Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Introduction on aggregate impact testing machine pptAbhishek Sagar
Toughness is the property of a material to resist impact. Due to traffic loads, the road stones are subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is possibility of stones breaking into smaller pieces. The road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist fracture under impact. A test designed to evaluate the toughness of stones
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Introduction on aggregate impact testing machine pptAbhishek Sagar
Toughness is the property of a material to resist impact. Due to traffic loads, the road stones are subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is possibility of stones breaking into smaller pieces. The road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist fracture under impact. A test designed to evaluate the toughness of stones
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
Soil Nails Reinforcement - Design nails soil stabilization --مسامير قضبان تسل...Dr.Youssef Hammida
تثبيت وتسليح - تربة الجدران - الساندة بالمسامير
تستخدم تقنية المسامير في تثبيت المنحدرات الترابية والجدران الاستنادية والأنفاق الى تدعيم حفريات التأسيس العميقة. وتتلخص الطريقة في غرز قضبان معدنية طويلة ذات المقطع الصغيرامام المنحدر المراد تدعيمه بحيث تخترق هذه القضبان كتلة التربة إلى مسافة ونباعدات محددة مثبتة في منطقة خارج مخروط الانهيار حيث يؤمن استقرار سطح التربة على وجه المنحدر بطبقة تغطية رقيقة من الحجر او الخرسانة المقذوفة مسلحة بشبكة معدمية إنشائية مهمتها حجز التربة بين المسامير ويثبت المسمار نفسه على طبقة البيتون المقذوف بصفيحة تثبيت معدنية مربعة الشكل
Soil nail wall - Soil nailing - soil nailing walls
Soil nailing is an earth retention technique using grouted tension-resisting steel elements (nails) that can be design for permanent or temporary support. The walls are generally constructed from the top down. Typically, 3 to 6 feet of soil is excavated from the top of the planned excavation. Near-horizontal holes are drilled into the exposed face at typically 3 to 6 foot centers. Tension-resisting steel bars are inserted into the holes and grouted. A drainage system is installed on the exposed face, followed by the application of reinforced shotcrete facing. Precast face
Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
“When it pours, it’s porous.”
Porous asphalt pavements offer developers and planners a new tool in their toolbox for managing storm water. These pavements, used mostly for parking lots, allow water to drain through the pavement surface into a stone recharge bed and infiltrate into the soils below the pavement. Such pavements have been proving their worth since the mid-1970s, and recent changes in storm water regulations have prompted many consulting engineers and public works officials to seek information about them
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
Stabilization is the process of blending and mixing materials with a soil to improve certain properties of the soil. The process may include the blending of soils to achieve a desired gradation or the mixing of commercially available additives that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for cementation of the soil.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
Know the necessity of ground improvement
Understand the various ground improvement techniques available
Select design suitable ground improvement technique for existing soil conditions in the field
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
Soil Nails Reinforcement - Design nails soil stabilization --مسامير قضبان تسل...Dr.Youssef Hammida
تثبيت وتسليح - تربة الجدران - الساندة بالمسامير
تستخدم تقنية المسامير في تثبيت المنحدرات الترابية والجدران الاستنادية والأنفاق الى تدعيم حفريات التأسيس العميقة. وتتلخص الطريقة في غرز قضبان معدنية طويلة ذات المقطع الصغيرامام المنحدر المراد تدعيمه بحيث تخترق هذه القضبان كتلة التربة إلى مسافة ونباعدات محددة مثبتة في منطقة خارج مخروط الانهيار حيث يؤمن استقرار سطح التربة على وجه المنحدر بطبقة تغطية رقيقة من الحجر او الخرسانة المقذوفة مسلحة بشبكة معدمية إنشائية مهمتها حجز التربة بين المسامير ويثبت المسمار نفسه على طبقة البيتون المقذوف بصفيحة تثبيت معدنية مربعة الشكل
Soil nail wall - Soil nailing - soil nailing walls
Soil nailing is an earth retention technique using grouted tension-resisting steel elements (nails) that can be design for permanent or temporary support. The walls are generally constructed from the top down. Typically, 3 to 6 feet of soil is excavated from the top of the planned excavation. Near-horizontal holes are drilled into the exposed face at typically 3 to 6 foot centers. Tension-resisting steel bars are inserted into the holes and grouted. A drainage system is installed on the exposed face, followed by the application of reinforced shotcrete facing. Precast face
Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
“When it pours, it’s porous.”
Porous asphalt pavements offer developers and planners a new tool in their toolbox for managing storm water. These pavements, used mostly for parking lots, allow water to drain through the pavement surface into a stone recharge bed and infiltrate into the soils below the pavement. Such pavements have been proving their worth since the mid-1970s, and recent changes in storm water regulations have prompted many consulting engineers and public works officials to seek information about them
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
Stabilization is the process of blending and mixing materials with a soil to improve certain properties of the soil. The process may include the blending of soils to achieve a desired gradation or the mixing of commercially available additives that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for cementation of the soil.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
Know the necessity of ground improvement
Understand the various ground improvement techniques available
Select design suitable ground improvement technique for existing soil conditions in the field
As cement is been involved in various contrived effects to the environment, an alternative is necessary for its impacts reduction.Such alternative is done by completely replacing the cement with silicafume and flyash which are the by-products.
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CALCIUM BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Geopolymer concrete is a cement less concrete gaining popularity globally towards the sustainable development. It is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Beside fly ash, alkaline solution is utilized to make geopolymer paste which binds the aggregates to form geopolymer concrete. In this experiment an attempt is made to study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm or 150 x 150 x 150 mm, beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length are prepared and cured under ambient curing. The compressive strength was found out at 7 days and 28 days.
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
3. Source- Thermal Power Station
Annual Production World India
Year 2002 550 million tons 100 million tons
Year 2010 780 million tons 180 million tons
Year 2012 1000 million tons 210 million tons
Utilisation 35-50%
For every ton of fly ash used in place of PC about a ton of
carbon dioxide is prevented from entering the Earth’s
atmosphere and equivalent of 55 gallons of oil[6].
Fly Ash : It is the waste material of thermal power plant,
available abundantly but creates disposal problem.
4. Geopolymer Mortar/Concrete
• Fly Ash – 100 %
+
•Alkaline solution
Inorganic Alumino-Silicate polymer
(Geopolymer)
Polymerization
Fly Ash when in contact with highly alkaline
solutions forms inorganic alumino-silicate polymer
product known as Geopolymer.
5. Davidovits [1979] (Father of Geopolymer)
Palomo
[1999]
Fernandez-Jimenez
[2006]
Wallah
[2005]
Rangan
[2003]
Balguru
[1999]
Dody
[2005]
Rajmane
[2005]
Hardjito
[2005]
Djwantoro
[2003]
Barbosa
[1999]
Anuradha
[2012]
Kong Daniel
[2008]
Zhu Pan
[2009]
Bakharev
[2005]
Kovalchuk
[2007]
6. Low cost
Easily available
Good properties
Geopolymer
Simple processing
Low energy consumption
Low CO2 generation
Low water requirement
Fly ash
7. Cement concrete Geopolymer concrete
Water curing. Temperature curing.
Max. strength is achieved in
28 days.
Max. strength is achieved in
24 hours.
Not Eco-friendly. Eco-friendly.
Cement used as a binding
material.
Alkaline activators react
with Fly ash and forms
binding material.
Reaction is hydration. Reaction is polymerization.
COMPARISION
8. AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION
The main aim of the investigation is to
reduce green house effect due to cement and
concrete/Mortar industries by replacing
cement totally from concrete and the
utilisation of industrial waste like fly ash
and reduce the self weight of structural
element using Ferrocement Technology.
9. OBJECTIVES OF THE INVESTIGATION
The objective of the investigation is to produce
Geopolymer Mortar using Fly ash as source material
instead of cement and activated by alkaline solutions like
Sodium hydroxide and Sodium silicate under natural
sunlight curing.
To study the effect of concentration of sodium
hydroxide, solution-to-fly ash ratio on workability and
compressive strength for different natural curing period.
10. • Low calcium fly ash obtained from National Thermal
Power plant at Eklahare, Nashik was used as source
material.
• Godavari River Sand graded similar to standard sand
after sieving and mixing as per IS 650 was used as a filler
material.
• Laboratory grade sodium hydroxide in flake form (97.8 %
purity) and Sodium silicate (50.72% solids) solution were
used as alkaline activators.
• The alkaline solution-to-fly ash were considered as 0.40,
0.45 and 0.50.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
11. * Mix proportion of Mortar : 1 : 3
* Sand (Grade – I) : 1/3
* Sand (Grade – II) : 1/3
* Sand (Grade – III) : 1/3
* Water-to-Geopolymer binder ratio : 0.2625
* No. of alkaline activators used : 2
* Sodium silicate–to-sodium hydroxide rate : 1
* Concentration of Sodium silicate solution
(a) Na2O : 16.37%
(b) SiO2 : 34.35%
(c) H2O : 49.28%
* Type of curing : Natural Sunlight
Constant Parameters Used for Production
of GPM
12. Sr.
No
.
Physical properties Processed
fly ash
Specification as
per
IS 3812-1981
1 Colour Light gray ----
2 Residue retained on 45 µm 07.67 % 34 % max.
3 Specific Surface Area
(Blaine)
589 m2/Kg 320 m2/Kg
4 Specific gravity 2.25 ----
5 Moisture content 0.45 % 2 % max.
6 Autoclave expansion 0.024% 0.8 %
7
Lime Reactivity- N/mm2
8.2
----
8 Strength Factor at 28 days
-% of control
96.41
----
Physical Properties of Fly ash
13. Sr. No. Chemical composition Percentage
1 SiO2 77.10
2 Al2O3 17.71
3 Fe2O3 01.21
4 MgO 0.90
5 SO3 2.20
6 Na2O 0.80
7 CaO 0.62
8 Total chlorides 0.03
9 Loss of ignition 0.87
Chemical Compositions of Fly Ash
14. Effect of NaOH Concentration on Flow of GPM at
Solution-to-fly ash ratio of 0.40
15. Effect of NaOH Concentration on Flow of GPM at
Solution-to-fly ash ratio of 0.45
16. Effect of NaOH Concentration on Flow of GPM at
Solution-to-fly ash ratio of 0.50
17. Effect of NaOH Conc. on Compressive
Strength for Solutions-to-Fly ash Ratio of 0.40
18. Effect of NaOH Conc. on Compressive Strength for
Solutions-to-Fly ash Ratio of 0.45
19. Effect of NaOH Conc. on Compressive
Strength for Solutions-to-Fly ash Ratio of 0.50
20. Conclusions
Geopolyner mortar is the best alternative to the
cement mortar which utilized the industrial waste
and help in reducing environmental pollution.
Higher concentration of sodium hydroxide solution
in terms of molarity, results in higher workability
and compressive strength .
But higher concentration of NaOH solution gives
viscous mix which ultimately reduces workability
specifically after 11M NaOH concentration.
Higher solution-to-fly ash ratio did not show
significant variation in compressive strength of
geopolymer mortar at later stage of curing.
21. REFERENCES
Davidovits J. (1991), “Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new
materials”, Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 37, pp. 1633-1656.
Hardjito, D., Wallah S.E., Sumajouw D.M.J. and Rangan B.V.
(2004), “On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer
concrete”, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.101, No.6, pp 467-472.
Davidovits J. (1994), “Geopolymers: Man-made geosynthesis and
the resulting development of very early high strength cement”, J.
Materials Education, Vol.16, pp. 91-139.
Malhotra V.M. (1999), “Making concrete greener with fly ash”,
ACI Concrete International, Vol. 21, No.5, pp. 61-66.
Davidovits J. (1994), “Global warming impact on the cement and
aggregate industries”, World Resource review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.
263-278.
22. Geopolymer Mortar- Flow Test and Hardebed Mortar Cubes at
Various Solution-to-Fly Ash Ratios