Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a type cognitive therapy first used by Albert Ellis which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems. The goal of the therapy is to change irrational beliefs to more rational ones.
REBT encourages a person to identify their general and irrational beliefs (e.g. I must be perfect") and subsequently persuades the person to challenge these false beliefs through reality testing.
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a type cognitive therapy first used by Albert Ellis which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems. The goal of the therapy is to change irrational beliefs to more rational ones.
REBT encourages a person to identify their general and irrational beliefs (e.g. I must be perfect") and subsequently persuades the person to challenge these false beliefs through reality testing.
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Person-centred therapy, also known as person-centred or client-centred counselling, is a humanistic approach that deals with the ways in which individuals perceive themselves consciously, rather than how a counsellor can interpret their unconscious thoughts or ideas.
The core purpose of person-centred therapy is to facilitate our ability to self-actualise - the belief that all of us will grow and fulfil our potential. This approach facilitates the personal growth and relationships of a client by allowing them to explore and utilise their own strengths and personal identity. The counsellor aids this process, providing vital support to the client and they make their way through this journey.
Brief therapy, sometimes also referred to as short term therapy (usually 10 to 20 sessions) , is a generic label for any form of therapy in which time is an explicit element in treatment planning.
Feminist Therapy
Introduction
Feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process. It is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social and cultural context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
Person-centred therapy, also known as person-centred or client-centred counselling, is a humanistic approach that deals with the ways in which individuals perceive themselves consciously, rather than how a counsellor can interpret their unconscious thoughts or ideas.
The core purpose of person-centred therapy is to facilitate our ability to self-actualise - the belief that all of us will grow and fulfil our potential. This approach facilitates the personal growth and relationships of a client by allowing them to explore and utilise their own strengths and personal identity. The counsellor aids this process, providing vital support to the client and they make their way through this journey.
Brief therapy, sometimes also referred to as short term therapy (usually 10 to 20 sessions) , is a generic label for any form of therapy in which time is an explicit element in treatment planning.
Feminist Therapy
Introduction
Feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process. It is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social and cultural context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
In dealing with problems in life, there's a more humanistic type of psychology called the Gestalt therapy. Read to know more about this effective approach.
Gestalt therapyIntroductionThe history of Gestalt Th.docxbudbarber38650
Gestalt therapy
Introduction
The history of Gestalt Therapy
The beliefs on which it is based
The important contributors or practitioners of the theory
The theory of helping
The relationship between the helper and the client
Some techniques or approaches developed
The kinds of problems addressed
The populations on which the techniques are used
Multicultural issues in using these approaches
Research findings on the model or theory
Theory of Helping
Responsibility for themselves
Express
Fourfold
expression
differentiation
affirmation
choice and integration
Gestalt therapy is concerned with how a client is experiencing life at the present point in time, and will have this as the basis of the therapeutic work.
A Gestalt therapist, then, would help the client move into those feelings
(or thoughts) in a way that allows a deep immersion into those experiences and the
freedom to express what the client has previously feared to release. Once the client
has moved through the impasse and experienced and expressed what was lying
underneath, an insight usually occurs that helps the client understand what has kept
him or her stuck
Gestalt therapy is helping individuals assume responsibility for themselves rather than relying on others to make decisions for them
Gestalt therapy aims to challenge its clients to move from “environmental support” to “self-support,” in order to mobilize their own resources for dealing with the environment effectively and to make creative adjustments that permit the self to respond to environmental pressures and to inner needs.
expression clients are encouraged to tell who they are as fully as possible, even becoming aware of gestures, breathing, voice tone, and facial expressions. In order to keep them in the “now” and maintain responsibility, clients are urged to preface their expressions with the phrase, “Now I am aware. . . .”
differentiation, so that clients can differentiate among the parts of their inner conflict. They might be encouraged, for example, to exaggerate their facial expression and in so doing, they may become more aware of their “angry part.”
affirmation, occurs when the client is encouraged to identify with “all the parts” that are emerging into awareness. It is here that the Gestalt therapist will allow clients to fully express their pent-up emotions.
choice and integration, the client comes to say, “I am responsible for my frustration and resentment.” “responsibility is really response-ability, the ability to choose one’s reactions,” and it comes about only when we relinquish our defenses and allow ourselves to become aware of our true feelings and motivations. In this stage an internal integration brings a sense of peace and is a sign of a “completed gestalt.”
3
Therapist
“like an artist bringing something out which is hidden,”
-Frederick Solomon “Fritz” Perls
Helper v. Client
Helper (therapist)
Not objective or neutral
Relationship
Empathy
Respect
Challenge
a thera.
Humanistic approach talks about human potential which can only be harnessed by an individual by focussing on internalization and subjective knowledge for this world for the attainment of self-actualization or true potential by fulfilling the needs as per the hierarchy of importance.
Emotions can be both boon or bane. One of the psychotherapies that uses emotions as the basis to manage patients having difficulty in controlling or adapting emotions is EFT (emotion-focused therapy). It is beneficial in improving one's own self and interpersonal relationships by following and guiding their emotional experiences and thus, bringing positive emotional changes and ultimately, a better change in life. The two major conditions where it is employed more commonly are depression and emotional trauma and have been clinically proven to be successful
Read More information about Emotion Focused Therapy: https://www.icliniq.com/articles/emotional-and-mental-health/emotion-focused-therapy
This PPT is developed for post graduate and under graduate students of psychology. The ppt is comprehensive and will provide a good insight about the behavior approach to counselling or therapy from various perspectives.
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
This ppt will help students who are want to have a detailed idea about marriage counselling or couple counselling. This ppt is developed for the purpose of achieving curriculum objectives for post graduate students.
The present ppt will help the student to get the idea of response set or bias. The ppt will help the learner to understand various types of biases and techniques for controlling them.
This power point presentation is on therapeutic approach of behavior therapy. The present ppt entails a detailed description on Modeling from therapeutic angle.
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
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Gestalt Therapy
1. Dr. Garima Gupta
Assistant Professor,
Arya Mahila PG College (Admitted to
the privileges of BHU), Varanasi
1
Gestalt Therapy
Note: This ppt is prepared under the curriculum of post graduate students. However, the images used in any of the slide have been
taken from goggle image.
2. "I am not in this world to live up to other people's expectations,
nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine.“ --Fritz Perls
Gestalt is a German word which refers to the total shape of
something.
A gestalt, or whole, both includes & transcends the sum of its
parts.
It cannot be understood simply as a sum of smaller, independent
events.
Gestalt means – a structure, configuration, or pattern of physical,
biological, or psychological phenomena, to constitute a functional
unit that is non-derivable by summation of its parts.
The proposer of Gestalt Therapy is Fritz Perls (1893-1970) / wife
Laura Perls (1905-1990)
2
3. Gestalt therapy is a client-centered approach to psychotherapy that
helps clients focus on the present and understand what is really
happening in their lives right now, rather than what they may perceive
to be happening based on past experience. Instead of simply talking
about past situations, clients are encouraged to experience them,
perhaps through re-enactment. Through the gestalt process, clients
learn to become more aware of how their own negative thought
patterns and behaviors are blocking true self- awareness and making
them unhappy.
It is a process psychotherapy where gestalt therapists are more
interested in the process as a whole, rather than individual events or
experiences.
Gestalt therapy aims of improving one’s contact in community and with
the environment in general. This goal is achieved through aware,
spontaneous and authentic dialogue between client and therapist.
3
4. Gestalt Therapy is based upon the existential framework. Key
elements include:
Focus on client’s perception of reality. The client is being asked to come
to understand about what and how they are thinking, feeling, and doing
as they interact with the therapist and the other people in the world.
Client come to an awareness of what he or she is doing and experiencing
The Now Our “power is in the present”. The only moment that is
significant is the present. For many people the power of the present is
lost.
Individuals have the capacity to self- regulate when they are aware of
what is happening in and around them. Therefore, therapy provides the
setting and opportunity for that awareness to be supported and
restored.
4
5. Gestalt’s therapy believes that human being is that people can deal with
their problems, if they become fully aware of what is happening within
oneself and outside of oneself.
Change happens in a person’s life when h/she can reintegrate a disowned
part of the self back into the mix of identity.
Gestalt is a process of “re-owning” parts of the self that have been
disowned.
Change takes place when a person is more aware of who and what he or
she is.
Living with “masks” and does not promote change.
It promotes stagnation of the personality.
According to Gestalt, the more a person tries to be who they are not, the
more they stay the same.
Individuals who become neurotic are those who try to attend to too
many needs at one time and therefore do not take care of one fully.
5
6. Emphasis on moving towards increased awareness of themselves
Emphasis on gradually assuming ownership of their experience.
To develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without
violating the rights of others.
Become more aware of all of their senses.
Learn to accept responsibility for what they do, including accepting the consequences of their
actions.
Move from outside support toward increasing internal support.
Be able to ask for and get help from others and to give to others.
Gestalt therapy can help clients with issues such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem,
relationship difficulties, and even physical ones like migraine headaches, ulcerative colitis, and
back spasms.
Gestalt techniques are often used in combination with body work, dance, art, drama, and
other therapies.
Focus on verbal as well as non-verbal behavior.
To help client to resolve the past to become integrated.
Pushing clients to experience feelings and behaviors.
6
7. Therapist encourages the present time, Bring the past into the present by re-
enacting it in the present.
Therapist should focus on the “what” & “how” of a person without asking
the “why” questions. This is to promote an awareness of the moment
Questions such as “What is happening now?” or “What are you feeling in this
moment?” are used to intensify the experience of the present & create
awareness “Why” questions lead only toward rationalizations and “self-
deceptions” away from the immediacy of the moment
Pay attention to the client's body language.
Focus on the language.
Create and atmosphere that promotes clients explorations of what they need
to grow.
Assisting clients in blocking energy and using it in positive and adaptive
ways.
Assisting clients in recognizing patterns in their patterns in their lives .
7
9. Experiments: The therapist designs experiments
to increase the client’s awareness of what he or
she is doing, experiencing, and how he or she is
doing it.
Role-play: It can help individuals to experience
different feelings and emotions and better
understand how they present and organize
themselves.
9
10. The 'open chair' technique:
The open chair technique involves two chairs and role-play, and can
give rise to emotional scenes. The client sits opposite an empty
chair and must imagine someone (usually himself/herself or parts
of him or her) in it. They then communicate with this imaginary
being - asking questions and engaging with what they represent.
Clients are briefed to switch chairs as they are physically sitting in
the once empty chair.
Client has reversed roles - speaking on behalf of the imagined part
of his or her problem. This technique aims to enable participants to
locate a specific feeling or a side of their personalities they had
'disowned' or tried to ignore. This helps them to accept polarities
and acknowledge that conflicts exist in everyone.
10
11. Dialogue: The therapist engages the client in meaningful and authentic
dialogue which aims to guide them to behave or think in a particular way.
This may include beyond simple discussion to more creative forms of
expression such as dancing, singing or laughing.
Dreams: Dreams has pivotal role in gestalt therapy, as it helps individual
to realize spontaneous aspects of themselves. Fritz Perls oftenly asked
clients to relive their dreams by playing different objects and people in
the dream. Well, to sharpen their self awareness, they would be asked
questions such as: "What are you aware of now?“.
Body language: Gestalt therapist also pays attention on the body
language of their clients as they believe that body language may be a
subtle indicator of intense emotions. When specific body language is
noticed, the therapist questioned the client to exaggerate these
movements/behaviors. This is understood to intensify the emotion
attached to the behavior and highlight an inner meaning.
11
12. 1. Topdog: When the therapist notices two opposing
opinions/attitudes within the client this technique is applied. The
therapist helps the client to identify the differences between two
parts (topdog & underdog) and play the role of each in a dialogue
between them (Patterson, 1986). The tyrannical ‘topdog’
demands that things be a particular way whereas the ‘underdog’
act as a disobedient child. Hence, the individual is splitted
between the two sides struggling for control.
2. Fantasy: This is used to increase clients’ self-awareness of their
thoughts and emotions and to bring about closure to unfinished
business (Seligman, 2006). This technique helps to encourage
clients to imagine situations such as what they would do in a
certain situation or by projecting themselves into different roles.
12
13. The Body as a Vehicle of Communication: Gestalt Therapy considers
that not only the thoughts and emotions are important to creating a
feeling of “wholeness” for the client, the physical sensations are also
important.
Identification Gestalt: This means that the therapists should be able
to recognize physical signs in their clients. For example, the client might
be tapping their feet on the ground. The therapist might say to the
client of “Becoming his/her leg and giving it a voice?” This creates
awareness of the client’s physical sensations and emotions.
Locating emotions in the body: Gestalt Therapists asks the client
about their experience in the body. For instances, a client may report
they are feeling nervous about something. The therapist ask the clients
from where these emotion is coming in the body. The response of the
client may be that the feeling is butterflies in the stomach. This may
help the client to bring about more awareness into sensations and their
emotions.
13
14. Repetition and exaggeration: If the client tap their feet
on the ground, the therapist make a point to exaggerate
the movement and talk about feelings that comes up. This
may reflect their emotion and should help to release the
blocked awareness.
Confusion: The technique aims at drawing attention to
the client’s hesitation in talking about something
unpleasant. This hesitation can be depicted through
avoidance, blanking out, verbalism and fantasy. By
drawing attention to the hesitation, self-awareness is
being created in client that allows the client to work
through the issue.
14
15. • It can be applied as a long-term therapy or as a brief and focused
approach.
• Originally Gestalt Therapy was predominantly used to treat
individuals who were anxious and depressed and who were not
showing serious pathological symptoms.
• Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder.
• Managing tension
• Addiction
• Post-traumatic stress
• It is also effective in counseling groups, couples, and families.
• Overall, people who participate in gestalt therapy tend to feel more
self-confident, calm and at peace with themselves.
15
16. The major goal of gestalt therapy is self-awareness.
By building self-awareness, gestalt therapy helps clients to have better
understanding about themselves and how their choices may make affect their
health and their relationships.
Through the developed self-knowledge, clients begin to understand how their
emotional and physical selves are connected and develop more self-
confidence to start living a fuller life and more effectively deal with problems.
Gestalt therapy is practiced in the form of exercise and experiments.
It can be administered in individual or group settings.
The goal of gestalt therapy is to discover a patient's unresolved issues and try
to engage those people in interactions that can lead to a resolution.
Patients work on resolving interpersonal issues during therapy.
People with personality disorders are more benefitted with gestalt therapy
The effects of therapy are stable. 16
17. The therapist must have a expert in administering the gestalt
therapy and apart from that high level of personal development
is also needed at therapist end .
The effectiveness of the confronting and theatrical techniques of
gestalt therapy is limited and has not been properly established.
Potential danger for therapists to abuse the power they have
with clients (Corey, 2005).
It lacks a strong theoretical base.
It plays major emphasis on here and now experiences.
This therapy does not utilizes any kind of diagnosis and testing.
17