The present ppt will help the student to get the idea of response set or bias. The ppt will help the learner to understand various types of biases and techniques for controlling them.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Types of research design
Within group/ repeated measure design
Two repeated treatments design
Several repeated treatments design
Order of participants in repeated treatments design
Advantages of repeated treatments design
Disadvantages of repeated treatments design
Between group design
Two randomized group design
More than two randomized group design
Matched group design
Way of matching
Methods of matching
Factorial design
Characteristics of factorial design
Advantages of factorial design
Disadvantages of factorial design
A short note about the concept of the psychological test; introduction, definition, characteristics, needs, classification, types, and some selected psychological tests.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Types of research design
Within group/ repeated measure design
Two repeated treatments design
Several repeated treatments design
Order of participants in repeated treatments design
Advantages of repeated treatments design
Disadvantages of repeated treatments design
Between group design
Two randomized group design
More than two randomized group design
Matched group design
Way of matching
Methods of matching
Factorial design
Characteristics of factorial design
Advantages of factorial design
Disadvantages of factorial design
A short note about the concept of the psychological test; introduction, definition, characteristics, needs, classification, types, and some selected psychological tests.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Qualitative methods in Psychology ResearchDr. Chinchu C
An introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Intended mostly for UG/PG students. Conveys the essentials of Ontology and Epistemology and moves on to the popular methods in Qualitative Psychological Research
Inquiry forms questionnaire, opinionnaire, attitude scale, checklist, rating...DrGavisiddappa Angadi
The tools of research in education can be classified broadly into the following categories:
A. Psychological Tests
Achievement Test
Aptitude Test
Intelligence Test
Creativity Tests
Interest inventory
Behavioral Procedures
Neuropsychological Tests
Personality measures etc.
B. Inquiry forms
Questionnaire
Checklist
Score-card
Schedule
Rating Scale
Opinionnaire
Attitude Scale
C. Observation
D. Interview
E. Sociometric Techniques.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Qualitative methods in Psychology ResearchDr. Chinchu C
An introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Intended mostly for UG/PG students. Conveys the essentials of Ontology and Epistemology and moves on to the popular methods in Qualitative Psychological Research
Inquiry forms questionnaire, opinionnaire, attitude scale, checklist, rating...DrGavisiddappa Angadi
The tools of research in education can be classified broadly into the following categories:
A. Psychological Tests
Achievement Test
Aptitude Test
Intelligence Test
Creativity Tests
Interest inventory
Behavioral Procedures
Neuropsychological Tests
Personality measures etc.
B. Inquiry forms
Questionnaire
Checklist
Score-card
Schedule
Rating Scale
Opinionnaire
Attitude Scale
C. Observation
D. Interview
E. Sociometric Techniques.
Identity Self-Perception Business Personality Questionnaire Pre Interview ReportPsyAsia International
This report is designed to support an interview. Typically, behavioural questions that focus on what the candidate has personally done in the past are generally the most predictive for future job performance.
(Note, the most-up-to-date sample reports are always available at the PsyAsia website.)
Research tool that becomes a means of collecting information for the study is called a research tool or a research instrument. For example, Inquiry form: questionnaires, opinionnaire, attitude scales, checklists, rating scales, scorecards and schedules.
This PPT is developed for post graduate and under graduate students of psychology. The ppt is comprehensive and will provide a good insight about the behavior approach to counselling or therapy from various perspectives.
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
This ppt will help students who are want to have a detailed idea about marriage counselling or couple counselling. This ppt is developed for the purpose of achieving curriculum objectives for post graduate students.
This power point presentation is on therapeutic approach of behavior therapy. The present ppt entails a detailed description on Modeling from therapeutic angle.
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
More from Arya Mahila PG College (affiliated to BHU), Varanasi (9)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. RESPONSE
BIAS/SET
D R . G A R I M A G U P T A
A S S I S T A N T P R O F E S S O R
D E P A R T M E N T O F P S Y C H O L O G Y
A R Y A M A H I L A P . G . C O L L E G E
A D M I T T E D T O T H E P R I V I L E G E S O F B H U , V A R A N A S I
2. Response set is a type of response bias. More generally, a response set is a readiness to engage in a certain type
of response. It is tendency to respond in a particular way to a given set of circumstances particularly a
questionnaire, interview etc.
Response styles refer to a systematic tendency to use certain categories of the answering scale on some basis
other than the target construct (Cronbach, 1950).
Response bias is a general term for a wide range of cognitive biases that influence the responses of
participants away from an accurate or truthful response. These biases are most prevalent in the types of
studies and research that involve participant self-report, such as structured interviews or surveys.
Response biases can have a large impact on the validity of the questionnaire or survey to which the
participant is responding. This bias can be induced or caused by a number of factors, all relating to the idea
that human subjects do not respond passively to stimuli, but rather actively integrate multiple sources of
information to generate a response in a given situation
It is tendency to respond in a particular way to a given set of circumstances particularly a questionnaire,
interview etc.
It is a tendency to use certain categories of the answering scale on some basis other than the target
construct (Cronbach, 1950).
4. • Social desirability bias describes the tendency of survey respondents to answer
questions in a manner that will be viewed favourably by others.
• It can take the form of over-reporting "good behaviour" or under-reporting "bad",
or undesirable behaviour.
• The tendency poses a serious problem with conducting research with self-reports,
especially questionnaires. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average
tendencies as well as individual differences. For example, if the participants are ever
asked whether they have ever stolen anything, participants may lie in order to avoid
presenting themselves in a bad light, consequently leading to gathering inaccurate
data.
• Social desirability consist of two factors, self deception and impression management.
Self-deception is viewed as the natural tendency to see oneself favorably. This has been
linked to other personality factors such as anxiety, achievement, motivation, and self-
esteem.
• The respondent's lack of comfort to reveal his or her true attitudes (Tourangeau et al.,
2000; Tourangeau et al., 2007; Groves et al., 2009, Holgraves 2004) is called
'impression management' (Holgraves, 2004). It is considered as situational dependent
desire to present oneself in a positive light. This can manifest itself in the form of false
reports and deliberately biased answers to survey questions.
5. • Topics where social desirability can be seen:
• Personal income and earnings, often inflated when low and deflated when
high,
• Feelings of low self-worth and/or powerlessness, often denied,
• Compliance with medicinal dosing schedules,
• Patriotism, either inflated or, if denied, done so with a fear of other party's
judgement,
• Bigotry and intolerance, Intellectual achievements, often inflated,
• Physical appearance, either inflated or deflated,
• Acts of real or imagined physical violence, often denied,
• Indicators of charity or "benevolence", often inflated,
• Illegal acts, often denied
7. • It referred to as yea-saying, is a category of response bias in which
respondents to a survey have a tendency to agree with all the questions in
a measure. The tendency to prefer the higher ratings over lower ratings,
whatever the content of the question.
• This bias in responding may represent a form of dishonest reporting
because the participant automatically endorses any statements, even if it
results in contradictory responses. For example, a participant could be
asked whether they endorse the following statement, "I like to spend time
with others" but then later on in the survey also endorses "I like to spend
time alone," which are contradictory statements.
• Nay-saying is the opposite form of this bias. It occurs when a participant
always chooses to deny or not endorse any statements in a survey or
measure.
• For example, Weijters et al. (2010) found that acquiescence increases
when adding a midpoint in the response anchors.
8. CAUSES OF ACQUIESCENCE
• One of the possible reason for acquiescence is that participants may get influenced to change
their behavior, by showing their agreement to be part of the survey. The feeling of being the part
of the survey could amend first how they think of themselves, and then how they answer the
questions.
• The another reason for acquiescence is the lack of motivation of the participants at the time of
participation in study. Respondents who are not highly motivated to think through the questions,
opt mental shortcuts when they are responding to questions. However, this may be due to
various reason such as: If the study is not aimed at the right audience, the questions are not clear
enough, the study/survey does not engage the participant enough to want to complete it, the
survey is too long or the participant does not have the time to complete the survey
• There might be such questions in the survey that can cause extreme beliefs of a participant, who
may hold a strong view on an issue. *For example, a question asking ‘Do you agree that reducing
greenhouse gas emissions is everybody’s responsibility?’ is leading the participant to answer
either ‘agree’ or ‘disagree’, depending on their view - even if there was a ‘slightly agree’ or
‘neither agree nor disagree’ option available. This indicates that the participants don’t believe a
‘middle-ground’ answer exists. * https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/avoiding-the-yes-
bias/
10. • Using questions/items with binary response format such as “Yes/No”, “True/False”,
and “Agree/Disagree”.
• By reformulating the response formats and options to match closely with the subject
of the question.
• Proper care is needed when the researcher is seeking confirmation on overly
emotional positions. Therefore, question can be positioned in a neutral and non-
alarming way, so that each answer will be given due consideration.
• Assurance would be given to the respondents by telling them that they can opt-out if
they don’t feel comfortable completing the survey. This may in turn help them to
preventing anxiety about the survey. When the participants choose to continue,
they’ll more likely be willing to answer honestly as they’ll feel in control. Due to this,
the results will get prevented from being diluted by inconsistent or incorrect data.
• In case, if the survey is having few sensitive questions, then different research format
would be used to collect data. This can be through video interviews or in-person
survey collection, that gives the participant an opportunity to expand their answer
and explain the rationale behind their answers.
12. • Demand characteristics is visible where participants alter their response or
behaviour simply because they are part of an experiment.
• This arises because participants are actively engaged in the experiment, and may try
and figure out the purpose, or adopt certain behaviours they believe belong in an
experimental setting.
• Since, a repeated measures study design excavate the problem of demand
characteristics, because the participants participate in all conditions of the
experiments that may help the participants to get sufficient information to consider
the ‘real’ purpose of the study.
• However, use of Independent groups and matched pairs designs may lower the risk,
as participants will not perform more than one condition of the experiment, so will
be less likely to look into the study’s aims. Apart from this, plan of conducting
observational studies may also lessen the chance of demand characteristics, as
participants might not know that they are taking part in a study.
• Use of deception may reduce the possibility that participants are able to guess the
hypothesis of the experiment, causing participants to act more naturally.
13. Extreme Responding-
• Extreme responding is a form of response bias that drives
respondents to only select the most extreme options or
answers available.
• For example, in a survey utilizing a Likert scale with potential
responses ranging from 1 to 5, the respondent may only give
answers as 1's or 5’s.
• Another example would be if the participant only answered
questionnaires with "strongly agree" or "strongly disagree" in a
survey with that type of response style.
Dissimulation -
• It means disguising one’s emotion and attitude. For example,
many people fake good or bad in job promotion or award.
14. • Evasion (escaping, avoiding)-
Hides reality. It is a tendency to mark ‘?’, “uncertain”, “
Indifferent”.
• Guessing-
Don’t know the answer and uses guessing which are generally
used for difficult items.
• Central Tendency-
Tendency to mark the points lying at the middle of the scale
• Cautiousness tendency-
Leave responding such items for which he is not sure. It usually
happens with attitude scales or intelligence tests.
• Mimetic tendency-
The respondent is guided by the testers preference. It usually
happens in Interviews.
15. •Deviation Set:
• Tendency to give very unusual/uncommon response to items
in a test. This type of response may be seen in
TAT/Rorschach or non-verbal tests.
• Tendency to work speedily:
• Tendency to work for speed rather than accuracy is another
common response set. This is observed amongst test of
specific abilities/ability.
Semantic Bias-
• The meaning of always, often, sometime is not evenly
understand by respondents.
17. • Ambiguity of the test results (this may not present correct
response or true picture of behavioral response or traits being
measured)
• Persistence- it will present in all (if the participants present
any sort of bias, it will be found in any type of test)
• Item difficulty- it leads to guessing (if items are difficult, it
may enhance the chance of using guessing
• Use of unstructured test- RT & TAT are less objective or
subjective in nature. Subjective type of test decrease the
chance of response bias.
• Vague instructions- It leads to distortion of results. If
instruction are not made clear to participants this may in turn
lead to any kind of response bias.
19. • Use of multiple choice items in the questionnaire/test
• Use of forced choice items in the questionnaire/test
(yes/no)
• Use of items with adequate difficulty level in the
questionnaire/test
• Change in instructions if needed. The instructions
should be more properly structured.
• Use of good and appropriate scoring formula should be
devised.
• Use of negative items in the test as negative marking will
control guessing.
• Use of correction keys