Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy developed by Fritz Perls in the 1950s that focuses on awareness and experiences in the present moment. It views individuals as integrated wholes that can only be understood in relationship to their environment. The goal of gestalt therapy is to increase self-awareness through techniques like dream work, role playing, exaggeration, and empty chair dialogues to resolve conflicts. When clients become aware of what they are experiencing in the present, change occurs automatically.
This is an introduction to Gestalt Therapy, invented by Fritz Perls, presented by Glenn Berger, PhD. I learned the method at the Gestalt Associates for Psychotherapy in New York, under the auspices of Alan Cohen. I cover the discovery of Gestalt, contrasts to analysis, Field Theory, Figure/Ground, Contact Boundary, the Need Cycle, Layers of the Personality, Awareness, I/Thou, existential phenomenological method, and the goals of Gestalt therapy.
In dealing with problems in life, there's a more humanistic type of psychology called the Gestalt therapy. Read to know more about this effective approach.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
This is an introduction to Gestalt Therapy, invented by Fritz Perls, presented by Glenn Berger, PhD. I learned the method at the Gestalt Associates for Psychotherapy in New York, under the auspices of Alan Cohen. I cover the discovery of Gestalt, contrasts to analysis, Field Theory, Figure/Ground, Contact Boundary, the Need Cycle, Layers of the Personality, Awareness, I/Thou, existential phenomenological method, and the goals of Gestalt therapy.
In dealing with problems in life, there's a more humanistic type of psychology called the Gestalt therapy. Read to know more about this effective approach.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self -insight.
Humanistic approach talks about human potential which can only be harnessed by an individual by focussing on internalization and subjective knowledge for this world for the attainment of self-actualization or true potential by fulfilling the needs as per the hierarchy of importance.
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. INTRODUCTION
A form of psychotherapy that was formed by a Germany psychiatrist,
FREDERICK S. (“FRITZ”) PERLS, MD, PhD (1893–1970) in 1952
He develops the interest for gestalt psychology after he served as a medic in world war I for
German army and his experiences with gassed frontline soldiers where he believes that individuals
must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment.
Gestalt therapy is an existential, phenomenological, and process-based approach created on the
premise that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the
environment
OR
Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on your present challenges and needs
The initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and how they are
doing it. Through this awareness, change automatically occurs.
Sometimes its called “relational Gestalt therapy”
3. Key Concepts
View of Human Nature
o The Gestalt theory of change posits that the more we work at becoming who or what
we are not, the more we remain the same.
o The therapists focus on creating the conditions that promote client growth rather than
relying on therapist-directed change
o According to the paradoxical theory of change, we change when we become aware of
what we are as opposed to trying to become what we are not
o Perls’s style of doing therapy involved two personal agendas: moving the client from
environmental support to self-support and reintegrating the disowned parts of one’s
personality
o Therapy aims not at analysis or introspection but at awareness and contact with the
environment. The environment consists of both the external and internal worlds
o A basic assumption of Gestalt therapy is that individuals have the capacity to self-
regulate when they are aware of what is happening in and around them.
4. Therapist’s Functions And Roles
Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman (1951) stated that the therapist’s job is to;
Invite clients into an active partnership where they can learn about themselves by
adopting an experimental attitude towards life in which they try out new behaviors and
notice what happens
Gestalt therapists encourage clients to attend to their sensory awareness in the present
moment.
An important function of Gestalt therapists is paying attention to clients’ body
language.
In addition to calling attention to clients’ nonverbal language, the Gestalt counselor
places emphasis on the relationship between language patterns and personality.
5. What Disorders Can Be Treated Using Gestalt Therapy?
Since its introduction, gestalt therapy has become a proven and effective therapeutic
approach in addressing and treating different mental health conditions. Some of these
conditions include:
• Depression. Since gestalt therapy focuses on self-awareness, it can help people with
depression become aware of possible stressful situations that trigger their depression
• Relationship difficulties.
• Self-esteem issues.
• addiction
• Stress
• anxiety
6. Some Principles of Gestalt Therapy (Theories )
Basic principles underlying the theory of Gestalt therapy are: holism, field theory, the figure-
formation process, and organismic self-regulation.
Holism .Gestalt is a German word meaning a whole or completion, or a form that cannot be
separated into parts without losing its essence. All of nature is seen as a unified and coherent
whole, and the whole is different from the sum of its parts. Because Gestalt therapists are
interested in the whole person, they place no superior value on a particular aspect of the
individual.
Field Theory Gestalt therapy is based on field theory, which is grounded on the principle
that the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly
changing field. Gestalt therapy rests on the principle that everything is relational, in flux,
interrelated, and in process.
The Figure-formation Process Derived from the field of visual perception by a group of
Gestalt psychologists, the figure-formation process describes how the individual organizes
experience from moment to moment
7. Organismic Self-regulation The figure-formation process is
intertwined with the principle of organismic self-regulation, a process by which
equilibrium is “disturbed” by the emergence of a need, a sensation, or an
interest. Organisms will do their best to regulate themselves, given their own
capabilities and the resources of their environment (Latner, 1986).
8. Gestalt Therapy Techniques
The different gestalt therapy techniques involve a series of experiments and exercises.
Therapy can be done individually or in a group setting. Exercises and experiments help
individuals increase their awareness and understanding of the here and now
Different techniques of gestalt therapy work differently for different individuals since
everyone's past experiences are unique. Here are examples of the different gestalt therapy
techniques:
• Paradoxical change. The theory of paradoxical change focuses on the need for self-
acceptance. It helps individuals develop an improved sense of self-awareness. When an
individual makes peace with who they are as a person, it helps them live in the present.
This results in more positive feelings and mood.
• "Here" and "now". This technique enables individuals to appreciate past experiences
and how they influence their present thoughts and behavior. By being conscious of
internal factors that influence their present lives, individuals can learn to let go of the
past. This helps them focus on the here and now. The objective of this technique is to
help them live for the present and make positive changes going forward
9. • Empty chair technique. This technique helps individuals to open up and practice talking
with an empty chair. The goal of this technique is to visualize yourself opening up to a
particular person you needed to talk with. When you open up as if the person was sitting
there listening, the therapeutic experience of opening up sets the stage for healing.
• Exaggeration technique. This technique works by making an individual become aware of
underlying issues that could be linked to their present problem. The therapist may
request you to exaggerate a specific behavior or emotion. This helps in identifying and
addressing the root of the problem
• Dream Work
Dream work is an element of Gestalt therapy that involves re-enacting a client’s dreams
inside the therapy session.
• Experimentation Methods
It involves the use of different Gestalt techniques, activities, role-plays, and skills to
help clients notice, interrupt, and change their patterns. These experiments are used
creatively and are individualized to the needs and goals of each particular client.
• Role Plays & Re-enactments
Role plays and re-enactments are another common Gestalt therapy technique that
involves helping clients practice certain skills in the present moment during a session. Role
plays and re-enactments always involve constructing a “scenario” that the client (and
sometimes also the therapist) acts out in the therapy session
10. Gestalt Therapy Interventions
Experiments can be useful tools to help the client gain fuller awareness, experience
internal conflicts, resolve inconsistencies and dichotomies, and work through an
impasse that is preventing, completion of unfinished businesses
The Internal Dialogue Exercise
One goal of Gestalt therapy is to bring about integrated functioning and acceptance
of aspects of one’s personality that have been disowned and denied
Making The Rounds Making the rounds is a Gestalt exercise that involves asking a
person in a group to go up to others in the group and either speak to or do something
with each person.
The Reversal Exercise Certain symptoms and behaviors often represent reversals of
underlying or latent impulses. Thus, the therapist could ask a person who claims to
suffer from severe inhibitions and excessive timidity to play the role of an
exhibitionist
The Rehearsal Exercise Oftentimes we get stuck rehearsing silently to ourselves so
that we will gain acceptance. When it comes to the performance, we experience
stage fright, or anxiety, because we fear that we will not play our role well
The Exaggeration Exercise One aim of Gestalt therapy is for clients to become more
11. Staying With The Feeling Most clients desire to escape from fearful stimuli and to
avoid unpleasant feelings. At key moments when clients refer to a feeling or a mood
that is unpleasant and from which they have a great desire to fl ee, the therapist may
urge clients to stay with their feeling and encourage them to go deeper into the
feeling or behavior they wish to avoid
The Gestalt Approach To Dream Work In psychoanalysis dreams are interpreted,
intellectual insight is stressed, and free association is used to explore the unconscious
meanings of dreams. The Gestalt approach does not interpret and analyze dreams.
Instead, the intent is to bring dreams back to life and relive them as though they
were happening now. The dream is acted out in the present, and the dreamer
becomes a part of his or her dream
12. Therapeutic process of gestalt therapy
Establishing contact
Genuineness and self-disclosure of therapist
Here and now orientation
Cultivating awareness
Focus on body and somatic sensations
Active exploration or experiment
Resolving conflicts
Enactment (e.g. “empty chair”)
Imaginary techniques and body work
14. Application to Group Counseling
Gestalt therapy is well suited for a group context. Gestalt therapy encourages direct
experience and actions as opposed to merely talking about conflicts, problems, and feelings.
If members have anxieties pertaining to some future event, they can enact these future
concerns in the present
NB: All of the techniques that were described earlier can be employed in a therapeutic
group
15. Benefits of Gestalt Therapy
Gestalt therapy is a comprehensive therapeutic method that gives long-lasting benefits to
an individual's mind, emotions, body, and spirit. Common benefits of gestalt therapy include
but are not limited to:
Increased self-awareness
Ability to make peace with the past, and an improved sense of acceptance
Increased ability to deal and cope with stressful situations
Being more responsible, improved ability to own up for mistakes and behaviors without
placing blames
Improved self-confidence.
16. Limitation Of Gestalt Therapy
.
The Gestalt approach does not place a premium on the role of the therapist as a
teacher. The emphasis is on facilitating the clients’ own process of self-discovery and
learning. This is experiential and self-directed learning process
It may not help with the psychological effects of hereditary behaviors
Ethical practice depends on adequate training and supervision of therapists, and the
most immediate limitation of Gestalt or any other therapy is the skill, training,
experience, and judgment of the therapist