Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
Geopolymer cement concrete is made from utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product generated from thermal power plant and ground granulate blast furnace slag is generated as waste material in steel plant.
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The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
Geopolymer cement concrete is made from utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product generated from thermal power plant and ground granulate blast furnace slag is generated as waste material in steel plant.
geopolymer concrete ppt
geopolymer concrete journals
geopolymer concrete pdf
making geopolymer concrete
diy geopolymer concrete
geopolymer concrete price
geopolymer solutions
geopolymer cement recipe
The geopolymer cement is formed by polymerization process which involves the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material such as fly-ash, GGBS, etc. with an alkaline activator solutions.
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
DETAILED STUDY OF FOAM CONCRETE
1- MATERIALS USED
2- MACHINE USED( HAND MAKING WORKABLE EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING)
3-TESTING PROCEDURE
4- YOU GUYZ CAN ALSO LEARN THROUGH THE PHOTOGRAPHS
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
The geopolymer cement is formed by polymerization process which involves the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material such as fly-ash, GGBS, etc. with an alkaline activator solutions.
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
DETAILED STUDY OF FOAM CONCRETE
1- MATERIALS USED
2- MACHINE USED( HAND MAKING WORKABLE EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING)
3-TESTING PROCEDURE
4- YOU GUYZ CAN ALSO LEARN THROUGH THE PHOTOGRAPHS
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
As cement is been involved in various contrived effects to the environment, an alternative is necessary for its impacts reduction.Such alternative is done by completely replacing the cement with silicafume and flyash which are the by-products.
Geopolymers are new materials for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete.
CHARACTERIZATION & DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYME...Journal For Research
Huge scale generation of cement is creating environmental issue on one hand and depletion of natural resources on the other hand. This danger to nature has prompted research being made of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementetious materials in making concrete for more green and durable. Fly ash and silica fume both are pozzolanic materials which have been broadly utilized for improving the properties like strength and durability in concrete. Silica fume demonstrates the greater pozzolanic activity then fly ash because of its finer particle size distribution, the pozzolanic activity of fly ash also can be enhanced by decreasing the particle size distribution. Geopolymer is a class of aluminosilicate binding materials integrated by thermal action of solid aluminosilicate based materials such as metakoaline, GGBFS, fly ash. Geopolymer get activated with the alkaline solution and heat. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were utilized as an alkaline solution with a steady ratio of 2.5 and the mix is designed for molarity 10 for the work carried out. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the geopolymer concrete by utilizing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) produced by air classification and processed GGBFS with varied proportions. Discusses on the properties of geopolymer concrete has also been mentioned. Compressive strength and durability tests like Permeability, Abrasion, Sorptivity, Acid and sulphate attack, Drying shrinkage were conducted. In this work geopolymer concrete was prepared with varying proportions of GGBS and UFFA in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 and 88:12 and 80:20. The maximum strength was achieved for the ratio 92.5:7.5. The obtained compressive strength is in the range of 36.5MPa to 91.6MPa from 1st day to 28th day of hot curing.
Geopolymer bricks are the new innovation in the field of brick industry. Geopolymer bricks contain fly ash as the source material and an alkaline activator for the activation of polymerization reaction.experimental work is supposed to be performed on geopolymer bricks with fly ash and GGBS as source materials and sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as an activator. It reduces dead load on structures due to light weight (2.6 kg, dimension: 230 mm X 110 mm X 70 mm).
MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SUBGRADE SOILS STABILIZED BY LIGNIN-BASED RENEWABL...Vibhanshu Singh
Among the various natural resources is biomass, in particular, plant biomass, which is considered a renewable source of energy, such as biofuel and ethanol, and an alternative to fossil fuels.
Plant biomass is a lingo cellulosic material consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
The standard fiber-reinforced soil is defined as a soil mass that contains randomly distributed, discrete elements, i.e. fibers, which provide an improvement in the mechanical behavior of the soil composite.
In NIT Calicut there is an increasing need to meet growing water demands. There are about 5000 students in the college. There are fourteen departments and thirteen hostels in the campus. A lot of water is being misused both in the academic and residential campus which can be effectively managed and conserved.
The initial role of dowry was to financially provide for the bride because she was moving into a joint family with the groom.
Women were not allowed to work and earn a living outside of the home, so dowry was suppose to serve as her income and her contribution to the home.
SHEAR STRENGTH THEORY
the shear strength of any material is the load per unit area or pressure that it can withstand before undergoing shearing failure.
Biological diversity
It is that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species.
Biological diversity deals with the nature’s variety in the biosphere.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Why not OPC?
• OPC usage without environmental impact
• Why geopolymer concrete?
• Constituents
• Process and Mechanism
• Types of GPC
• Test on GPC
• Properties
• Applications
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Discussion on future development
• Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
• Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly
construction material.
• It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
• In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding
material.
• Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution
are used as binders.
1
5. WHY NOT OPC?
• It is the most consumed commodity in the world after
water.
• It is also the most energy intensive material
• Cement production leads to high carbon-dioxide emission.
- 1 ton of CO2 is produced for every 1 ton of cement.
-It is produced by calcination of limestone and burning of
fossil fuels
3
6. IS THERE A WAY TO USE OPC WITHOUT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?
-replacing some limestone with fly ash and blast furnace
slag called as blended cement
-using carbon dioxide emission captures and storage(CCS)
-accelerated carbonation where CO2 penetrate concrete
reacting with Ca(OH)2 in presence of H2O forming CaCO3
4
7. WHY GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE?
• Reduces the demand of OPC which leads CO2 emission.
• Utilise waste materials from industries such as fly ash,
silica-fume, GGBS.
• Protect water bodies from contamination due to fly ash
disposal.
• Conserve acres of land that would have been used for coal
combustion products disposal.
• Produce a more durable infrastructure.
5
8. CONSTITUENTS
• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate - sand or bottom ash can be used
• Admixture - superplasticizers(naphthalene based or
naphthalene sulphonate based)
• Alkaline activators
-Alkaline activation is a process of mixing powdery
aluminosilicate with an alkaline activator .
-It produce a paste which sets and hardens within short duration
6
9. -Alkaline activators commonly used are sodium or potassium
hydroxide.
-They are used in combination with sodium silicate(water
glass) or potassium silicate solution.
-NaOH and Na2SiO3 are more commonly used as it leads to
higher geopolymerisation rate.
-K2SiO3 solution rarely used because of high cost and lack of
easy availability.
-Alkali hydroxide is used for dissolution and sodium-silicate
solution as binder.
7
10. Sodium hydroxide
- dissolved in water to form a semi-solid paste
-higher amount reduces ettringite
-makes crystalline product which is stable in aggressive
environment
Potassium hydroxide
-improve porosity and compressive strength
Sodium silicate(water glass)
-available in gel form
-for good pozzolanic reaction it is mixed with NaOH
8
11. • Fly ash
-combustion by-product of coal in coal fired power plants
-two classes of fly ash are F and C
TABLE1:CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH
OXIDES PERCENTAGE
SiO2 52
Al2O3 33.9
Fe2O3 4
CaO 1.2
K2O 0.83
Na2O 0.27
MgO 0.81
SO3 0.28
LOI 6.23
SiO2/Al2O3 1.5 9
12. -fly ash used in concrete to increase life cycle expectancy
-helps in increasing durability
-improves permeability by lowering water-cement ratio
-spherical shape of fly ash improves consolidation of
concrete
10
13. • GGBS
-a mineral admixture of silicates and aluminates of Ca and
other bases
- same main chemical constituents as OPC but in different
proportions
- improves compressive strength of GPC
TABLE 2-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GGBS
CEMICAL
CONSTITUTION
CEMENT(%) GGBS(%)
Calcium oxide 65 40
Silicon dioxide 20 35
Aluminium oxide 5 10
Magnesium oxide 2 8
11
14. • Silica fume
-also called as micro silica or condensed silica fume
-produced during manufacture of silicon by electric arc
furnace
-another artificial pozzolan
12
15. • PROCESS
-Si and Al atoms in source materials dissolved using
alkaline solution.
-Source materials include fly ash ,GGBS, silica-fume.
- gel formed by applying heat.
-This gel binds aggregates and unreacted source material
forming geopolymer concrete
13
16. • MECHANISM
-dissolution of Si and Al atoms takes place through the
action of OH ions
-precursor ions condense to form monomers
-polycondensation of monomers to form polymeric
structures
-this framework formed is called as polysilates
-silate stands for silicon-oxo-aluminate building unit
-chains and rings formed and cross linked through
Si-O-Al bridge
14
17. TYPES OF GEOPOLYMER
Slag based geopolymer
-Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide
- a transparent by-product material formed in the processing
of melting iron ore.
-OPC replacement with slag improve workability and reduce
lifecycle costs
-it also increase its compressive strength
-corex slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples
15
18. Rock based geopolymer
-MK-750 in the slag based geopolymer replaced by natural
rock forming minerals forms this geopolymer
-feldspar and quartz are natural rock forming minerals
16
19. Fly ash based geopolymer
- improves workability and increase compressive strength
-reduce cost of OPC along with CO2 emission
-reduce drying shrinkage
-class F fly ash used commonly
Alkali activated geopolymer: Heat curing at 60 to 80 οC
is done. Into 1:2 aluminosilicate gel fly ash particles are
embedded.
Slag based geopolymer:It contains silicate, blast
furnace slag and fly ash
17
20. Ferro-silicate based geopolymer
-same properties as that of rock based geopolymers
-has a red colour
-high iron oxide content
-poly type geopolymer formed by substituting some of the
aluminium atoms in the matrix
18
21. TEST ON GPC
• CREEP TEST
-three 150x300 mm cylinders prepared
- placed on creep testing frame with hydraulic loading
system
-before loading 7th day compressive strength determined
-load corresponding to 40% of mean compressive strength
applied
-strain values measured and recorded
-test conducted at 23οC and relative humidity 40-60%
19
22. • creep of GPC smaller than that of OPC
• smaller creep due to block polymerisation concept
• presence of micro-aggregates increase creep resisting
function in GPC
• in OPC creep caused by cement paste
20
23. • DRYING SHRINKAGE TEST
-75x75x285 mm prisms with gauge studs used
-specimens kept in a controlled temperature environment
-temperature at 23οC and relative humidity 40-60%
-shrinkage strain measurements taken on third day of
casting concrete
-specimen demoulded and 1st measurement taken
-horizontal length comparator used for measurement
-next measurement taken on 4th day
-further measurements taken till one year
21
24. • drying shrinkage of GPC is very less
• ambient temperature cured GPC shows more shrinkage
than heat cured GPC
• excess water evaporates during heat curing reducing dry
shrinkage
• drying shrinkage of GPC at ambient temperature is same
as that of OPC
• GPC undergoes shrinkage of 100 micro strains after one
year
• 500-800 micro strains experienced by OPC
22
25. FIGURE 2 - DRYING SHRINKAGE OF HEAT CURED AND
AMBIENT CURED SPECIMEN
23
26. • COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
-higher compressive strength when heat activated
-slag addition improves compressive strength at ambient
temperature curing
FIGURE 3- COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
IN AMBIENT CONDITION
Time(days)
24
27. • compressive strength of GPC decreased with increasing
fly ash content
• it increased with higher aggregate content
• higher strength at lower alkali content
• compressive strength increased with age
• Polycondensation of silica and alumina contribute to
high strength
25
28. • MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND POISSON’S RATIO
-modulus of elasticity increased with compressive strength
in OPC
-similar trend in GPC but values lower than OPC
-GPC cured at elevated temperature yields higher value of
E than cured at ambient temperature
-Poisson’s ratio of GPC similar to that of OPC and
increased with compressive strength
26
31. PROPERTIES
• Workability
-increase in NaOH and sodium silicate solution reduce flow
of mortar
-superplasticizer or extra water can be added to increase
workability
• Compressive strength
-it depends on curing time and temperature
-it increase with fly ash content
-it increase with fineness of fly ash
29
32. • Resistance against aggressive environment
-used in constructing marine structures
-in OPC white layer of crystals formed on acid exposed
surface
-in GPC there is no gypsum deposition and no visible cracks
-a soft and powdery layer formed during early stages of
exposure which later becomes harder
-mass loss on exposure to H2SO4 in GPC was 3% and in OPC
20-25%
-higher the alkali content higher the weight loss
-GPC showed better resistance
30
33. • Behaviour of geopolymer at elevated temperature
-high strength loss during early heating period(up to 200οC)
-beyond 600οC no further strength loss
-no visible cracks up to 600 οC
-minor cracks at 800 οC
-GPC with more compatability between aggregates and matrix
led to less strength loss
• Bond strength
-very high
-about one third of its compressive strength
-four times than that of OPC
31
34. APPLICATIONS
• PAVEMENTS
-light pavements can be cast using GPC
-no bleed water rise to the surface
-aliphatic alcohol based spray used to provide protection against
drying
FIGURE 5 – PLACING OF PAVEMENT USING GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
32
35. • RETAINING WALL
-40MPa precast panels were used to build a retaining wall
-panels were 6m long and 2.4m wide
-these panels were cured under ambient condition
FIGURE 6 – PRECASTE GEOPOLYMER RETAINING WALLS FOR A PRIVATE RESIDENCE
33
36. • WATER TANKS
-two water tanks were constructed, one with 32MPa concrete with
blended cement and other with GPC
-autogenous healing occurred in OPC due to calcium hydroxide
deposition
-in GPC tank there is little calcium hydroxide
-nominal leaking in tank healed rapidly due to gel swelling
mechanism
FIGURE 7 - INSITU WATER TANKS WITH BLENDED CONCRETE (LEFT)
AND GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE (RIGHT) 34
37. • BOAT RAMP
-approach slab on ground to ramp was made using geopolymer
reinforced with FFRP
-entire constituents remained dormant until activator chemicals were
added
FIGURE8 – BOAT RAMP CONSTRUCTED WITH BOTH IN-SITE AND PRECAST
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE.
35
38. • PRECAST BEAM
-GPC beams formed three suspended floor levels of GCI building
-beams had arched curved soffit
-water pipes were placed inside them for temperature controlled
hydronic heating of building spaces above and below
FIGURE 9 – GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAM CRANED TO
POSITION
36
39. ADVANTAGES
high compressive strength
high tensile strength
low creep
low drying shrinkage
resistant to heat and cold
chemically resistant
highly durable
fire proof
37
40. DISADVANTAGES
difficult to create
-requires special handling
-chemicals like sodium hydroxide are harmful to humans
-high cost of alkaline solution
Pre-mix only
-sold only as pre-mix or pre-caste material
Geopolymerisation process is sensitive
-lacks uniformity
38
41. DISCUSSION ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
-more studies and wide scale acceptance for using GPC in
precast concrete products
-making GPC more user friendly by using lower amount
of alkaline solution
-producing more cost effective geopolymer
-replacing fine aggregate with quarry sand as demand for
natural sand is increasing
-studies on fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete for
improving flexural strength
39
42. CONCLUSION
• Geopolymer concrete is a promising construction
material due to its low carbon dioxide emission
• High early strength, low creep and shrinkage, acid
resistance, fire resistance makes it better in usage than
OPC
• Wide spread applications in precast industries due to
-its high production in short duration
-less breakage during transportation
• Enhanced research along with acceptance required to
make it great advantage to the industry
40
43. REFERENCES
• Aslani (2015); Thermal Performance Modelling of Geopolymer
Concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
• Shankar H Sanni (2012); Performance of Geopolymer Concrete
under severe environmental conditions, International Journal on
Civil and Structural Engineering
• Ramujee et al (2014), Development of Low Calcium Fly
Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete, IACSIT International Journal
of Engineering and Technology, Volume 6
• Lloyd et al (2010);Geopolymer concrete: A review of
development and opportunities
• Bakharev, T., (2005(a)), Resistance of geopolymer materials to
acid attack, Cement and Concrete Research, 35, pp 658-670.
41