Malnutrition is a pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess of essential nutrients. It comprises both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes acute conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor as well as chronic conditions like stunting and wasting. Overnutrition can lead to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases. Malnutrition is caused by factors related to social and economic status, poverty, ignorance, inadequate feeding practices, infections, and environment. Treatment involves correcting electrolyte and micronutrient deficiencies while prevention focuses on immunization, growth monitoring, screening high risk groups, and essential nutrition actions like breastfeeding and complementary feeding.

2. DR: NAJEEB MEMON
Asst: Professor
COMMUNITY MEDICINE & P.H.S
LUMHS, JAMSHORO
e mail mnajeeb80@gmail.com

3. MALNUTRITION

4. MALNUTRITION
(Bad Nourishment)
 A Pathological state OR
resulting from
Relative OR Absolute
Deficiency
Excess of One OR
More Essential Nutrients
Excess of
One OR More
Essential Nutrients

7.  The World Health Organization (WHO) defines
malnutrition as
the cellular imbalance between
to ensure
growth,
maintenance, and
specific functions
supply of nutrients
& energy
and the body's demand
for them
Primary: inadequate food intake
Secondary: result of disease
Mixed

8. Malnutrition comprises both;
1. Under nutrition
2. Over nutrition

9. UNDERNUTRITION
ACUTE
UNDERNUTRITION
CHRONIC
UNDERNUTRITION
• Marasmus
• kwashiorkor
• Marasmic- kwashiorkor
• Wasting
TYPES OF UNDERNUTRITION
• Stunting
• Underweight
There were 925 million undernourished people in the world in 2010,
an increase of 80 million since 1990.
Nearly 17% of people in the developing world are undernourished.
Affects all age groups;
vulnerable groups are
young children ,
pregnant women, &
lactating women .

10. MANIFESTATIONS OF OVERNUTRITION
 In the more developed countries of the world, over nutrition is
encountered much more frequently than under nutrition.
10
The health hazards from
over nutrition are:
1. Obesity,
2. Diabetes,
3. Hypertension,
4. CVD,
5. Renal diseases,
6. Disorders of liver &
gall bladder.

11. (Too short for their Age)
(Very Thin)
(Show both Signs)
(Energy defic:
Extreme thinness)
(protein defici:
Edema lower
legs)
(Short / Thin or Both)

12. Marasmus: (6m – 15m)
(Energy deficiency )
Extreme thinness
Kwashiorkor (Displaced Child) 1-3 Ys
(protein deficiency)
Edema lower legs
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
 (Show both Signs)

14. Age group affected
 PEM (45%) = 1 to 2 years
 PEM (69%) = 1 to 3 years
Marasmus = 6 months to 15 months
Kwashiorkor = 1 to 3 years
Usually b/w 6 months & 3 years

15. Factors related to Malnutrition
 Social and Economic
 Poverty
 Ignorance
 Inadequate weaning practices
 Cultural & social practices
 Vegetarian
 Low fat diets

16. Biologic factors
 Maternal malnutrition, prematurity
 Start life with poor stores
 Infectious disease
 Diarrhea, TB, measles, Malaria, AIDS
 Environmental
 Unsanitary living, poor quality water
 Droughts, floods, wars, forced migrations

17. TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
 Anemia or Iron Deficiency
 Iodine Deficiency
 Vitamin A Deficiency
 Lack of Thiamin (Vit: B1) – Beri-Beri
 Lack of Niacin (vit: B3) – Pellagra
 Lack of Vitamin C- Scurvy
 Lack of vitamin D – Rickets
 Malnutrition due to a lack of energy and protein foods

18. •How
maternal
&
child
nutrition
are
linked

19. Anthropometric Measures
Children:
 Weight-for-age (underweight)
 Reflects chronic or acute malnutrition or both
 Height-for-age (stunting)
 Reflect chronic (prolonged, cumulative) malnutrition
 Weight-for-height (wasting)
 Reflects acute and recent malnutrition

20. Anthropometric Measurements
Adults:
 Body Mass Index (BMI)
 Low weight-for-height ( kg/m2) reflects chronic &/or
acute
 Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)
 Thin reflects chronic &/or acute

21. Treatment of Malnutrition
Follow WHO Guidelines
 1. Treat/prevent hypoglycaemia
 2. Treat/prevent hypothermia
 3. Treat/prevent dehydration
 4. Correct electrolyte imbalance
 5. Treat/prevent infection
 6. Correct micronutrient deficiencies
 7. Initiate refeeding
 8. Facilitate catch-up growth
 9. Provide sensory stimulation & emotional support
 10. Prepare for follow-up after recovery

22. Prevention of Malnutrition
 Primary Prevention
 Health Education to mothers about good nutrition and
food hygiene through Lady Health Workers
 Immunization of children.
 Growth monitoring on Growth Charts specially of all
children under 3 years of age
 Secondary Prevention
 Mass Screening of high risk populations, using simple tools
like (Weight for age) or MUAC.
 Tertiary Prevention
 Good Nutritional Care, supplementary feedings and
rehabilitation,
 counseling of mothers.

23. Interventions Proven to Reduce Malnutrition When Linked with
Health Services
(Essential Nutrition Actions)
Vitamin A
and iron
Iodized salt
Breastfeeding
Mother’s
nutrition
Complementary
feeding
Sick/severe
cases

24. THANX