The document describes an ultrasonic echo-pulse tomography method for testing concrete using low-frequency phased antenna arrays. It summarizes the operating principles of the A1040M MIRA tomograph, which uses 40 dry-point contact shear wave transducers to perform pulse-echo tomography on concrete structures from 20-150 kHz. Test results are processed using the SAFT algorithm to build 3D models of internal reflections. Application examples show the tomograph can accurately detect features smaller than the wavelength like pipes and delaminations in concrete, and assess tunnel panel grouting quality.
Different ndt-methods-for-polymer-and-composite-materialsMADAN PATNAMSETTY
This document discusses different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for inspecting polymer and composite materials, including visual inspection, acoustic emission inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and radiographic inspection. It provides details on how each method works and its applications and limitations for inspecting properties of polymers and composites. Comparative studies are presented evaluating the effectiveness of different NDT techniques for detecting defects in glass/epoxy composites and inspecting a composite helicopter rotor blade structure.
Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a non-destructive technique that uses ultrasound to examine the internal structure and surfaces of materials. The document discusses several case studies where SAM was used successfully for failure analysis, including detecting missing underfill material in flip chip devices, delamination between layers in round electronics, voids in solder mask coatings, and delamination in obsolete components. SAM provided high resolution imaging to identify these issues internally in a non-destructive manner and more efficiently than alternative destructive techniques such as cross-sectioning. The case studies demonstrate how SAM can be applied practically for reliability testing and failure analysis in microelectronics.
Phased array and TOFD UT techniques allow for electronic control of ultrasound beam characteristics like angle, focus, and scanning. With phased arrays, these beam modifications can be performed electronically by introducing time shifts to individual transducer elements. This enables functions like electronic steering and focusing without mechanical probe changes. TOFD uses diffraction of ultrasound from defect edges to visualize and size internal flaws. Both techniques provide benefits over conventional UT like inspection speed and flexibility, improved detection of defects, and the ability to inspect complex or restricted geometries. They find application in industries like aerospace, energy, and manufacturing for non-destructive testing of welds and structures.
This document discusses various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods including visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography (X-ray testing). It provides brief descriptions of each method and examples of their applications in evaluating materials and components without causing damage.
NDT in practise_NVF2013_Ramboll Finland_Guy RapaportGuy Rapaport
The document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for evaluating concrete structures. It discusses why NDT is needed as an alternative to traditional destructive testing that only examines small sample areas. Three main NDT systems are described - ultrasonic tomography, impact-echo, and impulse-response testing. Ultrasonic tomography uses ultrasound pulses to create 3D images of internal defects. Impact-echo detects depths of defects by analyzing frequency responses from impact-generated waves. Impulse-response evaluates plate structures by measuring vibration responses. Example applications on bridges demonstrate how the techniques can locate tendon duct grouting, casting defects, and delaminations. The document aims to illustrate how NDT provides a more comprehensive
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) in railways. It provides an overview of common NDT methods like ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, magnetic particle inspection, and thermography that are used to inspect critical railway components without damaging them. These methods help verify quality, assess degradation, and detect defects in rails, wheels, axles and other components. Ultrasonic testing and eddy current testing can find internal flaws in rails, while visual inspection, magnetic particle inspection and thermography examine rails, wheels, axles and other surfaces for cracks or defects. NDT plays an important role in maintaining railway integrity and safety by monitoring component condition.
Magnetic particle testing (MPT) is used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. It works by magnetizing the material, applying iron-based magnetic particles, and looking for patterns in how the particles accumulate at locations where the magnetic field escapes due to defects. Key steps include cleaning, demagnetizing, magnetizing using various methods like permanent magnets or electromagnets, applying dry or wet magnetic particles, illuminating to see indications, interpreting findings, and documenting results. MPT is widely used in industries like manufacturing, aerospace, and infrastructure for quality control and non-destructive testing of parts like castings and welds.
Acoustic emission testing uses sensors to detect sound waves emitted from materials undergoing stress or fracture. A typical acoustic emission system consists of sensors, preamplifiers, cables, and a data acquisition device. Sensors convert displacement caused by sound waves into electrical signals. Data acquisition devices analyze and record signals. Acoustic emission can detect plastic deformation and cracks by monitoring sounds released. It is used to monitor structures like pipelines, pressure vessels, aircraft and bridges for defects or damage.
Different ndt-methods-for-polymer-and-composite-materialsMADAN PATNAMSETTY
This document discusses different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for inspecting polymer and composite materials, including visual inspection, acoustic emission inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and radiographic inspection. It provides details on how each method works and its applications and limitations for inspecting properties of polymers and composites. Comparative studies are presented evaluating the effectiveness of different NDT techniques for detecting defects in glass/epoxy composites and inspecting a composite helicopter rotor blade structure.
Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a non-destructive technique that uses ultrasound to examine the internal structure and surfaces of materials. The document discusses several case studies where SAM was used successfully for failure analysis, including detecting missing underfill material in flip chip devices, delamination between layers in round electronics, voids in solder mask coatings, and delamination in obsolete components. SAM provided high resolution imaging to identify these issues internally in a non-destructive manner and more efficiently than alternative destructive techniques such as cross-sectioning. The case studies demonstrate how SAM can be applied practically for reliability testing and failure analysis in microelectronics.
Phased array and TOFD UT techniques allow for electronic control of ultrasound beam characteristics like angle, focus, and scanning. With phased arrays, these beam modifications can be performed electronically by introducing time shifts to individual transducer elements. This enables functions like electronic steering and focusing without mechanical probe changes. TOFD uses diffraction of ultrasound from defect edges to visualize and size internal flaws. Both techniques provide benefits over conventional UT like inspection speed and flexibility, improved detection of defects, and the ability to inspect complex or restricted geometries. They find application in industries like aerospace, energy, and manufacturing for non-destructive testing of welds and structures.
This document discusses various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods including visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography (X-ray testing). It provides brief descriptions of each method and examples of their applications in evaluating materials and components without causing damage.
NDT in practise_NVF2013_Ramboll Finland_Guy RapaportGuy Rapaport
The document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for evaluating concrete structures. It discusses why NDT is needed as an alternative to traditional destructive testing that only examines small sample areas. Three main NDT systems are described - ultrasonic tomography, impact-echo, and impulse-response testing. Ultrasonic tomography uses ultrasound pulses to create 3D images of internal defects. Impact-echo detects depths of defects by analyzing frequency responses from impact-generated waves. Impulse-response evaluates plate structures by measuring vibration responses. Example applications on bridges demonstrate how the techniques can locate tendon duct grouting, casting defects, and delaminations. The document aims to illustrate how NDT provides a more comprehensive
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) in railways. It provides an overview of common NDT methods like ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, magnetic particle inspection, and thermography that are used to inspect critical railway components without damaging them. These methods help verify quality, assess degradation, and detect defects in rails, wheels, axles and other components. Ultrasonic testing and eddy current testing can find internal flaws in rails, while visual inspection, magnetic particle inspection and thermography examine rails, wheels, axles and other surfaces for cracks or defects. NDT plays an important role in maintaining railway integrity and safety by monitoring component condition.
Magnetic particle testing (MPT) is used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. It works by magnetizing the material, applying iron-based magnetic particles, and looking for patterns in how the particles accumulate at locations where the magnetic field escapes due to defects. Key steps include cleaning, demagnetizing, magnetizing using various methods like permanent magnets or electromagnets, applying dry or wet magnetic particles, illuminating to see indications, interpreting findings, and documenting results. MPT is widely used in industries like manufacturing, aerospace, and infrastructure for quality control and non-destructive testing of parts like castings and welds.
Acoustic emission testing uses sensors to detect sound waves emitted from materials undergoing stress or fracture. A typical acoustic emission system consists of sensors, preamplifiers, cables, and a data acquisition device. Sensors convert displacement caused by sound waves into electrical signals. Data acquisition devices analyze and record signals. Acoustic emission can detect plastic deformation and cracks by monitoring sounds released. It is used to monitor structures like pipelines, pressure vessels, aircraft and bridges for defects or damage.
LIQUID PENETRANT AND MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTIONSai Malleswar
Non-destructive testing (NDT) involves using physical methods to test materials for flaws without damaging them. Two common NDT methods are liquid penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing. Liquid penetrant testing uses a dye that is drawn into surface cracks when applied to non-porous materials. Magnetic particle testing magnetizes ferromagnetic materials and uses iron particles to reveal surface or near-surface flaws. Both methods are useful for quality control during manufacturing as they can detect a variety of flaw types and orientations in one test. However, they are limited to surface or near-surface flaws and require clean surfaces to apply the testing medium.
Testing comprise all the techniques of materials or products under different types of loadings. This way, the reliability of product to end user is assured and the process of material selection is done with a lot of ease.
Testing can be classified in two main categories depending upon destruction of products as
Destructive Testing
Non-Destructive Testing
These comprises all those techniques which are highly regulated on some standard in which specimen is broken/destructed.
Major destructive testing used these days are
Tensile Testing
Impact Testing
Burst Testing
Fatigue Testing
Creep Testing
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
Another terms for NDT is NDE
Highly valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation.
Accident prevention and to reduce costs
To improve product reliability
To determine acceptance to a given requirement
To quick information on repair criteria.
Visual Inspection
Acoustic Emission
Eddy Current
Liquid Penetrant
X-Ray/ Radiography
Magnetic method
Visual and optical inspection (or testing) is still a basic method for many applications. Visual inspection involves using an inspector's eyes to look for defects. The inspector may also use special tools such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, or bore scopes to gain access and more closely inspect the subject area. Visual examiners follow procedures that range from simple to very complex.
Detection and analysis of AE signals can supply valuable information regarding the origin and importance of a discontinuity in a material.
It has many industrial applications
Assessing structural integrity (Welding)
Detecting flaws
Testing for leaks (Pressure Vessel)
Monitoring weld quality
Research tool.
In a standard eddy current testing a circular coil carrying current is which generates eddy current then the presence of any flaws, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in the phase and amplitude of the measured current.
Applications:
Surface Breaking Cracks
SBC using Sliding Probes
Tube Inspection Conductivity
Heat Treat Verification
In it the defects/cracks are studied using a penetrant/dye. low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light
X-rays are just like any other kind of electromagnetic radiation. They can be produced in parcels of energy called photons, just like light.
These are used to produce image
Luigi Giubbolini | Microwave Nondestructive Testing of Composite MaterialsLuigi Giubbolini
Microwave Nondestructive Testing (MNDT) techniques have advantages over other NDT methods (such as radiography, ultrasonics, and eddy current) regarding low cost, good penetration in nonmetallic materials, good resolution and contactless feature of the microwave sensor (antenna).
This presentation describes 6 methods to check concrete sample by performing non destructive testing.
1. Rebound hammer
2. Dye penetration test
3. Pull out test for concrete
4.Half cell potentiometer test
5.Rebar scanner
6 ultrasonic pulse velocity test
This document summarizes a student's experiment using a rebound hammer to non-destructively test the compressive strength of a concrete sample. The student took 10 readings from the concrete sample using the rebound hammer and averaged them. Based on the average rebound number and the rebound hammer test graph correlating rebound number to compressive strength, the student concluded that the compressive strength of the concrete sample was approximately 1500 psi or 10.3 MPa. Non-destructive testing allows evaluation of materials without damage and is used for quality control and reliability testing during use.
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES ARE USEFUL FOR FINDING DEFECTS LIKE CRACKS,POROSITY,FLAWS,BLOWHOLES IN MATERIALS WITHOUT DESTRUCTING COMPONENT. IT IS ALSO USEFUL FOR TAKING DECISIONS RELATED TO QUALITY OF MATERIAL OR PRODUCT. Non destructive testing includes study and testing of components by various methods such as dye penetration test, eddy current test, magnetic particle test, ndt, radiography test, ultrasonic test.
Combination Of The Non-Destructive Methods For Evaluating The Quality Of Conc...IJERA Editor
The study is aboutthe use and comparison of three non-destructive methods (dynamic auscultation, sclerometric auscultation and auscultation by RADAR (Radio Detecting and Ranging) to monitor and assess the quality of concrete. Samples of reinforced concrete panels, dimensions 200x100x30 cm of concrete dosed at 350 kg/m3 with diverse E/C ratio were achieved, conserved in the laboratory and subjected to various non-destructive test. The synthesis of the results obtained by auscultation RADAR shows a decrease in the propagation speed of the electromagnetic wave with an increase of the E/C ratio and a decrease in resistance of concrete values measured and confirmed by other non-destructive techniques (sclerometric and dynamic auscultations). This shows that more the dielectric constant is high, morethe concrete resistance is reduced, and conversely the opposite.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing (UT), a non-destructive testing method that uses high-frequency sound waves. It discusses the basic principles of how sound is generated and travels through materials. The main techniques of UT are described, including pulse-echo and through transmission. Key equipment for UT includes transducers that generate and receive ultrasound, instrumentation to control the system, and calibration standards. UT has advantages like detecting small subsurface flaws accurately, but also limitations such as requirements for accessible test surfaces and skilled technicians.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) - Industrial Radiography Normal Working Proceduresshahar_sayuti
The document discusses safety and security in industrial radiography. It describes the basic principles and applications of radiography techniques using radiation sources like x-rays and gamma rays. It also discusses the equipment used including radiation devices, safety equipment, and procedures to control external radiation exposure through principles of time, distance and shielding.
Non-Destructive Testing is a simple way of testing without destroying.Techshore Inspection Services, with a humble beginning in Cochin, India started as an Engineering, Procurement and Construction company offering wide range of innovative services and engineering solutions in the field of Oil and Gas, Power and other major industries in the disciplines of Mechanical, Civil, Instrumentation and NDT, soon expanded its business into professional training in all the aforesaid disciplines.
Nondestructive testing or Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component surface & subsurface without causing damage or effect to their future performance or properties. Non-destructive testing is used to detect abnormalities in physical, chemical or electrical characteristics.
Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound to examine materials for discontinuities and thickness measurements. It can be used on castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Ultrasonic waves are introduced into a material and the reflection and transmission of the waves is detected to provide information about features inside the material. Common techniques are pulse-echo testing using one transducer to send and receive signals, and through transmission using two transducers. Reflections are displayed to show discontinuities and material thickness. Ultrasonic testing is widely used in industries like petrochemicals and utilities for applications like weld inspection and corrosion monitoring.
This document provides an overview of six common nondestructive testing (NDT) methods: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiographic testing. It describes their basic principles and selected applications in inspecting aircraft components, engines, pressure vessels, pipelines, bridges, and other structures and components for flaws or damage without impairing the item's future usefulness. NDT is used extensively in manufacturing and maintenance to evaluate integrity and ensure safety.
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic induction to induce eddy currents in a conductive test object. Any flaws or changes in the object will disrupt the eddy current flow and can be detected by sensors. An alternating current is applied to a test coil, generating a changing magnetic field that induces circular eddy currents just below the surface. Disruptions to the eddy currents from flaws are then detected and analyzed to evaluate the test object in less than 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It defines NDT as testing methods used to evaluate a part or material without impairing its future usefulness. The document then describes several common NDT techniques including visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, radiographic testing, acoustic emission testing, leak testing, infrared thermal testing, and ultrasonic testing. It provides details on the principles and applications of these various techniques. The document aims to classify NDT methods and standards as well as discuss the history and physics of ultrasonic testing.
NanoOptoMetrics (NOM) develops optical profilometer technology for non-contact, non-destructive 3D surface measurement. NOM profilometers have two configurations - small field of view microscope-based systems from 0.5 to 10 mm, and large aperture systems from 10 to 300 mm. The large aperture systems can uniquely measure complex topography over large areas with feature heights up to 100 mm, filling a gap in the market. NOM technology offers high resolution from 0.5 μm to 300 μm, fast acquisition times from 1 to 150 seconds, and is tolerant to vibration without additional isolation. Applications include measurement of steps, roughness, films, and discontinuous surfaces across industries.
This document provides an overview of various non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, including radiography, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant testing, ultrasonic flaw detection, and eddy current testing. It describes the basic principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each technique. The document is authored by Insight NDT Equipment Ltd and provides technical details on NDT to inform potential customers.
NDT-Nondestructive testing is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It begins by defining NDT as techniques used to evaluate materials without causing damage. It then lists common NDT types like visual inspection, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principles and applications. The document focuses on liquid penetrant testing, describing the procedure and noting it is useful for inspecting parts like aircraft wheels and automotive pistons. It also discusses advantages of NDT like avoiding failures and ensuring safety. In conclusion, it states that NDT can save costs for facilities that implement its methods properly.
Este documento descreve um projeto de educação física em uma escola que inclui: 1) coleta de dados antropométricos e alimentares dos alunos; 2) educação sobre hábitos alimentares saudáveis e atividade física; 3) pedir aos alunos que escrevam receitas de vitaminas e saladas preferidas. O projeto visa mapear os hábitos dos alunos e produzir um livro de receitas para as mães no Dia das Mães.
O documento discute a importância da avaliação física antes de qualquer programa de exercícios, destacando que ela é essencial para verificar possíveis problemas de saúde e monitorar a evolução do indivíduo. O texto também apresenta o sistema Vida, um software que auxilia na realização das avaliações físicas de forma padronizada, segura e eficiente.
LIQUID PENETRANT AND MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTIONSai Malleswar
Non-destructive testing (NDT) involves using physical methods to test materials for flaws without damaging them. Two common NDT methods are liquid penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing. Liquid penetrant testing uses a dye that is drawn into surface cracks when applied to non-porous materials. Magnetic particle testing magnetizes ferromagnetic materials and uses iron particles to reveal surface or near-surface flaws. Both methods are useful for quality control during manufacturing as they can detect a variety of flaw types and orientations in one test. However, they are limited to surface or near-surface flaws and require clean surfaces to apply the testing medium.
Testing comprise all the techniques of materials or products under different types of loadings. This way, the reliability of product to end user is assured and the process of material selection is done with a lot of ease.
Testing can be classified in two main categories depending upon destruction of products as
Destructive Testing
Non-Destructive Testing
These comprises all those techniques which are highly regulated on some standard in which specimen is broken/destructed.
Major destructive testing used these days are
Tensile Testing
Impact Testing
Burst Testing
Fatigue Testing
Creep Testing
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
Another terms for NDT is NDE
Highly valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation.
Accident prevention and to reduce costs
To improve product reliability
To determine acceptance to a given requirement
To quick information on repair criteria.
Visual Inspection
Acoustic Emission
Eddy Current
Liquid Penetrant
X-Ray/ Radiography
Magnetic method
Visual and optical inspection (or testing) is still a basic method for many applications. Visual inspection involves using an inspector's eyes to look for defects. The inspector may also use special tools such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, or bore scopes to gain access and more closely inspect the subject area. Visual examiners follow procedures that range from simple to very complex.
Detection and analysis of AE signals can supply valuable information regarding the origin and importance of a discontinuity in a material.
It has many industrial applications
Assessing structural integrity (Welding)
Detecting flaws
Testing for leaks (Pressure Vessel)
Monitoring weld quality
Research tool.
In a standard eddy current testing a circular coil carrying current is which generates eddy current then the presence of any flaws, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in the phase and amplitude of the measured current.
Applications:
Surface Breaking Cracks
SBC using Sliding Probes
Tube Inspection Conductivity
Heat Treat Verification
In it the defects/cracks are studied using a penetrant/dye. low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light
X-rays are just like any other kind of electromagnetic radiation. They can be produced in parcels of energy called photons, just like light.
These are used to produce image
Luigi Giubbolini | Microwave Nondestructive Testing of Composite MaterialsLuigi Giubbolini
Microwave Nondestructive Testing (MNDT) techniques have advantages over other NDT methods (such as radiography, ultrasonics, and eddy current) regarding low cost, good penetration in nonmetallic materials, good resolution and contactless feature of the microwave sensor (antenna).
This presentation describes 6 methods to check concrete sample by performing non destructive testing.
1. Rebound hammer
2. Dye penetration test
3. Pull out test for concrete
4.Half cell potentiometer test
5.Rebar scanner
6 ultrasonic pulse velocity test
This document summarizes a student's experiment using a rebound hammer to non-destructively test the compressive strength of a concrete sample. The student took 10 readings from the concrete sample using the rebound hammer and averaged them. Based on the average rebound number and the rebound hammer test graph correlating rebound number to compressive strength, the student concluded that the compressive strength of the concrete sample was approximately 1500 psi or 10.3 MPa. Non-destructive testing allows evaluation of materials without damage and is used for quality control and reliability testing during use.
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES ARE USEFUL FOR FINDING DEFECTS LIKE CRACKS,POROSITY,FLAWS,BLOWHOLES IN MATERIALS WITHOUT DESTRUCTING COMPONENT. IT IS ALSO USEFUL FOR TAKING DECISIONS RELATED TO QUALITY OF MATERIAL OR PRODUCT. Non destructive testing includes study and testing of components by various methods such as dye penetration test, eddy current test, magnetic particle test, ndt, radiography test, ultrasonic test.
Combination Of The Non-Destructive Methods For Evaluating The Quality Of Conc...IJERA Editor
The study is aboutthe use and comparison of three non-destructive methods (dynamic auscultation, sclerometric auscultation and auscultation by RADAR (Radio Detecting and Ranging) to monitor and assess the quality of concrete. Samples of reinforced concrete panels, dimensions 200x100x30 cm of concrete dosed at 350 kg/m3 with diverse E/C ratio were achieved, conserved in the laboratory and subjected to various non-destructive test. The synthesis of the results obtained by auscultation RADAR shows a decrease in the propagation speed of the electromagnetic wave with an increase of the E/C ratio and a decrease in resistance of concrete values measured and confirmed by other non-destructive techniques (sclerometric and dynamic auscultations). This shows that more the dielectric constant is high, morethe concrete resistance is reduced, and conversely the opposite.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing (UT), a non-destructive testing method that uses high-frequency sound waves. It discusses the basic principles of how sound is generated and travels through materials. The main techniques of UT are described, including pulse-echo and through transmission. Key equipment for UT includes transducers that generate and receive ultrasound, instrumentation to control the system, and calibration standards. UT has advantages like detecting small subsurface flaws accurately, but also limitations such as requirements for accessible test surfaces and skilled technicians.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) - Industrial Radiography Normal Working Proceduresshahar_sayuti
The document discusses safety and security in industrial radiography. It describes the basic principles and applications of radiography techniques using radiation sources like x-rays and gamma rays. It also discusses the equipment used including radiation devices, safety equipment, and procedures to control external radiation exposure through principles of time, distance and shielding.
Non-Destructive Testing is a simple way of testing without destroying.Techshore Inspection Services, with a humble beginning in Cochin, India started as an Engineering, Procurement and Construction company offering wide range of innovative services and engineering solutions in the field of Oil and Gas, Power and other major industries in the disciplines of Mechanical, Civil, Instrumentation and NDT, soon expanded its business into professional training in all the aforesaid disciplines.
Nondestructive testing or Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component surface & subsurface without causing damage or effect to their future performance or properties. Non-destructive testing is used to detect abnormalities in physical, chemical or electrical characteristics.
Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound to examine materials for discontinuities and thickness measurements. It can be used on castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Ultrasonic waves are introduced into a material and the reflection and transmission of the waves is detected to provide information about features inside the material. Common techniques are pulse-echo testing using one transducer to send and receive signals, and through transmission using two transducers. Reflections are displayed to show discontinuities and material thickness. Ultrasonic testing is widely used in industries like petrochemicals and utilities for applications like weld inspection and corrosion monitoring.
This document provides an overview of six common nondestructive testing (NDT) methods: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiographic testing. It describes their basic principles and selected applications in inspecting aircraft components, engines, pressure vessels, pipelines, bridges, and other structures and components for flaws or damage without impairing the item's future usefulness. NDT is used extensively in manufacturing and maintenance to evaluate integrity and ensure safety.
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic induction to induce eddy currents in a conductive test object. Any flaws or changes in the object will disrupt the eddy current flow and can be detected by sensors. An alternating current is applied to a test coil, generating a changing magnetic field that induces circular eddy currents just below the surface. Disruptions to the eddy currents from flaws are then detected and analyzed to evaluate the test object in less than 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It defines NDT as testing methods used to evaluate a part or material without impairing its future usefulness. The document then describes several common NDT techniques including visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, radiographic testing, acoustic emission testing, leak testing, infrared thermal testing, and ultrasonic testing. It provides details on the principles and applications of these various techniques. The document aims to classify NDT methods and standards as well as discuss the history and physics of ultrasonic testing.
NanoOptoMetrics (NOM) develops optical profilometer technology for non-contact, non-destructive 3D surface measurement. NOM profilometers have two configurations - small field of view microscope-based systems from 0.5 to 10 mm, and large aperture systems from 10 to 300 mm. The large aperture systems can uniquely measure complex topography over large areas with feature heights up to 100 mm, filling a gap in the market. NOM technology offers high resolution from 0.5 μm to 300 μm, fast acquisition times from 1 to 150 seconds, and is tolerant to vibration without additional isolation. Applications include measurement of steps, roughness, films, and discontinuous surfaces across industries.
This document provides an overview of various non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, including radiography, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant testing, ultrasonic flaw detection, and eddy current testing. It describes the basic principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each technique. The document is authored by Insight NDT Equipment Ltd and provides technical details on NDT to inform potential customers.
NDT-Nondestructive testing is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It begins by defining NDT as techniques used to evaluate materials without causing damage. It then lists common NDT types like visual inspection, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principles and applications. The document focuses on liquid penetrant testing, describing the procedure and noting it is useful for inspecting parts like aircraft wheels and automotive pistons. It also discusses advantages of NDT like avoiding failures and ensuring safety. In conclusion, it states that NDT can save costs for facilities that implement its methods properly.
Este documento descreve um projeto de educação física em uma escola que inclui: 1) coleta de dados antropométricos e alimentares dos alunos; 2) educação sobre hábitos alimentares saudáveis e atividade física; 3) pedir aos alunos que escrevam receitas de vitaminas e saladas preferidas. O projeto visa mapear os hábitos dos alunos e produzir um livro de receitas para as mães no Dia das Mães.
O documento discute a importância da avaliação física antes de qualquer programa de exercícios, destacando que ela é essencial para verificar possíveis problemas de saúde e monitorar a evolução do indivíduo. O texto também apresenta o sistema Vida, um software que auxilia na realização das avaliações físicas de forma padronizada, segura e eficiente.
O documento descreve os procedimentos de uma consulta em tocoginecologia, incluindo a anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares. Detalha os elementos da anamnese como histórico menstrual, obstétrico e médico. O exame físico inclui avaliação mamária, dos órgãos genitais externos e internos, e toque vaginal. Exames adicionais são realizados quando necessário.
Estimation involves forecasting the probable cost of a project with respect to quality, finance, and time requirements. There are two types of estimation: approximate/preliminary and detailed. Estimation serves several purposes such as determining budget, obtaining funds, making tenders, and controlling costs during project extensions. Partition is a structure that divides space into parts for privacy and optimal space utilization while reducing sound transmission. Common materials used in partitions include wooden battens, plywood, laminate, adhesive, fasteners, and nails. The construction process involves making and fixing the frame, installing ply, and finishing. An example approximate estimation for a partition wall includes calculating costs for materials and labor.
This document provides an overview of estimation and details the estimation process for wall panelling. It defines estimation as forecasting the probable cost of a project. There are two main types of estimates - approximate and detailed. The purpose of estimation is to determine the probable cost, make budget provisions, estimate time for completion, and help control expenditures. Wall panelling enhances appearance and function by covering walls. Materials used include wood, slate, metal, glass and fiberglass panels. A detailed estimate for wall panelling includes costs for materials like plywood, veneer, and adhesive, as well as labor costs.
O documento contém informações de saúde e histórico de atividade física de um paciente. Inclui dados pessoais, médicos, questionários sobre aptidão física e limitações, além de medições antropométricas e de desempenho cardiorrespiratório.
O documento discute a avaliação funcional, definindo-a como um processo sistemático para medir objetivamente os níveis de funcionamento de uma pessoa em diversas áreas como saúde física, cognitiva e social. Testes padronizados são importantes para medir progressos e comparar resultados, mas não devem ser a única fonte de informação. Uma avaliação funcional completa deve considerar múltiplas dimensões como saúde biológica, psicológica, social e ambiental.
Este documento coleta informações pessoais e médicas de um paciente, incluindo nome, endereço, telefone de contato, idade, histórico médico, condições médicas atuais, medicamentos, atividades físicas regulares e um formulário de consentimento assinado para participar de um programa de exercícios.
Este documento contém uma ficha de anamnese corporal com dados pessoais do cliente, histórico médico, medidas corporais e detalhes sobre tratamentos anteriores e em andamento. As informações coletadas serão usadas para planejar sessões de tratamento corporal personalizadas para o cliente.
[1] O documento é uma anamnese psicopedagógica que coleta dados pessoais e histórico de desenvolvimento de uma criança, incluindo concepção, amamentação, fala, sono, estimulação, história escolar e relacionamentos familiares.
[2] A criança apresenta queixa na escola e os pais buscam ajuda profissional.
[3] A psicopedagoga realiza a anamnese para entender melhor a criança e encaminhar o caso para possíveis tratamentos.
This document contains an assessment questionnaire for a psychological evaluation. It includes sections to collect identifying information about the client and their parents, the client's primary and secondary complaints, medical and psychological history, family history, social history, academic history, and the evaluator's considerations and recommendations. The evaluator will use this questionnaire to guide the interview and evaluation of the client referred for assessment.
The document discusses various advanced non-destructive testing methods. It defines non-destructive testing and lists common NDT methods. It then describes several advanced NDT methods in more detail, including automated ultrasonic testing, phased array ultrasonics testing, time of flight diffraction, magnetic flux leakage testing, alternative current field measurement, and acoustic pulse reflectometry. The advanced methods provide more accurate inspections with improved detection capabilities compared to conventional NDT techniques.
1) The document discusses the differences between long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) and medium range ultrasonic testing (MRUT) for inspecting pipelines. LRUT uses lower frequencies to inspect over longer distances, while MRUT uses higher frequencies to inspect shorter distances but with higher sensitivity.
2) It describes a new technique using MRUT with shear horizontal guided waves for circumferential scanning to inspect inaccessible areas like under pipe supports. This provides better detection and resolution than LRUT within close proximity to defects.
3) The new technique uses a magnetostrictive strip adhered around the pipe that is scanned by a single transducer scanner to perform circumferential inspections and complement LRUT for inspecting shorter
This document discusses various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods including visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography (X-ray testing). It provides brief descriptions of each method and examples of their applications in evaluating materials and components without causing damage.
This study presents a new method for non-destructive testing (NDT) using infrared thermography combined with microwave excitation. The method is applied to detect defects in two types of samples - a concrete slab reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and a wooden plate with a metallic insert. A microwave excitation system using a magnetron and horn antenna is developed to heat the samples in a protective room. Thermograms show higher temperature rises in defect areas, indicating the potential of microwave excitation for detecting deeper defects compared to surface excitation methods. Initial results demonstrate the feasibility of using microwave excitation with infrared thermography for NDT applications in civil engineering structures.
The document describes a new broadband permeameter technique for measuring the complex permeability and permittivity of rectangular magnetic samples in-situ from 130 MHz to 7 GHz. The technique uses S-parameter measurements of an asymmetrical stripline containing the sample under test, and employs an optimization method to extract the electromagnetic properties of the sample by matching theoretical and measured effective parameters. Experimental results are presented to validate the quasistatic electromagnetic analysis approach used in the permeameter.
In this article from the January 2015 World Pipelines edition, Andre Lamarre, Business Development Manager - Power Generation and Pipeline Markets at Olympus NDT, writes about trusted UT inspection methods and new technique developments used to contribute to pipeline integrity.
More on Olympus ultrasonic flaw detectors: http://bit.ly/1zy3QUu
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This document summarizes research using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the protective properties of paint coatings on two bridges. EIS measurements were taken in the laboratory and in situ on the bridges. The results showed:
1) EIS provided information about coating properties like resistance, capacitance, and barrier effectiveness.
2) Coatings on external bridge surfaces exhibited high impedance and barrier properties. Coatings on internal surfaces showed signs of water penetration over time.
3) In situ bridge coating measurements correlated well with laboratory coating measurements, indicating EIS can effectively evaluate coatings on structures.
Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) tubes and pipes are extensively used un many applications including Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and high quality structures. Efficient in-line nondestructive testing techniques are needed to ensure that the weld quality meets applications standards.
This document provides an introduction to using lasers in non-destructive testing (NDT). It discusses three main laser testing methods: holography, shearography, and profilometry. Holography uses high-frequency vibration to identify irregular structures or disbonds. Shearography utilizes interferometry to identify out-of-plane deformation from subsurface flaws. Laser profilometry is preferred for cylindrical products like pipelines to assess corrosion. The document also covers ultrasonic flaw detection, describing how high-frequency sound waves can detect subsurface discontinuities using transmission and pulse-echo methods. Ultrasonic testing is widely used due to its safety, penetration, and ability to inspect thick sections.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a non-destructive testing method that uses an electron beam to produce high magnification and high-resolution images of a sample's surface. SEM has advantages over optical microscopes such as greater magnification up to 100,000x and depth of field 300x greater. SEM provides 3D imaging and little sample preparation is required. Applications include failure analysis, quality control, and examining integrated circuits, metals, ceramics, polymers, and biological samples.
Handheld Solution for Measurement of Residual Stresses on Railway Wheels usin...Innerspec Technologies
The braking process used on railroad cars is known to create tensile stresses in the circumferential direction due to the thermal expansion and subsequent cooling of the wheel rim. This tensile stress can significantly accelerate the growth of small cracks on the rolling surface which can cause a spall or catastrophic failure
of the wheel under load. By periodically evaluating the tensile stress, railroad companies can prevent wheel failures and derailments that can be extremely dangerous and costly. Innerspec Technologies has developed the first, portable, battery-operated handheld instrument that can be used to provide rail-side inspections and facilitate operation in any environment. The instrument is coupled with a proprietary, patent-pending, dual-channel sensor that does not need to be rotated during inspection thus simplifying the operation, increasing the reliability and accuracy of results, and reducing complexity and inspection cycle time.
This document summarizes an experimental study that measured the saturation thickness of granite and glass materials using gamma ray backscattering. Gamma rays from a 137Cs source were directed at samples of increasing thickness. The count rate of backscattered gamma rays was measured with a NaI detector and analyzed with spectroscopy software. The count rate increased linearly with thickness up to a saturation point, beyond which additional thickness did not increase the count rate. Determining this saturation thickness is important because thickness can be measured below it and density gauges operate above it. The experiment found saturation thicknesses for granite and glass, providing useful data for non-destructive testing using gamma ray backscattering.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This paper presents an experimental study of saturation thickness for granite and glass materials using gamma backscattering. Gamma backscattering is a non-destructive technique to determine thickness and density of materials. The study used a 137Cs radioactive source and gamma spectroscopy system to measure the count rate of backscattered gamma photons from granite and glass slabs of increasing thickness. It was found that for granite, the count rate increased linearly up to 1.2cm thickness and saturated at 2.2cm thickness. For glass, the count rate increased linearly up to 1.6cm and saturated at 2.4cm thickness. The saturation thickness depends on the material density and represents the limit where thickness measurement is possible using gamma backscattering.
This document summarizes an experimental study that measured the saturation thickness of granite and glass materials using gamma backscattering. Gamma backscattering is a non-destructive testing technique that can determine material thickness and density by detecting gamma photons backscattered from within a material. The experiment used a 137Cs radioactive source and gamma spectroscopy system to measure the backscattered gamma photon count rates from granite and glass slabs of increasing thickness. The results were analyzed to estimate the saturation thickness for each material, above which increasing thickness does not significantly increase the backscattered count rate.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for concrete structures, including rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing, and electromagnetic cover measurement. Rebound hammer testing evaluates surface hardness to estimate compressive strength, while UPV testing examines homogeneity and presence of flaws by measuring pulse transmission speed. Electromagnetic cover measurement detects rebar location and size beneath concrete surfaces. Factors affecting test results and interpretations are also discussed. The document aims to suggest NDT methodology and evaluate structures in a non-destructive manner.
Non destructive test in building construction Aditya Sanyal
This document provides an overview of various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for concrete structures, including rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing, electromagnetic cover measurement, radiography, and the latest automated scanning technologies. NDT methods allow assessment of concrete properties like strength and homogeneity without damaging the structure. Specific techniques are described, such as using a rebound hammer to obtain a rebound number correlated with compressive strength, or using UPV to measure pulse transit time and calculate velocity related to modulus of elasticity. Advantages of NDT include safety, ability to inspect hidden areas, and generation of permanent test records.
Behavior of Ultrasound Energy in the Presence of ObstacleIRJET Journal
This document discusses using ultrasound energy to detect obstacles embedded within concrete cubes. Ultrasound signals at 50kHz were passed through concrete cubes of varying grade (M20, M30, M40) and size (220mm, 320mm) with and without obstacles like plywood, thermocol, and rods. The ultrasound signal was captured and the energy was calculated using MATLAB. Tables show the area under the energy curve is lower when an obstacle is present, indicating energy absorption. Reinforcement did not significantly affect energy. This method can detect foreign objects in concrete and assess structural health.
Gravimetri Dersi için aşağıda ki videoları izleyebilirsiniz.
Link 01: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTyjVaVGx0k
Link 02: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUkfgI8XaOE
The document discusses gravity anomalies and density variations in different regions based on gravity data. It shows how gravity maps reveal details about crustal thickness, tectonic features like faults and volcanic zones, and plate boundaries. Specific examples discussed include the Tibetan Plateau, Central America subduction zone, an area in Chugoku, Japan, and the state of Florida in the US. Regional gravity data can be used to model density changes associated with plate tectonics, crustal evolution, and volcanic and tectonic activity.
The USF team reviewed a geophysical investigation of the Kar Kar region conducted by WesternGeco in 2011. They found that WesternGeco's magnetotelluric (MT) data and models were of high quality. Both the WesternGeco and USF MT models identified a low resistivity zone at 300m depth that correlates with a water-bearing zone found in Borehole 4. USF performed gravity modeling which identified a north-south trending basin reaching 1500m depth, consistent with mapped faults. A preliminary hydrothermal model suggested observed temperatures could result from deep circulation of meteoric waters in the basin without needing a localized heat source. Additional geophysical data is recommended around the Jermaghbyur hot springs to
This document summarizes a study that used gravity data to delineate underground structure in the Beppu geothermal field in Japan. Analysis of Bouguer anomaly maps revealed high anomalies in the southern and northern parts of the study area that correspond to known geological formations. Edge detection filtering of the gravity data helped identify subsurface faults, including the northern edge of the high southern anomaly corresponding to the Asamigawa Fault. Depth modeling of the gravity basement showed differences between the southern and northern hot spring areas, with steep basement slopes along faults in the south and uplifted basement in the north.
This document summarizes the development of a new ultra-high resolution model of Earth's gravity field called GGMplus. Key points:
- GGMplus combines satellite gravity data from GOCE and GRACE with terrestrial gravity data and topography to achieve unprecedented 200m spatial resolution globally.
- It provides gridded estimates of gravity, horizontal and radial field components, and quasi-geoid heights at over 3 billion points covering 80% of the Earth's land.
- GGMplus reveals new details of small-scale gravity variations and identifies locations of minimum and maximum gravity, suggesting peak-to-peak variations are 40% larger than previous estimates. The model will benefit scientific and engineering applications.
Gravity measurements were taken in a region of China covering the south-north earthquake belt in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005. Researchers noticed significant gravity changes in the region surrounding Wenchuan and suggested in 2006 that a major earthquake could occur there in 2007 or 2008. While gravity changes were significant at some locations, more research is needed to determine if they could be considered a precursor. Uncertainties exist from measurement errors, hydrologic effects, and crustal movements. Improved data collection and analysis could enhance using gravity monitoring for earthquake research.
The document provides guidelines for implementing the H/V spectral ratio technique using ambient vibration measurements to evaluate site effects. It recommends procedures for experimental design, data processing, and interpretation. The key recommendations include measuring for sufficient duration depending on expected frequency, using multiple measurement points, avoiding disturbances, and interpreting H/V peaks in context with geological and geophysical data. Reliable H/V peaks are defined as having a clear maximum within expected frequency ranges and uncertainties. The guidelines aim to help apply the technique while accounting for its limitations.
Geopsy yaygın olarak kullanılan profesyonel bir program. Özellikle, profesyonel program deneyimi yeni mezunlarda çok aranan bir özellik. Bir öğrencim çalışmasında kullanmayı planlıyor.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Shear Wave Tomography for Quality Control of Concrete
1. 17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct 2008, Shanghai, China
ULTRASONIC ECHO-PULSE TOMOGRAPHY OF CONCRETE USING
SHEAR WAVES LOW-FREQUENCY PHASED ANTENNA ARRAYS
Alexandr V. BISHKO 1, Andrey A. SAMOKRUTOV 2, Victor G. SHEVALDYKIN 2
1
Acoustic Control Systems, Moscow, Russia
Tel/Fax: +7 (495) 9847462, e-mail: abishko@acsys.ru
2
JSC MSIA “SPECTRUM”, Moscow Russia
Tel/Fax: +7 (495) 2443194, e-mail: market@acsys.ru
Abstract
The paper gives the description of up-to-date method for concrete testing based on the dry-
point contact ultrasonic transducers technology, advanced methods of computer tomography and
new techniques of signal processing using SAFT algorithm.
The authors explain the operating principles of Low-frequency ultrasonic Tomograph for
concrete A1040M MIRA, the main working element of which is 40 DPC shear wave transducers
antenna array. The A1040M MIRA tomographer is applicable for concrete testing using the
ultrasonic frequency range of 20-150 kHz. The main operation principle of the equipment is
pulse-echo tomography based on the coherent accumulation of reflected signals, received by
different elements of antenna array, with their further processing. The implemented SAFT
algorithm allows building the 3D data massive of structure’s reflected parameters in tested area
and then reviewing it in different sections and images.
The practical trials on different objects confirmed the applicability of the Tomograph
A1040M MIRA for the following testing tasks on reinforced concrete, monolith concrete and
other concrete objects:
• Thickness measurements up to 2 m;
• Testing of structure integrity by presence and level of backwall signal;
• Searching for location and estimation of sizes of different reflectors inside the
objects, localization of cable ducts, reinforcement bars, hollows, delaminations and other
discontinuity flaws;
• Estimation of integrity between hidden sides of concrete or tunnel paneling with
the solid grouting behind.
The paper also represents the signal processing methods, operation techniques and methodic,
allowing successful and efficient testing of objects from concrete with imaging the internal
structure of the objects in different areas and depths.
Key words: echo-pulse tomography, phased antenna array, shear wave, low frequency, concrete
inspection
Introduction
The wide application of concrete as the main building material as well as great number of
concrete newly built or requiring repair objects demand development of new equipment and
techniques for reliable and effective testing.
Among the available nondestructive testing techniques, including the Ground-penetrating
radar (GPR), X-rays, the Ultrasonic Tomographic Imaging based on shear wave pulse-echo
technique becomes more and more demanding due to its feasibility to more accurate and
2. effective detection of different defect types, higher resolution of testing and applicability for
deeper thicknesses of testing object at one-side access testing.
A1040M MIRA tomograph for concrete testing
The company Acoustic Control Systems Ltd., Moscow1 is well-known for researching the
pulse-echo technique for concrete testing and developing different types of equipment, based on
this technique. The latest development of the company, combining all the recent researches and
up-to-date technologies in this area, is the low-frequency ultrasonic tomograph for concrete
A1040M POLYGON (name on the Russian market), also known MIRA (which is an
International name), hereafter called the Tomograph. The Tomograph is based of pulse-echo
testing technique and provides almost in real-time imaging of the internal structure of testing
object on-site and without the delays.
The Tomograph is applicable for the following testing tasks:
• Thickness measurements of the objects up to 2 m;
• Testing of structure’s integrity by presence and level of backwall signal;
• Searching for location and estimation of sizes of different reflectors inside the objects,
localization of cable ducts, reinforcement bars, hollows, stratifications and other
discontinuity flaws;
• Estimation of integrity between hidden sides of concrete or tunnel paneling with the
solid filling behind.
The Tomograph utilizes a patented phased matrix array of 40 shear wave transducers,
organized in 10 units by 4 elements each and controlling unit of Laptop type for data
accumulation and processing. The Dry-Point Contact elements with individual spring loading to
the testing surface are used as elements of the antenna array. The frequency spectrum of signals
is from 30 to 120 kHz with the central operation frequency of 50 kHz. Sending and reception of
signals is made in combinations between the units. The space-time processing is based on SAFT-
C method [1, 2]. The photo of the Tomograph is represented on the fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Low-frequency ultrasonic tomograph for concrete testing A1040M MIRA (MIRA).
1
http://www.acsys.ru/
2
3. The testing with the Tomograph is proceeded as a step-by-step scanning of the testing object,
at that data from each position is accumulated and processed without the delays on-site. The final
result of testing is obtained on the display as a combination of several scans (B-, C- and D-scans)
of the tested area.
The Tomograph has four operating modes:
1. «Calibration». This more is used for calibration of the Tomograph to the concrete
characteristics of testing object: automatic measurement of average ultrasound velocity in the
concrete, necessary gain adjustment and setup of other parameters for clearer imaging of internal
structure.
2. «Explore». In this mode the data is reconstructed as B-Scan image from one position of the
array. It is used for quick estimation of the internal structure of testing object in random
positions. The operator places the antenna array in the point subjected to testing and receives the
B-Scan image of the structure under the antenna array. The depth of B-Scan can be 0.5, 1 or 2,5
m (as preset by the operator), the width of the scan reconstructed on the display is 0,5 m
according to the width of the array. This mode allows estimation of the concrete structure under
the array, measurement of the object’s thickness.
3. «Scan». This mode is for data acquisition from large areas of testing object and automatic
saving of results with all the current parameters, setups and calibration. It is used for data
collection from several positions of antenna arrays (line) when testing step-by-step moving the
antenna along the object with the preset step (for ex. 50 mm). At that the operator receives the B-
scans image of testing object in every position almost in real-time mode (the time for processing
and reconstruction is about 3 sec) on the display. The length of the scanning line is not limited.
The width of the scanned area is corresponding to the width of the antenna array and is about 0,5
m. At that the operator can make several lines, the data from each line will be saved in separate
file, containing raw data, available for further analysis by the operator.
4. «Review». This mode allows detailed analysis of the received in Scan mode testing results.
On the display the operator obtains the reconstructed image of the scanned area in three sections:
B-, C- and D-scans. The operator can review and explore in details the received images not
necessarily on site, but also in laboratory, as this mode is for analysis only and doesnot require
the connection of the antenna array.
Application examples
Fig. 2 shows the example of B-scan image (tomogram), received with the Tomograph
A1040M MIRA on the concrete block 400 mm thick with three drillings, running parallel to the
testing surface. The visualized image is perpendicular to the drillings, imitating the long
inclusions or defects inside the concrete structure. The large image corresponds to the larger
drilling 30 mm in diameter on the depth of 140 mm from the surface; the two drillings are 13
mm in diameters on depths 80 and 180 mm depths (images on the right). In the bottom is the
backwall image.
3
4. Fig. 2 The cross section image (B-scan) received with the Tomograph A1040M MIRA on
the concrete block 400 mm thick.
The given example shows high sensitivity and resolution of the Tomograph. The sizes of the
artificial reflectors – drillings are smaller then the wavelength and not more then 50 mm.
Another application example for the Tomograph A1040M MIRA is its application for testing
of paneling in tunnels. The important quality parameter for tunnels paneling is the quality of
concrete grouting between the panels and soils, influencing the reliability and durability of the
construction in general. According to tunnels building technology the area behind the concrete
paneling of tunnels (which is a load-carrying structure) is grouted with sand-cement mixture,
providing hermetic encapsulation of the tunnel. The presence of non-grouted areas is not
allowed, as the outer side of the panels is in free impact by the ground waters, destroying the
panels and the grouting quality.
The Tomograph A1040M MIRA was used for quality estimation of concrete paneling in
abuilding railway tunnel (see fig.3).
4
5. Fig.3 Application of the Tomograph A1040M MIRA for quality assessment of abuilding
railway tunnel near Krasnoyarsk.
The area between the panels and soils when building the tunnel is grouted with concrete
mixture. The solidity of this mixture is much lower then the solidity of the panels, therefore for
estimation of grouting quality behind the paneling the presence of backwall signal and its
intensity on the border between the panel and the grouting was chosen as an indicative
parameter.
In the areas of good grouting there is a low backwall signal appearing on the border, as the
main pulse energy is penetrating into the grouting mixture, at that the presence of the second or
third backwall reflection is improbable. In the other case when there is air instead of grouting
behind the paneling the operator receives the high-intensive backwall signal from the backside of
the panel and the multiple reflections from backwall can also appear.
As a model of no-grouting behind the paneling the free elements of paneling, not installed
yet, were accepted. As a model of well-grouted area was used an area in paneling where the
grouting was checked with pull-out test.
Fig. 4 represents the results as B-, C- and D-scans for both cases: non-grouted area behind
the paneling and well-grouted area behind the paneling.
a)
5
6. b)
Fig. 4. Images received with the Tomograph A1040M MIRA on the paneling: a) in case of
well-grouted area and b) non-grouted area. The thickness of paneling is 400 mm, the shear
waves ultrasound velocity is 2800 m/sec.
The given examples shows the applicability of the Tomograph both for thickness
measurements on concrete objects and for imaging the internal structure, visualizing the
positioning of reinforcement bars on different depths inside the panels. Both images are given in
the same way as they are represented on the display of the Tomograph.
The upper image is the C-scan - the view from the top - of the tested area. On the C-scan
image the positioning of reinforcements bars is clearly seen, the diameter of the reinforcement
bars according to the specification of the panels is 20 mm.
To the right is the B-scan image in one (chosen by the operator) position of the antenna array.
According to the scale on the top can be concluded that the top layer of reinforcement bars is on
the depth of 70 mm from the surface, the backwall signal corresponding to the thickness of the
panels is at 400 mm and above the backwall signal the light image of bottom layer of
reinforcement bars can be detected. The image of the bottom reinforcement layer does not
coincide with the upper reinforcement layer, which is confirmed by the construction drawings of
the panels and allows concluding that the images close to the bottom are the image of the
reinforcement bars and not the second reflection from the top reinforcement layer.
The lower section on the fig.4 is the D-scan – the section view from the side, the left scale at
that shows the depth and the upper scales – united for C- and D-scans gives the coordinates
along the scanning line. Both D-scans on the fig. 4 shows the top reinforcement bars layer and
the backwall signal.
In case of bad grouting or absence of grouting mixture behind the paneling the intensity of
the backwall signal is very high (shown with the red color on the image), at that the second
backwall reflection is clearly seen. In case of good grouting behind the paneling the intensity of
the backwall signals reduces significantly (the level of the backwall signal is not higher then the
level of signals from the reinforcement bars). The second backwall appears only in two places,
which can be the air holes behind the paneling.
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7. The similar testing task was solved with the Tomograph A1040M MIRA in the underground
tunnel of Moscow Metro, though in this case it was easier, due to the impedance difference of
the paneling material and grouting mixture. There was no backwall signal in the areas of
grouting behind the panels. The example images received on the paneling of Moscow Metro
underground tunnel are given on the fig, 5. There are two B-scans represented: one with the air
behind the paneling, another one with the grouting mixture.
Fig. 5 Images received at testing the underground tunnel of Moscow Metro: left – with
grouting behind the paneling and right – with air behind the paneling.
In case of air behind the paneling (fig. 5 right) there is a backwall signal of high intensity at
the depth of 200 mm, as well as multiple backwall reflections at 400, 600 and 800 mm, herewith
confirming that the panel contacts with the air or soft medium and the whole ultrasound energy is
reflected from the bottom of the panel and not penetrating further.
In case of presence of grouting mixture behind the paneling (fig. 5 left) the backwall signal
on the depth of 200 mm is of very low intensity, almost absent, the similar reflection appears at
400 mm. This allows concluding that the backside of the paneling is in good contact with the
grouting mixture filling up to 400 mm depth then changed with the soil. There are no multiple
reflections, confirming that the main ultrasound energy is penetrating to the soil due to the good
contact between the paneling, grouting mixture and soil.
There are bright spots on the depth between 50 and 100 mm on both images on fig 5, which
is the reinforcement, crossing the section in these positions of the antenna array.
The application area for the Tomograph A1040M MIRA is not only the concrete or
reinforced concrete testing, it can be also successfully used for quality and integrity estimation of
refractory blocks of different sizes.
7
8. Fig. 6 Refractory blocks from “BAKOR” material.
Fig. 7 Images received at testing the refractory block BK-37 from BAKOR material, the
shear wave ultrasound velocity in the material 4073 m/sec.
Fig. 6 and fig 7 represents the refractory blocks and testing results correspondingly. The
image (fig. 7) shows the example, received on the block with a defected integrity area at the
depth of 100 mm from testing surface, which lays in the area 700-1125 mm from the zero
scanning point. The area has a square form and resembles a kind of delamination.
The quality assessment of refractory blocks before dispatch to the customer and assembling
them into the final product significantly reduces the costs of repair due to the bad quality of the
blocks.
Conclusions
The given application examples for the Tomograph A1040M MIRA allows concluding its
applicability for the following tasks of testing the objects from concrete, reinforced concrete and
other similar materials:
8
9. (1) Estimation of adhesion between the dense medium to the hidden parts and surfaces of
concrete walls or panels;
(2) Detection, location coordinates and size estimation of different reflectors inside the
concrete objects, like ducts, reinforcement bars, honeycombing, delaminations, air hollows and
other;
(3) Estimation of structure integrity by the presence or absence of backwall signal and its
intensity;
(4) Thickness measurement (up to 2 m) of concrete objects at one-side access testing.
References
[1] Kozlov V. N., Samokrutov A. A., Shevaldykin V. G. Thickness Measurements and Flaw
Detection in Concrete Using Ultrasonic Echo Method. J. Nondestructive Testing and
Evaluation. – 1997, Vol. 13, pp. 73 - 84.
[2] Samokrutov A. A., Kozlov V. N., Shevaldykin V. G., Meleshko I. A. Ultrasonic
defectoscopy of concrete by means of pulse-echo technique. 8th European conference for
Non-Destructive Testing. Barcelona, 17 - 21 June, 2002.
[3]. A. Bishko Improvement of imaging at small depths fro acoustic tomography of reinforced
concrete objects. The 6 th International Conference “Non-Destructive Testing and Technical
Diagnostics in Industry”. Abstracts book. 15-17 of May 2007. Mashinostroenie – 1, 2007
[4] Samokrutov A. A., Kozlov V. N., Shevaldykin V. G. Ultrasonic testing of concrete objects
using dry acoustic contact. Methods, instruments and possibilities. The 5th International
Conference “Non-Destructive Testing and Technical Diagnostics in Industry”. Abstracts
book. 16-19 of May 2006. Mashinostroenie, p.152.
[5] A.A. Samokrutov, A.V. Bishko, V.G. Shevaldykin. Testing Technology of Refractory
Objects using Ultrasonic Low-Frequency Antenna Arrays. EC NDT, Berlin 2006.
September 25-29, 2006. Abstracts. Part 1, 9th European Conference on NDT. Tu.2.2.3.
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