The document discusses diabetic mellitus (diabetes). It aims to help participants understand what diabetes is, normal and abnormal blood sugar levels, the causes and types of diabetes, symptoms, complications if untreated, and ways to manage blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication and lifestyle changes. The two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance - are explained in further detail.

1. DIABETIC
MELLITUS
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2. H O T E N G I N E E R I N G & C O N S T R C U T I O N C O . K . S . C . C .

3. .
 At the end of the session each participant will be able
to:
 Know what is diabetic .
 Understand the normal and abnormal blood sugar
level.
 Identify the causes of diabetic mellitus.
 Know how to prevent high blood sugar.
 Understand the significance of blood sugar (glucose )
in health promotion and disease prevention.
 Discuss the importance of lifestyle changes in the
management of blood sugar under control.
 Understand the risks of untreated diabetic .
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4. WHAT IS DIABETIC OR HIGH
BLOOD SUGAR?
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5.  Diabetes mellitus, often
simply referred to
as diabetes.
DIABETES
 It is a group of metabolic
diseases in which person
has high blood sugar
, either because the body
does not produce
enough insulin or because
cells do not respond to the
insulin that is produced
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6. BLOOD SUGAR VALUES
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7. TYPES OF DIABETES
Two types mainly
Type 1 diabetes can occur at any
age, but it is most often diagnosed in
children, teens, or young adults.
o In this disease, the body makes little or
no insulin. Daily injections of insulin
are needed.
o The exact cause is unknown.
Type 2 diabetes makes up most of
diabetes cases.
o It most often occurs in adulthood, but
teens and young adults are now being
diagnosed with it because of high
obesity rates.
o Many people with type 2 diabetes do
not know they have it.
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8. Complications of diabetes
Diabetic foot
Your feet and skin can
develop sores and
infections. After a long
time, your foot or leg
may need to be
removed. Infection can
also cause pain and
itching in other parts of
the body.
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9. Damage: Arteries
diabetes are likely to
develop plaque in
their arteries,
reducing blood flow
and increasing risk
of clots. This
hardening of the
arteries
(atherosclerosis)
raises the risk of
heart attack and
stroke.
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10. Vision problems
You could have eye
problems, including
trouble seeing
(especially at night)
and light sensitivity.
You could become
blind.
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11. kidney damage
High blood sugar
and other
problems can lead
to kidney damage.
The kidneys might
not work as well,
and they may even
stop working
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12. IMPORTANT SINGS OF DIABETES
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13. OTHER SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
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14. How can we control our blood sugar?
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15. Follow the healthy
eating plan that
controls blood
sugar. Eg: habits
like drinking tea
with out sugar.
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16. Be active a total of 30
minutes most days. Ask
your doctor what
activities are best for
you. Before you going to
start any exercise .
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17. Take your medicines as
directed by doctor .
Never skip a dose with
out permission .
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18. Check your blood
glucose . Each time you
check your blood
glucose, write the
number in your record
book.
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19. Check your feet every
day for
cuts, blisters, sores, swell
ing, redness, or sore
toenails
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20. Control your
blood pressure
and cholesterol.
Keep both values
are in normal
range .
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21. Don't smoke.
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22. Living With diabetes
• Ddiabetes is often a life-long
condition .
• It's important to take your
medications and continue to
monitor your blood sugar.
• If you keep it under control,
you can live longer
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23. Type – I Diabetes
This condition results from lack of enough Insulin production, and
requires supplementation by Insulin, hence also called Insulin
Dependent Diabetes or IDDM. It generally affects the affected
person at a younger age, often below thirty, hence also called
Juvenile Diabetes. It is believed to occur due to damage to Insulin
producing beta cells of Islet of Langerhans in Pancreas. The cause is
not fully understood, but in a large number of cases, it may be due to
abnormal immune reaction of the body that is precipitated by
certain virus infection. Coxsackie B4 virus has been implicated in
many studies. Genetic predisposition of the individual may also
make the person vulnerable to the occurrence of Type I Diabetes. It
often leads to weight loss in spite of a very healthy appetite. This
happens because the glucose absorbed from intestines is neither
taken up by cells for use, nor is it converted into fat by the fat cells.
Type I Diabetes affects around 10% of all diabetic patients.
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24. Type – II Diabetes
This is the far more common variety of Diabetes, affecting nearly 90% of all
Diabetics, and is usually diagnosed in the latter part of life, leading to the
term Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus (AODM). The primary defect in this
condition lies in the inadequate responsiveness of the body cells to Insulin. Every
cell has numerous ‘receptors’ with which Insulin present in blood binds to bring
about its impact. In Type II Diabetes, these receptors are defective because of
which the body does not respond to Insulin, a condition also termed Insulin
Resistance. As time goes by, the body attempts to overcome the defect by
producing more and more of Insulin and gradually a phase of Insulin depletion
sets in, worsening the condition even further. The exact cause of this condition is
also not known, but there are many factors that increase the risk of its
development. Most important of them is body weight, and hence reducing weight
is one of the best ways to prevent or control Diabetes. There is a very strong role of
genetic predisposition here too, perhaps even more than Type I variety. The
treatment strategy of this type is different from Type I Diabetes, and primarily
involves weight reduction, dietary control, exercise and oral hypoglycemic
medicines. Only If Diabetes is not controlled with them, then Insulin may need to
be given. Hence it is also called Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus or NIDDM.
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25. H O T E N G I N E E R I N G & C O N S T R C U T I O N C O . K . S . C . C .
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