the valuable advice you will
receive from your diabetes team. It is designed to help you learn as much as
you can about gestational diabetes and the importance of managing your
gestational diabetes and continuing to enjoy a healthy lifestyle after you have
had your baby.
Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and causes high blood sugar levels, which can impact the health of the mother and baby. While the exact causes are unknown, hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy can interfere with the mother's insulin levels and blood sugar regulation. Treatment options may include monitoring blood sugar levels several times per day, following a healthy diet and exercise plan, and potentially taking insulin if lifestyle changes are not enough to control blood sugar. Close monitoring of the baby's growth and development is also important to ensure healthy outcomes.
In this Quotation Slide, i wished to summarise one chapter, in doing so i suggest this open source textbook for any medical students; Infant and Young Child Feeding
This document discusses exclusive breastfeeding and reasons why some women do not breastfeed. It defines breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding according to WHO. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended for optimal infant health but some women are unable or unwilling to do so for various reasons. These include lack of support, need to return to work, unsupportive healthcare providers, lack of resources, financial barriers, personal issues, health concerns, and dependency on illegal drugs.
This document outlines the many benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and baby. Breastfeeding is beneficial ecologically as it saves resources and creates less waste compared to formula. It also benefits society by making for smarter, healthier individuals who cost the healthcare system less. For families specifically, breastfeeding results in fewer doctor visits, prescriptions, and illnesses as well as more bonding. The document then details various health benefits breastfeeding provides to both babies and mothers. It concludes by outlining WHO/UNICEF's ten steps to promoting successful breastfeeding.
This document discusses pediatric obesity, including its definition using BMI, epidemiology, causes, complications, treatment, and prevention. Regarding definition and BMI, obesity in children is defined as excess body fat that negatively impacts health, and is diagnosed using BMI centiles where overweight is >91st centile and obese is >98th centile. The document then reviews the rising global rates of pediatric obesity and risk of obesity continuing into adulthood. Causes discussed include genetic predisposition and obesogenic environmental factors that promote overeating and sedentary behaviors. Complications can impact nearly every organ system, while treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include multidisciplinary programs depending on severity. Prevention strategies incorporate breastfeeding, appropriate portion sizes,
What are the causes and effects of childhood obesity, and what strategies can health and government bodies use to tackle the issue? Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, President of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), examines scientific data and presents recommendations. This presentation was delivered as part of a Global Active City and Ciudad Activa Summit in Buenos Aires in October 2018. EASO is a supporting partner of the Active Well-being Initiative, which runs the Global Active City programme. The world’s first Global Active Cities are Buenos Aires, Hamburg, Lillehammer, Liverpool, Ljubljana, and Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Visit http://www.activewellbeing.org or follow @AWBInitiative on Twitter.
1. The document discusses the role of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy in India, where undernutrition and overnutrition both remain issues.
2. It explores whether the typical Indian diet meets recommended daily allowance of nutrients, and whether food production and distribution are adequate and balanced.
3. Key topics covered include fetal programming and the effects of maternal nutrition on long-term health outcomes, recommended calorie and protein intake during pregnancy and lactation, and the impact of different types of nutrients and diets on fetal development.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition in diabetes management. It states that diabetes treatment involves controlling factors like diet, drugs, and daily activity. Proper nutrition therapy is an integral part of diabetes management. The document then compares the effects of high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets on various health markers in diabetics. It proceeds to describe Balance-D diabetes medical nutrition therapy, highlighting its balanced macronutrient profile, glycemic control benefits, improved compliance, and other advantages.
Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and causes high blood sugar levels, which can impact the health of the mother and baby. While the exact causes are unknown, hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy can interfere with the mother's insulin levels and blood sugar regulation. Treatment options may include monitoring blood sugar levels several times per day, following a healthy diet and exercise plan, and potentially taking insulin if lifestyle changes are not enough to control blood sugar. Close monitoring of the baby's growth and development is also important to ensure healthy outcomes.
In this Quotation Slide, i wished to summarise one chapter, in doing so i suggest this open source textbook for any medical students; Infant and Young Child Feeding
This document discusses exclusive breastfeeding and reasons why some women do not breastfeed. It defines breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding according to WHO. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended for optimal infant health but some women are unable or unwilling to do so for various reasons. These include lack of support, need to return to work, unsupportive healthcare providers, lack of resources, financial barriers, personal issues, health concerns, and dependency on illegal drugs.
This document outlines the many benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and baby. Breastfeeding is beneficial ecologically as it saves resources and creates less waste compared to formula. It also benefits society by making for smarter, healthier individuals who cost the healthcare system less. For families specifically, breastfeeding results in fewer doctor visits, prescriptions, and illnesses as well as more bonding. The document then details various health benefits breastfeeding provides to both babies and mothers. It concludes by outlining WHO/UNICEF's ten steps to promoting successful breastfeeding.
This document discusses pediatric obesity, including its definition using BMI, epidemiology, causes, complications, treatment, and prevention. Regarding definition and BMI, obesity in children is defined as excess body fat that negatively impacts health, and is diagnosed using BMI centiles where overweight is >91st centile and obese is >98th centile. The document then reviews the rising global rates of pediatric obesity and risk of obesity continuing into adulthood. Causes discussed include genetic predisposition and obesogenic environmental factors that promote overeating and sedentary behaviors. Complications can impact nearly every organ system, while treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include multidisciplinary programs depending on severity. Prevention strategies incorporate breastfeeding, appropriate portion sizes,
What are the causes and effects of childhood obesity, and what strategies can health and government bodies use to tackle the issue? Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, President of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), examines scientific data and presents recommendations. This presentation was delivered as part of a Global Active City and Ciudad Activa Summit in Buenos Aires in October 2018. EASO is a supporting partner of the Active Well-being Initiative, which runs the Global Active City programme. The world’s first Global Active Cities are Buenos Aires, Hamburg, Lillehammer, Liverpool, Ljubljana, and Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Visit http://www.activewellbeing.org or follow @AWBInitiative on Twitter.
1. The document discusses the role of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy in India, where undernutrition and overnutrition both remain issues.
2. It explores whether the typical Indian diet meets recommended daily allowance of nutrients, and whether food production and distribution are adequate and balanced.
3. Key topics covered include fetal programming and the effects of maternal nutrition on long-term health outcomes, recommended calorie and protein intake during pregnancy and lactation, and the impact of different types of nutrients and diets on fetal development.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition in diabetes management. It states that diabetes treatment involves controlling factors like diet, drugs, and daily activity. Proper nutrition therapy is an integral part of diabetes management. The document then compares the effects of high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets on various health markers in diabetics. It proceeds to describe Balance-D diabetes medical nutrition therapy, highlighting its balanced macronutrient profile, glycemic control benefits, improved compliance, and other advantages.
This document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It defines key terms and identifies the nutritional needs and requirements that increase during these stages, including additional daily calories, protein, iron, calcium and other vitamins and minerals. The document also discusses nutritional risk factors during pregnancy like iron deficiency anemia, which has a high prevalence in Pakistan. Maintaining good nutrition is important for both maternal and infant health.
This document discusses obesity in children. It notes that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions globally, including in developing countries. In India, studies have shown increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children, particularly in urban and affluent populations. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues not only during childhood but also in adulthood. The causes of childhood obesity are often exogenous or environmental factors like diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics. Treatment involves dietary changes, increased physical activity, behavior modification, and treatment of any related health complications. A multidisciplinary approach with family involvement tends to have the best outcomes.
This document discusses the importance of diet for diabetic patients. It outlines the objectives of understanding how nutrients can help people and identifying the goals of dietary management for diabetics. These goals include determining the elements that should be considered during diet planning, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and using an exchange list to categorize foods to help create meal plans for diabetic patients.
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
This document discusses the obesity epidemic among children and provides facts about junk food marketing targeting children, the health risks of obesity, and steps parents and teachers can take to promote healthy eating. It introduces a mobile app called Tweet2Health that is intended to encourage discussions around health issues and share medical advice within communities to help trigger healthier behaviors and nurture a healthier future.
The document discusses diabetic mellitus (diabetes). It aims to help participants understand what diabetes is, normal and abnormal blood sugar levels, the causes and types of diabetes, symptoms, complications if untreated, and ways to manage blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication and lifestyle changes. The two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance - are explained in further detail.
Anemia management of anemia in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
Treatment for Anemia
If you are anemic during your pregnancy, you may need to start taking an iron supplement and/or folic acid supplement in addition to your prenatal vitamins. Your doctor may also suggest that you add more foods that are high in iron and folic acid to your diet.
This document discusses formula feeding and weaning. It describes the different types of formula feeding including complementary, supplementary, and substitutive. It provides indications for each type and discusses the composition of breast milk versus cow's milk and differences in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and iron. The document also covers modified animal milks including modified buffalo milk and the four types of dried milk including whole milk, humanized formulas, follow-on formulas, and therapeutic/modified special formulas. Daily feeding needs and how to properly feed with a bottle are discussed.
Malnutrition is a pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess of essential nutrients. It comprises both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes acute conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor as well as chronic conditions like stunting and wasting. Overnutrition can lead to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases. Malnutrition is caused by factors related to social and economic status, poverty, ignorance, inadequate feeding practices, infections, and environment. Treatment involves correcting electrolyte and micronutrient deficiencies while prevention focuses on immunization, growth monitoring, screening high risk groups, and essential nutrition actions like breastfeeding and complementary feeding.
Premature infants have special nutritional needs that depend on their gestational age and health status. They may be fed intravenously through total parenteral nutrition, through a feeding tube via gavage, or directly by mouth once they can coordinate sucking and swallowing. The goal is to meet their nutritional requirements to support growth and development while avoiding feeding-related health issues like necrotizing enterocolitis. Feeding methods transition over time from intravenous to enteral as the infant's maturity and ability to tolerate feedings improves.
This document discusses childhood obesity. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is increasingly common and difficult to treat. It can lead to health issues like diabetes and persist into adulthood.
- Obesity in children is different than in adults and is influenced by growth. BMI percentiles must account for age and sex.
- Treatment aims for weight maintenance rather than loss to avoid impacting growth. Lifestyle changes like increased activity and healthier eating are recommended.
- Risk factors include sedentary behavior, high fat diets, and lower socioeconomic status. Prevention requires addressing societal and environmental contributors.
The magic milk .....full of benefits ,vitamines and minerals .......that is human milk
what is composition ,benefits,storage guidelines ?
what is contraindication?
The document provides guidelines for a diabetic diet, including recommendations to obtain 55-60% of daily calories from carbohydrates, 20% from fat, and 15-20% from protein. It outlines the goals of nutrition management for diabetes, which are to optimize blood glucose control, achieve reasonable body weight, improve lipid and blood pressure levels, and prevent or delay diabetes complications. The document also provides tips for individualizing a diabetic diet based on nutritional needs and preferences.
Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child's pancreas no longer produces the insulin your child needs to survive, and you'll need to replace the missing insulin. Type 1 diabetes in children used to be known as juvenile diabetes.
The document discusses nutrition in children and its impact on physical and mental development. It notes that malnutrition affects 60% of child deaths globally and 1 in 3 malnourished children live in India. Inadequate intake of important nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins and fats can impair growth, immunity, cognition and increase illness rates in children. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are required for brain and eye development but deficiencies can cause various health issues. Recommendations for nutrient intake in infants and children are provided.
Breastfeeding, also called nursing, is the process of feeding a mother's breast milk to her infant, either directly from the breast or by expressing (pumping out) the milk from the breast and bottle-feeding it to the infant
Maternal nutrition focuses on a woman's nutritional status as it relates to bearing and nurturing children. The document discusses nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation, common nutritional risks and changes that occur during pregnancy like hormonal changes, weight gain and increased needs for nutrients like iron. It notes that proper pre-pregnancy nutrition and meeting nutritional needs during pregnancy can help support a healthy pregnancy and birth.
We have the answers to your questions like, what is gestational diabetes, how is gestational diabetes diagnosed, or what causes gestational diabetes?
Liberty Medical
Our aim is to alleviate human suffering related to diabetes and its complications among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease. From 2002 to March 2017, the World Diabetes Foundation provided USD 130 million in funding to 511 projects in 115 countries. For every dollar spent, the Foundation raises approximately 2 dollars in cash or as in-kind donations from other sources. The total value of the WDF project portfolio reached USD 377 million, excluding WDF’s own advocacy and strategic platforms.
This document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It defines key terms and identifies the nutritional needs and requirements that increase during these stages, including additional daily calories, protein, iron, calcium and other vitamins and minerals. The document also discusses nutritional risk factors during pregnancy like iron deficiency anemia, which has a high prevalence in Pakistan. Maintaining good nutrition is important for both maternal and infant health.
This document discusses obesity in children. It notes that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions globally, including in developing countries. In India, studies have shown increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children, particularly in urban and affluent populations. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues not only during childhood but also in adulthood. The causes of childhood obesity are often exogenous or environmental factors like diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics. Treatment involves dietary changes, increased physical activity, behavior modification, and treatment of any related health complications. A multidisciplinary approach with family involvement tends to have the best outcomes.
This document discusses the importance of diet for diabetic patients. It outlines the objectives of understanding how nutrients can help people and identifying the goals of dietary management for diabetics. These goals include determining the elements that should be considered during diet planning, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and using an exchange list to categorize foods to help create meal plans for diabetic patients.
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
This document discusses the obesity epidemic among children and provides facts about junk food marketing targeting children, the health risks of obesity, and steps parents and teachers can take to promote healthy eating. It introduces a mobile app called Tweet2Health that is intended to encourage discussions around health issues and share medical advice within communities to help trigger healthier behaviors and nurture a healthier future.
The document discusses diabetic mellitus (diabetes). It aims to help participants understand what diabetes is, normal and abnormal blood sugar levels, the causes and types of diabetes, symptoms, complications if untreated, and ways to manage blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication and lifestyle changes. The two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance - are explained in further detail.
Anemia management of anemia in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
Treatment for Anemia
If you are anemic during your pregnancy, you may need to start taking an iron supplement and/or folic acid supplement in addition to your prenatal vitamins. Your doctor may also suggest that you add more foods that are high in iron and folic acid to your diet.
This document discusses formula feeding and weaning. It describes the different types of formula feeding including complementary, supplementary, and substitutive. It provides indications for each type and discusses the composition of breast milk versus cow's milk and differences in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and iron. The document also covers modified animal milks including modified buffalo milk and the four types of dried milk including whole milk, humanized formulas, follow-on formulas, and therapeutic/modified special formulas. Daily feeding needs and how to properly feed with a bottle are discussed.
Malnutrition is a pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess of essential nutrients. It comprises both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes acute conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor as well as chronic conditions like stunting and wasting. Overnutrition can lead to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases. Malnutrition is caused by factors related to social and economic status, poverty, ignorance, inadequate feeding practices, infections, and environment. Treatment involves correcting electrolyte and micronutrient deficiencies while prevention focuses on immunization, growth monitoring, screening high risk groups, and essential nutrition actions like breastfeeding and complementary feeding.
Premature infants have special nutritional needs that depend on their gestational age and health status. They may be fed intravenously through total parenteral nutrition, through a feeding tube via gavage, or directly by mouth once they can coordinate sucking and swallowing. The goal is to meet their nutritional requirements to support growth and development while avoiding feeding-related health issues like necrotizing enterocolitis. Feeding methods transition over time from intravenous to enteral as the infant's maturity and ability to tolerate feedings improves.
This document discusses childhood obesity. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is increasingly common and difficult to treat. It can lead to health issues like diabetes and persist into adulthood.
- Obesity in children is different than in adults and is influenced by growth. BMI percentiles must account for age and sex.
- Treatment aims for weight maintenance rather than loss to avoid impacting growth. Lifestyle changes like increased activity and healthier eating are recommended.
- Risk factors include sedentary behavior, high fat diets, and lower socioeconomic status. Prevention requires addressing societal and environmental contributors.
The magic milk .....full of benefits ,vitamines and minerals .......that is human milk
what is composition ,benefits,storage guidelines ?
what is contraindication?
The document provides guidelines for a diabetic diet, including recommendations to obtain 55-60% of daily calories from carbohydrates, 20% from fat, and 15-20% from protein. It outlines the goals of nutrition management for diabetes, which are to optimize blood glucose control, achieve reasonable body weight, improve lipid and blood pressure levels, and prevent or delay diabetes complications. The document also provides tips for individualizing a diabetic diet based on nutritional needs and preferences.
Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child's pancreas no longer produces the insulin your child needs to survive, and you'll need to replace the missing insulin. Type 1 diabetes in children used to be known as juvenile diabetes.
The document discusses nutrition in children and its impact on physical and mental development. It notes that malnutrition affects 60% of child deaths globally and 1 in 3 malnourished children live in India. Inadequate intake of important nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins and fats can impair growth, immunity, cognition and increase illness rates in children. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are required for brain and eye development but deficiencies can cause various health issues. Recommendations for nutrient intake in infants and children are provided.
Breastfeeding, also called nursing, is the process of feeding a mother's breast milk to her infant, either directly from the breast or by expressing (pumping out) the milk from the breast and bottle-feeding it to the infant
Maternal nutrition focuses on a woman's nutritional status as it relates to bearing and nurturing children. The document discusses nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation, common nutritional risks and changes that occur during pregnancy like hormonal changes, weight gain and increased needs for nutrients like iron. It notes that proper pre-pregnancy nutrition and meeting nutritional needs during pregnancy can help support a healthy pregnancy and birth.
We have the answers to your questions like, what is gestational diabetes, how is gestational diabetes diagnosed, or what causes gestational diabetes?
Liberty Medical
Our aim is to alleviate human suffering related to diabetes and its complications among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease. From 2002 to March 2017, the World Diabetes Foundation provided USD 130 million in funding to 511 projects in 115 countries. For every dollar spent, the Foundation raises approximately 2 dollars in cash or as in-kind donations from other sources. The total value of the WDF project portfolio reached USD 377 million, excluding WDF’s own advocacy and strategic platforms.
This document discusses gestational diabetes, a form of diabetes that affects women during pregnancy. It is caused by pregnancy hormones blocking insulin's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Most women with gestational diabetes can control it through diet, exercise, blood sugar monitoring, and medical treatment if needed. While it can increase risks for the mother and baby, managing the condition well can help avoid complications and allow for healthy deliveries. The key is keeping blood sugar levels within target ranges to support the baby's growth.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops for the first time during pregnancy, when hormonal changes in the body affect insulin.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops for the first time during pregnancy, when hormonal changes in the body affect insulin.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including its types and management. It defines diabetes as a disease involving problems with the hormone insulin and pancreas. The three main types are type 1 (body does not produce insulin), type 2 (body does not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond), and gestational (during pregnancy). Diet, exercise, medication including insulin as needed, and monitoring blood sugar levels are important for management. The document also discusses the TLC diet and managing sugar and alcohol intake.
Living The Good Life Despite Your Diabetes - Useful Tips To Help You Cope!bubba2000
- Diabetes means the body is unable to properly create and control insulin, which is needed to regulate blood sugar levels. Managing diabetes requires maintaining control of blood sugar through diet, medication, exercise, and monitoring.
- Controlling blood sugar levels is important for managing diabetic eye disease. Improving blood glucose control may initially worsen eye problems but will improve the condition over time. Proper management can prevent or slow the progression of eye complications.
- It is crucial for diabetics to monitor their blood sugar levels, take medications as prescribed by their doctor, eat regular meals and snacks, and maintain routines to keep blood sugar stable.
1. The document presents information about gestational diabetes, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and diet recommendations.
2. Gestational diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels become high during pregnancy due to hormones from the placenta interfering with the body's use of insulin.
3. It can be diagnosed through a glucose tolerance test and treated through insulin, medication, or dietary changes to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications.
Diabetes in pregnancy, also known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), occurs when women without diabetes previously develop high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. The key differences between GDM and other types of diabetes are that GDM is caused by placental hormones interfering with insulin resistance during pregnancy. Treatment for GDM involves dietary changes, exercise, blood glucose monitoring and potentially insulin injections if lifestyle changes are not enough to control blood glucose levels. Uncontrolled GDM can lead to complications for both mother and baby such as preeclampsia, difficult delivery and macrosomia.
Gestational diabetes is a state wherein disturbances in glucose metabolismglucose intolerance is first recognised in pregnancy. Often, the symptoms start appearing in the last trimester of the pregnancy. The condition which affects at least four per cent of the pregnant women arises when the body is unable to produce the needed amounts of insulin while the woman is carrying bearing baby. Our article will tell you more about the causes, preventive measures and screening tests.
The document discusses how following a low glycemic diet can help manage diabetes. It provides background on diabetes, risk factors, symptoms and causes. It then explains the basics of a low glycemic diet, emphasizing choosing foods that don't drastically increase blood sugar levels. A sample meal plan is given as an example of meals aligned with this diet. The conclusion reiterates how controlling blood sugar through a low glycemic diet can help diabetics gain better health.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy where the mother's pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. It can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not controlled, such as high birth weight, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia, and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy and is a leading cause of maternal and infant illness and death globally. The only cure for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It occurs in 2-10% of pregnancies due to hormonal changes reducing the body's ability to use insulin. While most women have no symptoms, screening tests are done between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy to check blood sugar levels. Eating a healthy diet and exercise can help manage gestational diabetes and reduce risks to both mother and baby like high birth weight or developing diabetes later in life.
Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth.
It can happen at any stage of pregnancy, but is more common in the second or third trimester. It happens when your body cannot produce enough insulin – a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels – to meet your extra needs in pregnancy.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
A type of diabetes that women get during pregnancy. Pregnancy hormones can block insulin from doing its job.
Signs:
Women with gestational diabetes usually don’t have symptoms. Most find out that they have it during a routine screening.
Increased thirst
Needing to pee more often than usual
A dry mouth
Tiredness
Nausea
Vomiting
Causes:
The placenta supplies a growing fetus with nutrients and water, and also produces a variety of hormones to maintain the pregnancy. Some of these hormones (estrogen, cortisol, and human placental lactogen) can have a blocking effect on insulin. This is called contra-insulin effect, which usually begins about 20 to 24 weeks into the pregnancy.
It's a presentation on GDM 2023.
UNIVERSITY OF GUAYAQUIL THEME:: GESTATIONAL DIABETESGise Estefania
Todas las mujeres embarazadas deben recibir una prueba oral de tolerancia a la glucosa entre las semanas 24 y 28 del embarazo para detectar la afección, en especial si tienen obesidad.
This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types, symptoms, causes, treatment, and complications. It discusses how diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Treatment focuses on diet, exercise, weight control, and insulin as needed. Complications can include eye, foot, heart and kidney problems if diabetes is not well managed. Ways to support diabetes prevention and management in schools are also outlined.
- Diabetes is a disorder where the body cannot properly process glucose due to either not producing insulin (Type 1) or cells not responding to insulin (Type 2). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
- Symptoms vary but include increased thirst, hunger, urination and fatigue. Treatment involves monitoring blood sugar levels, nutrition, exercise and potentially insulin injections.
- For diabetes nutrition, the focus is on whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins and limiting sugars/fats to control blood sugar and weight. Portion sizes vary depending on blood sugar goals.
Liberty Medical
Diabetes can be a scary topic. What is it, how do you get it, what can you do? Liberty is here for you and to help answer your questions. You can be at risk from a number of things. Know the facts to help out your health.
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- The different types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational) and their causes and symptoms.
- How diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests.
- Treatment focuses on diet, exercise, and medication/insulin as needed.
- Risk factors include family history, age, weight, and lifestyle factors like diet and exercise.
- Complications if diabetes is poorly controlled can include eye, foot, heart, and kidney problems.
- Schools can help by providing education on healthy eating/lifestyles and controlling food options.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Slides from talk:
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Gestational diabetes booklet
1. Gestational Diabetes | 1The National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) is an initiative of the Australian Government administered by Diabetes Australia.
Gestational Diabetes
Caring for yourself and your baby
2. 2 | Gestational Diabetes
Disclaimer:
This information booklet is intended as a guide only. It should not replace individual
medical advice and if you have any concerns about your health or further questions
you should raise them with your doctor.
3. Gestational Diabetes | 3
Contents
Introduction 4
What is gestational diabetes? 5
What causes gestational diabetes? 6
Who is at increased risk of gestational diabetes? 6
How is gestational diabetes diagnosed? 7
Why does gestational diabetes need to be treated? 7
How is gestational diabetes managed? 8
- Healthy eating 9
- Physical activity 15
- Monitoring your blood glucose levels 16
- Medication (if needed) 17
The birth 19
After the birth 20
Future risks 21
The diabetes team 22
Notes page 23
National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) 24
Diabetes Australia 25
4. 4 | Gestational Diabetes
Introduction
In Australia, at least 17,000 women develop gestational diabetes every year –
you are not alone! The number of women developing gestational diabetes is
expected to grow significantly over the next few decades.
Gestational diabetes is associated with an increased risk of complications
in pregnancy and birth, as well as a greater likelihood of mother and child
developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The good news is that with good
management of gestational diabetes, these risks are significantly reduced.
There have been huge advances in the knowledge about the management
and treatment of gestational diabetes and the importance of a healthy lifestyle
in keeping gestational diabetes and its complications under control. This
booklet aims to provide you with information about gestational diabetes, how
to look after your gestational diabetes and where to get assistance if you
need it.
The booklet is not designed to take the place of the valuable advice you will
receive from your diabetes team. It is designed to help you learn as much as
you can about gestational diabetes and the importance of managing your
gestational diabetes and continuing to enjoy a healthy lifestyle after you have
had your baby.
5. Gestational Diabetes | 5
What is gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and
usually goes away after the baby is born. Between 5% to 8% of pregnant
women will develop gestational diabetes and this usually occurs around the
24th to 28th week of pregnancy.
Diabetes is a common condition in which the body’s cells are unable to
effectively obtain glucose from the bloodstream. Glucose is required to provide
the body with energy for day-to-day activities. The hormone insulin moves
glucose from the blood into the body’s cells, where it can be used for energy.
Being diagnosed with gestational diabetes can be a shock and upsetting. You
may be worried about the health of your baby or that there will problems with
the birth. This booklet explains how you can have a healthy baby with effective
diabetes management and support from your health care team.
Glucose and insulin changes in gestational diabetes
Normal:
Insulin moves glucose from
the blood into your cells
Glucose Insulin Body’s Cells Blood Vessel
Gestational Diabetes:
Insulin resistance and inadequate insulin leads
to less glucose entering the cells so blood
glucose levels become higher
Gestational diabetes will not lead to your baby being born with diabetes
When the movement of glucose into the cells is delayed the blood
glucose levels rise, causing diabetes to develop.
6. 6 | Gestational Diabetes
What causes gestational diabetes?
In pregnancy, the placenta (the blood source for the baby) produces
hormones that help the baby grow and develop. Some of these hormones
block the action of the mother’s insulin which is called insulin resistance.
During pregnancy, to keep the blood glucose levels normal, mothers need to
make 2 to 3 times the normal amount of insulin due to this insulin resistance.
If the body is unable to produce the extra insulin or becomes more resistant,
gestational diabetes develops. When the baby is born and the insulin
requirements fall, glucose levels return to normal and diabetes usually
disappears.
Who is at increased risk of gestational
diabetes?
• Older mothers, especially over the age of 30 years of age
• Women with a family history of type 2 diabetes
• Women who are overweight
• Indigenous Australians
• Women from certain ethnic backgrounds including:
- South Asian
- Vietnamese
- Chinese
- Middle Eastern
- Polynesian/Melanesian
• Women who have had gestational diabetes
• Women who have had large babies or obstetric complications
• Woman who have had polycystic ovarian syndrome
Amountofinsulin
Not pregnant 10 weeks 30 weeks Day of delivery
7. Gestational Diabetes | 7
How is gestational diabetes
diagnosed?
The oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is used to assess how your body
responds to a glucose load. After fasting for 8-12 hours, a blood sample is
taken. You then have a drink containing 75g of glucose and blood samples
are taken one and two hours later. If the blood glucose is above the normal
level, you have gestational diabetes.
Why does gestational diabetes need to
be treated?
If a mother’s blood glucose levels are high, glucose passes through the
placenta to the baby. This may lead to the baby growing larger than the
average baby. Giving birth to larger babies can potentially cause more
problems for both the mother and child during and following birth. However,
the baby’s blood glucose level may be too low (hypoglycaemia) at birth.
Untreated gestational diabetes can also lead to
a greater likelihood of developing high blood
pressure during the pregnancy.
For many women, being diagnosed with
gestational diabetes may be upsetting.
However, by working closely with your doctor
and health care team you can keep your
blood glucose levels within the target range
to provide the best outcome for both you and
your baby.
8. 8 | Gestational Diabetes
How is gestational diabetes managed?
Eat Well Play Well Stay Well
• Healthy eating
• Physical activity
• Monitoring your
blood glucose
levels
• Medication
(if needed)
9. Gestational Diabetes | 9
Healthy eating
What foods should I eat?
Following a healthy eating plan is an important part of diabetes
management and will help to:
• keep your blood glucose levels within the target
range advised by your doctor or diabetes educator
• provide adequate nutrition for you and your growing baby
• achieve appropriate weight changes during your pregnancy
Women with gestational diabetes are encouraged to:
• eat regular meals
• eat small amounts often
• satisfy their hunger and maintain a healthy weight
• include some carbohydrate in every meal and snack
Choose foods that:
• are varied and enjoyable
• are low in fat, particularly saturated fat and high in fibre
• are a good source of carbohydrate (grains, cereals, fruit, pasta, rice)
• provide the nutrients you need during pregnancy
Nutrients required in higher amounts for pregnancy include:
• calcium (milk, cheese, nuts, tahini)
• iron (red meat, chicken, fish, chickpeas, tofu)
• folic acid (dark green leafy vegetables)
If it is possible, it is helpful to see a dietitian who will advise you on getting
the proper nutrients for you and your baby, while helping you to make healthy
food choices for managing your blood glucose levels.
10. 10 | Gestational Diabetes
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate foods are broken down into glucose
and used by the body for energy. They are very
important for you and your baby. To help manage
your blood glucose levels, it is important to spread
your carbohydrate foods over 3 small meals and 2-3
snacks each day.
Foods containing carbohydrate include:
• multigrain or wholegrain breads and breakfast cereals
• pasta, noodles and rice (preferably Doongara or Basmati rice as
they have a lower glycaemic index and will help you to stay fuller
longer)
• potato, sweet potato and corn in moderation
• legumes such as baked beans, red kidney beans and lentils
• fruits
• milks, yoghurts
Carbohydrate foods that contain little nutritional
value include sucrose (sugar), soft drinks,
cordials, fruit juices, cakes and biscuits.
It is wise to avoid these foods.
In some women, blood glucose
levels continue to be high, even
with healthy eating and regular activity.
If this happens to you, it is important not to
cut back on carbohydrates as the baby requires
carbohydrate as its main energy source. Some women’s bodies
require help to manage blood glucose levels and insulin injections
may be needed.
your carbohydrate foods over 3 small meals and 2-3
multigrain or wholegrain breads and breakfast cereals
pasta, noodles and rice (preferably Doongara or Basmati rice as
11. Gestational Diabetes | 11
Glycaemic Index (GI)
The GI is a measure of how quickly the carbohydrate in a food will affect the
level of glucose in the blood. Foods that have a high GI will raise the blood
glucose levels quickly, while those with a low GI will raise the blood glucose
levels more slowly. Foods with a low or medium GI may be better choices
when trying to manage blood glucose levels. The GI of foods does not
change the serving sizes.
Lower GI foods can:
• prevent large fluctuations in blood glucose levels
• make you feel satisfied for longer
• help manage your weight
Low GI=less than 55, Medium GI=56-69, High GI=over 70
For more information go to the GI website: glycemicindex.com
Fat
Use healthier fats like canola and olive oils, unsaturated oils,
margarines, avocados and unsalted nuts. Limit the amount
of fat you eat, particularly saturated fats by selecting lean
meats, skinless chicken and low-fat dairy foods.
Avoid takeaway and processed foods. If eaten in
large amounts, all fats can cause extra weight
gain which can further increase insulin resistance.
Protein
Include two to three small serves of protein each day as
protein is important for the maintenance of the body
and growth of your baby. Protein can also help
you feel full for longer. Protein foods include
lean meat, skinless chicken, fish, eggs and
reduced fat cheese. Milk, yoghurts, custards
and legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas)
are also important sources of protein.
12. 12 | Gestational Diabetes
The plate model below shows a healthy meal
Half your plate should include vegetables or salad. A quarter of the plate is
protein food and another quarter is carbohydrate foods.
1/4 plate:
Carbohydrate food
1/4 plate:
Protein food
1/2 plate:
Free vegetables
13. Gestational Diabetes | 13
Other dietary considerations
Can I use artifi cial sweeteners?
The following sweeteners may be used in small amounts:
• Aspartame (951)*
• Sucralose (955)*
• Acesulphame Potassium (950)*
*look for these numbers on the food label ingredients list
What can I drink?
Drinks such as cordial, juice and soft drink are high
in energy and sugar so a better choice is to drink
water, plain mineral water or soda water – try it with
a fresh lemon or lime for something different.
Alcohol
The Australian guidelines recommend that for
women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy
or breastfeeding, avoiding alcohol is the safest
option. There is strong evidence that heavy alcohol
intake harms the baby, though the effects of low to
moderate intake are less clear.
Talk to your dietitian regarding healthy food choices both for your diabetes
management and general good health during pregnancy, including:
• Iodine deficiency
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Calcium
• Iron
• Foods susceptible to listeria
14. 14 | Gestational Diabetes
Meal Choose from Plus
Option 1 Option 2
Breakfast ½ cup untoasted
muesli/All Bran®/
rolled oats (raw)
OR
1 cup Guardian®/
Special K®
1-2 slices of toast
multigrain, soy &
linseed, wholemeal,
white, heavy fruit
bread
OR
1 slice of toast with ½
cup baked beans
250ml low fat milk
OR
100g low-fat fruit yoghurt
OR
200g artificially sweetened
yoghurt
Morning tea 4 Vitaweats®
with a small amount
of reduced fat
cheese
½ English muffin
OR
1 slice toast
with a small amount of
reduced fat cheese
1 serve of fruit
1 apple, 1 pear, 1 small
banana, 2 kiwi fruits, 4
apricots, ½ cup tinned fruit,
2 tablespoons sultanas
Lunch 2 slices of bread
OR
1 medium bread roll
with tuna, salmon,
fresh chicken,
egg, roast beef or
reduced fat cheese
2/3 cup cooked rice
(Basmati/Doongara)
OR
1 cup pasta/noodles
with tuna, salmon,
fresh chicken, egg,
roast beef or reduced
fat cheese
Plenty of salad or cooked
vegetables (other than
potato or corn)
PLUS
1 serve of fruit
Afternoon
Tea
250mls low fat milk 100g Low fat yoghurt
OR
200g artificially
sweetened yoghurt
1 slice heavy fruit loaf
OR 1 crumpet
OR ½ English muffin
Dinner 2/3 cup cooked rice
(Basmati/Doongara)
OR
1 cup pasta/noodles
1 medium potato and
a small corn cob
A small serve of lean meat,
fish, chicken or tofu, with
plenty of salad
OR
cooked vegetables
PLUS
1 serve of fruit
Supper ½ cup low fat
custard
OR
2 small scoops of
low-fat ice cream
100g low-fat yoghurt
OR
200g artificially
sweetened yoghurt
1 serve of fruit
Sample food plan
15. Gestational Diabetes | 15
Physical activity
It is never too late to start being more active and there are many ways that
you can ‘do exercise’ as part of your everyday routine. Anything that gets
you moving is generally good for your diabetes. Walking is a great way to be
physically active, without even noticing you are ‘exercising’.
Here are some tips on how you can incorporate more walking into your life:
• start a walking group with family or friends
• walk instead of driving to the local shops
• take the stairs instead of the lift
• stand and move while on the phone
• gardening
For women with gestational diabetes, moderate intensity physical
activity can help to manage blood glucose levels.
‘Moderate’ means a slight but noticeable increase in breathing and heart rate.
If there are no specific obstetric or medical conditions, you should be able to
safely exercise during pregnancy. However, it is best to discuss this with your
doctor.
Regular activities such as walking or swimming help to:
• reduce insulin resistance
• keep you fit
• prepare for the birth of your baby
• manage your blood glucose levels
If you are feeling tired and are less active, your blood glucose levels will be
higher. Remember, before starting or continuing any form of physical activity,
always check with your doctor.
Consider buying a pedometer. This is a small device that counts your daily
steps. It will measure just how much walking you’re doing. Aim to walk 10,000
steps each day.
Gaining too much weight during pregnancy will make it harder to manage
your diabetes and the birth. Talk to your healthcare team if you feel you are
gaining too much weight.
16. 16 | Gestational Diabetes
Monitoring your blood glucose levels
Regularly testing your Blood Glucose Level (BGL) enables treatment to be
assessed and changed as necessary.
During pregnancy the expected blood glucose range is lower than for people
with diabetes who are not pregnant.
Testing your own blood glucose levels will help you to:
• better understand the effect of food and lifestyle on blood glucose levels
• know when to seek advice from your health professionals
• develop confidence in managing your diabetes
Generally targets are 4.0 to 7mmol/L depending on when the test is done.
Your doctor or diabetes educator will advise you what blood glucose levels to
aim for.
My target BGLs are _______ to ________ fasting/before meals
_______ to ________ after meals
The most common times to test blood glucose levels are when you wake up
in the morning (fasting) and 2 hours after each meal. Other testing times may
include 1 hour after meals and/or before meals.
Blood Glucose Meters (the equipment used to test your blood glucose
levels) are available from your local National Diabetes Service Scheme
Agents (listed on page 25), pharmacies or your diabetes educator. Training
on how to use your blood glucose meter will be provided.
Self blood glucose testing involves a finger prick using a finger pricking
device to obtain a small drop of blood to test in your blood glucose meter.
Recording your blood glucose levels in a record book or sheet is important so
you can discuss the results with your diabetes team at each appointment.
Ask your diabetes team how to safely dispose of your equipment.
17. Gestational Diabetes | 17
Medication (if needed)
What if blood glucose levels are too high?
If your blood glucose levels cannot be managed by healthy eating and
physical activity alone, your doctor may suggest medication.
Insulin treatment may be needed to bring the blood glucose levels into the
target range. Tablets are not widely used in the treatment of gestational
diabetes as their effectiveness and safety are still being assessed.
Insulin is given by injection using an insulin device. This device can deliver
the insulin at a push of a button. If insulin is required, your diabetes educator
or doctor will demonstrate how to use the insulin device and where to inject
the insulin. The injected insulin will help to lower your blood glucose level
to within a range that is best for your baby’s growth and development. The
insulin does not cross the placenta or affect your baby.
18. 18 | Gestational Diabetes
What if blood glucose levels are too high? (cont.)
While many women are initially reluctant to give an injection, most find it less
uncomfortable than doing the blood glucose tests. The injection of insulin will
not harm your baby.
The diabetes team will advise you of the appropriate starting dose of insulin.
It is common for the insulin dose to be increased regularly as the insulin
resistance from the placental hormones increases until close to the birth.
Your diabetes team will regularly review your blood glucose levels and
advise you of the correct insulin doses to take.
If you are having insulin injections, it is possible for blood glucose levels to go
a little low, although this is not common. You may feel weak, shaky or sweaty.
A low blood glucose level is called hypoglycaemia or a ‘hypo’ and is treated
by having a drink or food containing quick acting glucose. Within a few
minutes of having something sugary, your blood glucose level should return
to normal. You should perform an extra blood test to check that your blood
glucose levels have returned to normal.
Discuss taking control of ‘hypos’ with your diabetes team.
19. Gestational Diabetes | 19
The birth
Your diabetes and pregnancy teams will continue to monitor you and your
baby throughout the pregnancy. Tests may include an ultrasound, blood
glucose and blood pressure. If diabetes has been well managed and there
are no other problems, most women go to ‘full term’ and give birth naturally.
If baby grows too large (macrosomic) or any other concerns about the
pregnancy arise, your pregnancy team may suggest ‘inducing’ the baby one
or two weeks early. If an earlier birth is required the labour is usually induced
after using a medication that prepares the cervix for delivery. During labour
your baby’s heartbeat may be monitored using a cardiotocograph (CTG)
machine strapped to your abdomen.
Caesarean section
As with all pregnant women, there is a possibility that you may need a
caesarean birth. Sometimes a caesarean may be required if the baby is too
large or if there are other obstetric concerns such as low placenta, breech
presentation or previous caesarean delivery. It’s a good idea to be informed
about caesarean births so that if the need arises you are well prepared.
Insulin/Glucose infusion (drip)
Women may need an insulin infusion to control the blood glucose levels
during labour, or when having a caesarean. This is more likely in women who
have needed treatment with high doses of insulin during the pregnancy.
You can discuss your birth plan with your doctor or midwife.
20. 20 | Gestational Diabetes
After the birth
Gestational Diabetes will not lead to your baby being born with diabetes
Your baby will be monitored carefully for the first 24-48 hours (heart rate,
colour, breathing, blood glucose levels). The midwives will perform blood
glucose tests (using heel pricks) on your baby to make sure its blood glucose
levels are not too low. These will be monitored until they are satisfactory.
Benefits of breastfeeding
Breastfeeding soon after the birth, then every four hours, helps to maintain
your baby’s glucose levels. This helps to avoid low blood glucose levels
for your baby. Breastfeeding has also been shown to pass on the mother’s
immunity to the baby and help your weight control.
For women who required insulin
Insulin will usually be stopped after your baby is born.
Your health team will advise you how often to monitor your blood glucose to
see whether the levels have returned to normal (generally 4.0 to 8 mmol/L).
6-12 weeks after the birth
An oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is very important to check that the
diabetes has gone. In some women the diabetes does not resolve.
Remember to tell your doctor that you had gestational diabetes.
21. Gestational Diabetes | 21
Future risks
Once you have had gestational diabetes, you are at a higher risk of
developing diabetes later in life. Approximately 50% of women who have
had gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 10-20 years.
If you have another pregnancy, there is a very high chance of developing
gestational diabetes again.
The healthy lifestyle information gained during pregnancy is valid for all
Australians. Continue your healthy eating and activity routine and ask your
doctor for a blood glucose test every 2 years.
To help lower the risks of developing diabetes
you should:
• Eat Well
Follow a healthy eating plan
• Play Well
Have regular physical activity
• Stay Well
Ask your doctor for a diabetes
test every 2 years
Before your next pregnancy
have tests for diabetes
Control your weight
You will be sent more information after the birth
of your baby including a booklet
‘Life After Gestational Diabetes’
22. 22 | Gestational Diabetes
The diabetes team
The team members vary, depending on where you live or attend for your
antenatal care, but may include:
• a diabetes doctor – a specialist in diabetes (endocrinologist)
• a diabetes educator – a specialist nurse/midwife who will educate you
and your family on how to monitor and manage your blood glucose levels
• a dietitian – who will help you with a healthy food plan for your pregnancy
• Your General Practitioner (GP)
The diabetes team works closely with your pregnancy team that may
include:
• an obstetrician – a specialist in pregnancy and birth
• a midwife – will care and educate you in preparation for the birth and
parenting
• a physiotherapist – who may educate you and your partner on the birth
process
The diabetes team is supported by the National Diabetes Services Scheme
(NDSS) Agents in each State and Territory listed on Page 24.
Contact details:
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
24. 24 | Gestational Diabetes
National Diabetes Services Scheme
The National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) is an initiative of the
Australian Government administered by Diabetes Australia. The NDSS is
delivered locally through State and Territory based Agents and Sub-Agents
such as diabetes centres, pharmacies and health centres. The scheme
provides diabetes-related products at subsidised prices, information and
select services to people with diabetes. Registration is free and open to all
Australians diagnosed with diabetes.
Products
People who are registered with the NDSS can access a range of
approved products including:
• subsidised blood and urine testing strips. A wide range of blood glucose
testing strips are available at a lower cost than a Pharmacy Prescription
• insulin syringes and pen needles. These are available free of charge to
all people using insulin
• insulin pump consumables
• diabetes self-management information and services
How to order products
There are a number of ways you can order products:
• Over the counter from your State or Territory Agent or Sub-Agent
• Telephone: 1300 136 588
• Website: Diabetes ACT
Diabetes Australia NSW
Diabetes Australia Queensland
Diabetes Australia - Vic
Diabetes SA
Diabetes Tasmania
Diabetes WA
Healthy Living NT
• Post your order to Diabetes Australia, GPO Box 9824 in your capital city.
Order forms can be downloaded from the web, posted to you by ringing
the above number or collected from Agents or Sub-Agents.
diabetes-act.com.au
diabetesnsw.com.au
diabetesqld.org.au
diabetesvic.org.au
diabetessa.com.au
diabetestas.com.au
diabeteswa.com.au
healthylivingnt.org.au
25. Gestational Diabetes | 25
Concession card holders
Concession card holders may receive a further discount on NDSS products.
For more information contact your local service Agent as noted above or
refer to the NDSS website ndss.com.au.
More information about the NDSS can be found on the website:
ndss.com.au or by calling 1300 136 588
Diabetes Australia
Diabetes Australia is a national organisation and draws its membership
from State and Territory based consumer organisations, health professional
organisations and research bodies who work together to provide a collective
and powerful voice for people living with diabetes, their families and carers.
Refer to diabetesaustralia.com.au for further contact details.
Diabetes Australia is turning diabetes around through awareness,
prevention, detection, management and finding a cure.
26. 26 | Gestational Diabetes
Acknowledgments:
The Australian Government and Diabetes Australia wishes to acknowledge the
valuable contributions and support of the National Diabetes Services Scheme Agents
who through the NDSS Diabetes in Pregnancy, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Working
Group developed this publication with consumer input and assistance from The
Australasian Diabetes In Pregnancy Society (ADIPS).
For further information regarding this publication, its development or availability
contact Diabetes Australia Ltd:
Email admin@diabetesaustralia.com.au
Phone 02 6232 3800
VERSION 1: JULY 2010