The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along th...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of the stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along the Irrua-Auchi road in Nigeria. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to analyze the engineering properties of soils derived from different geologic formations underlying the road: the Ameki Formation, Imo Shale, and Ajali Sandstone. Results showed the soils had similar geotechnical properties but pavement deflections, indicating stability, varied with geology, with the most stable segment underlain by Ajali soils and the least stable by Imo shale soils. Stratification of underlying geologic units thus influenced the pavement performance.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
- Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was used to map the groundwater potential of an industrial estate in Ogbomoso, Nigeria using 10 soundings.
- The soundings revealed 3-4 layer earth models consisting of topsoil, weathered/clay layers, fractured basement, and fresh basement.
- Maps of overburden thickness, weathered layer properties, and bedrock relief identified the southern and eastern parts as most promising for groundwater development, with the northeastern part considered fair.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along th...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of the stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along the Irrua-Auchi road in Nigeria. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to analyze the engineering properties of soils derived from different geologic formations underlying the road: the Ameki Formation, Imo Shale, and Ajali Sandstone. Results showed the soils had similar geotechnical properties but pavement deflections, indicating stability, varied with geology, with the most stable segment underlain by Ajali soils and the least stable by Imo shale soils. Stratification of underlying geologic units thus influenced the pavement performance.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
- Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was used to map the groundwater potential of an industrial estate in Ogbomoso, Nigeria using 10 soundings.
- The soundings revealed 3-4 layer earth models consisting of topsoil, weathered/clay layers, fractured basement, and fresh basement.
- Maps of overburden thickness, weathered layer properties, and bedrock relief identified the southern and eastern parts as most promising for groundwater development, with the northeastern part considered fair.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geotechnical Assessment of Gully Erosion at Ankpa Area, North Central Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
Determining the Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of the Turonian Eze-Aku Shal...Premier Publishers
The Nigeria Benue Trough is an intracratonic rift structure whose evolution is related to the early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. Study of the lower Benue Trough has revealed that the lower Benue Trough is rich in organic matters and as such capable of yielding significant quantity of hydrocarbons. The Eze-Aku shale in Ibii area is located in the lower part of Benue Trough. Five (5) representative Turonian Eze-Aku Shale samples were collected and analyzed to assess the petroleum generative potential by sediment logical analysis. The Shale (Eze-Aku Shale) is dark grey in color and highly fissile. From analysis carried out the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of the Eze-Aku Shale sample from the five (5) sections ranges from 0.51 to 1.17wt. %. The amount of Organic Carbon Content exceeds the minimal 0.5 wt. % threshold for a potential source rock, which indicates that the Shale can generate oil and gas, also the percentage of Organic Matters (OM) as shown ranges from 91.90% to 98.00% suggest a high contribution of organic matter which supports the accumulation of hydrocarbon.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of climate variability on groundwater resources in the Kolondieba catchment basin in Mali. The researchers used historical climate and groundwater data along with downscaled global climate model data to build a groundwater flow model. The model was used to simulate past groundwater levels and predict future impacts of climate variability. The study found that groundwater levels have declined on average 2-15 cm per year from 1940-2008 due to decreasing rainfall. The model can help predict future groundwater levels using climate projections.
Geology and groundwater quality assessment of ido osi area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the geology and groundwater quality of the Ido/Osi area in southwestern Nigeria. Detailed geological mapping identified the dominant lithologic units as migmatites, gneisses, charnockites and granites. Water quality testing of 20 hand-dug wells found bacterial contamination above WHO standards and varying levels of physical and chemical parameters, though most were within WHO limits. The water chemistry showed moderate influence from the local bedrock. Regular monitoring is recommended given risks from contamination.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
This study investigated the aquifer characteristics of the Lafia sub-basin in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Hydrogeological surveys using electrical resistivity probes revealed predominately sandstone lithology down to 220 feet with argillites dominating below. The upper aquifer was found to be Lafia sandstone including the top sand of the Awqu Geological Formation comprising grey shales and occasional sandstone and limestone. Borehole drilling showed predominately fine to coarse sand and clay lithology down to 220 feet. The borehole yielded 3 liters/second with a static water level of 180 feet and 90 foot drawdown after 1 hour of pumping. This study characterized the aquifers of the Lafia sub-bas
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
1. The document discusses a case study of the Bhokani dyke located between Sangamner and Sinnar areas in India.
2. It finds that the presence of the dyke provides an important avenue for groundwater recharge in the region's shallow aquifers, acting as a source of irrigation and drinking water for local farmers.
3. The dyke controls the movement of groundwater in the area, and wells located along the dyke have a reliable water supply compared to other locations in the hard rock terrain where groundwater availability is poor.
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperThushan Igalawithana
1. The document discusses a study on the replenishment dynamics of the heavy mineral sand deposit in Verugal Beach, Sri Lanka. Samples were collected and analyzed before and after the Northeast monsoon season.
2. Analysis found that mean grain size and heavy mineral distribution decreased after the monsoon due to increased river discharge and longshore sediment transport. Ilmenite was the dominant mineral near the shoreline while garnet and zircon increased farther inland.
3. Beach width increased during the Southwest monsoon and decreased after the Northeast monsoon. The deposit replenishes more during the Southwest monsoon making it the optimal time for mining to be sustainable.
Lithofacies Analysis and Petroleum Potentials of Parts of Ikom-Mamfe Embaymen...Premier Publishers
An integrated study involving detailed lithofacies analysis and source rock evaluation were carried out to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and assess the petroleum potentials of the Ikom–Mamfe embayment, southeastern Nigeria. Sedimentological field mapping involving detailed description of lithologic characteristics and facies characterisation was carried out. Geochemical studies were carried out to determine the quantity of organic matter total organic carbon (TOC), soluble organic matter (SOM), the organic matter quality (organic matter type) and level of maturity. Results show that the dominant vertical succession of the various lithofacies indicate a general finning upward succession with basal massive pebbly sandstone, medium to coarse grained sandstones with intercalation of shale and mudstones. Seven lithofacies A to G, were identified. These include: conglomerates, massive pebbly sandstone, trough cross-bedded sandstone, planar cross-bedded sandstone, shale/mudstone facies. These facies were compared with established standard facies association for determining paleoenvironment of deposition. The facies analysis carried out pointed to fluvial (alluvial – braided) depositional system as the environment of deposition. TOC values range from 0.05 – 4.13 wt% indicating poor to excellent and SOM range from 200 – 6000 ppm indicating also poor to excellent. The amount of pyrolizable carbon derived as S1 and S2 peaks suggested that the source rocks possess organic matter capable of generating hydrocarbons. Hydrogen and oxygen indices (HI and OI) ranged from 0.24 to 656 and 0.53 to 61.90 mg/gTOC respectively. Analyses of the evaluated source rock shows that the hydrocarbon potential of the study area is lean and typically of a reworked terrestrial deposit of fluvial depositional system.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Investors have been avoiding the Okurike Barite due to paucity of
information on its economic worth in spite of the high demand for barites by the
local industries. This study was embarked upon to determine the spread and
industrial quality of the barite deposit in order to bridge the information gap. The
Okurike Barite mineralised site was investigated using geophysical Vertical
Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and
geological techniques. The geophysical data were acquired along three profiles
while the barite samples were analysed using the laboratory techniques in order to
determine their elemental compositions and physical characteristics. Results show
that the barites occur with gravels, breccias and weathered basement materials
within a very limited region. The resistivity values of the barite mineralised region
were observed to vary between 731 and ~1500 Ωm. The barites are characterised by
specific gravity of 4.4, density of 3.64 g/cm3, porosity of 28%, uniaxial compressive
strength of 29.4 kN/mm2 and water absorption capacity of 1.5%. The elements Ba
and Fe dominate the elemental composition with 77.28 and 19.98% respectively.
BaO, Fe2O3 and MnO are preferentially enriched with abundance of 71.28, 21.40
and 6.10% respectively. These results show that the industrial quality of the
Okurike Barite is high although its spread is limited.
Avaliability and Usage of Ict Resources for Chemistry Curriculum Delivery in ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In the process of drilling wells or carrying out treatment operations on the wells, the characteristics of the reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further away in the reservoir. During the stimulation exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation with the acid concentration and in reality, most crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent acid and this severely hinders production due to the high viscosities inherent with emulsions and also, some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to form solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow channels in the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and also due to its insoluble in most treating solutions. In this study, pressure transient analysis was performed on well J8 and K35 of an oil field in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of formation damage around the wellbore, a pre and post evaluation on the stimulation job to ascertain the efficacy of the stimulation job is also presented. Result show that it is very important to determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution to the problem in order to increase the well’s productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion, partial penetration or slanting of well does not require stimulation and if the field’s operators go ahead to stimulate, they will only end up in wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin cannot be removed by stimulation.
Geotechnical Assessment of Gully Erosion at Ankpa Area, North Central Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
Determining the Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of the Turonian Eze-Aku Shal...Premier Publishers
The Nigeria Benue Trough is an intracratonic rift structure whose evolution is related to the early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. Study of the lower Benue Trough has revealed that the lower Benue Trough is rich in organic matters and as such capable of yielding significant quantity of hydrocarbons. The Eze-Aku shale in Ibii area is located in the lower part of Benue Trough. Five (5) representative Turonian Eze-Aku Shale samples were collected and analyzed to assess the petroleum generative potential by sediment logical analysis. The Shale (Eze-Aku Shale) is dark grey in color and highly fissile. From analysis carried out the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of the Eze-Aku Shale sample from the five (5) sections ranges from 0.51 to 1.17wt. %. The amount of Organic Carbon Content exceeds the minimal 0.5 wt. % threshold for a potential source rock, which indicates that the Shale can generate oil and gas, also the percentage of Organic Matters (OM) as shown ranges from 91.90% to 98.00% suggest a high contribution of organic matter which supports the accumulation of hydrocarbon.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of climate variability on groundwater resources in the Kolondieba catchment basin in Mali. The researchers used historical climate and groundwater data along with downscaled global climate model data to build a groundwater flow model. The model was used to simulate past groundwater levels and predict future impacts of climate variability. The study found that groundwater levels have declined on average 2-15 cm per year from 1940-2008 due to decreasing rainfall. The model can help predict future groundwater levels using climate projections.
Geology and groundwater quality assessment of ido osi area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the geology and groundwater quality of the Ido/Osi area in southwestern Nigeria. Detailed geological mapping identified the dominant lithologic units as migmatites, gneisses, charnockites and granites. Water quality testing of 20 hand-dug wells found bacterial contamination above WHO standards and varying levels of physical and chemical parameters, though most were within WHO limits. The water chemistry showed moderate influence from the local bedrock. Regular monitoring is recommended given risks from contamination.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
This study investigated the aquifer characteristics of the Lafia sub-basin in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Hydrogeological surveys using electrical resistivity probes revealed predominately sandstone lithology down to 220 feet with argillites dominating below. The upper aquifer was found to be Lafia sandstone including the top sand of the Awqu Geological Formation comprising grey shales and occasional sandstone and limestone. Borehole drilling showed predominately fine to coarse sand and clay lithology down to 220 feet. The borehole yielded 3 liters/second with a static water level of 180 feet and 90 foot drawdown after 1 hour of pumping. This study characterized the aquifers of the Lafia sub-bas
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
1. The document discusses a case study of the Bhokani dyke located between Sangamner and Sinnar areas in India.
2. It finds that the presence of the dyke provides an important avenue for groundwater recharge in the region's shallow aquifers, acting as a source of irrigation and drinking water for local farmers.
3. The dyke controls the movement of groundwater in the area, and wells located along the dyke have a reliable water supply compared to other locations in the hard rock terrain where groundwater availability is poor.
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperThushan Igalawithana
1. The document discusses a study on the replenishment dynamics of the heavy mineral sand deposit in Verugal Beach, Sri Lanka. Samples were collected and analyzed before and after the Northeast monsoon season.
2. Analysis found that mean grain size and heavy mineral distribution decreased after the monsoon due to increased river discharge and longshore sediment transport. Ilmenite was the dominant mineral near the shoreline while garnet and zircon increased farther inland.
3. Beach width increased during the Southwest monsoon and decreased after the Northeast monsoon. The deposit replenishes more during the Southwest monsoon making it the optimal time for mining to be sustainable.
Lithofacies Analysis and Petroleum Potentials of Parts of Ikom-Mamfe Embaymen...Premier Publishers
An integrated study involving detailed lithofacies analysis and source rock evaluation were carried out to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and assess the petroleum potentials of the Ikom–Mamfe embayment, southeastern Nigeria. Sedimentological field mapping involving detailed description of lithologic characteristics and facies characterisation was carried out. Geochemical studies were carried out to determine the quantity of organic matter total organic carbon (TOC), soluble organic matter (SOM), the organic matter quality (organic matter type) and level of maturity. Results show that the dominant vertical succession of the various lithofacies indicate a general finning upward succession with basal massive pebbly sandstone, medium to coarse grained sandstones with intercalation of shale and mudstones. Seven lithofacies A to G, were identified. These include: conglomerates, massive pebbly sandstone, trough cross-bedded sandstone, planar cross-bedded sandstone, shale/mudstone facies. These facies were compared with established standard facies association for determining paleoenvironment of deposition. The facies analysis carried out pointed to fluvial (alluvial – braided) depositional system as the environment of deposition. TOC values range from 0.05 – 4.13 wt% indicating poor to excellent and SOM range from 200 – 6000 ppm indicating also poor to excellent. The amount of pyrolizable carbon derived as S1 and S2 peaks suggested that the source rocks possess organic matter capable of generating hydrocarbons. Hydrogen and oxygen indices (HI and OI) ranged from 0.24 to 656 and 0.53 to 61.90 mg/gTOC respectively. Analyses of the evaluated source rock shows that the hydrocarbon potential of the study area is lean and typically of a reworked terrestrial deposit of fluvial depositional system.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Investors have been avoiding the Okurike Barite due to paucity of
information on its economic worth in spite of the high demand for barites by the
local industries. This study was embarked upon to determine the spread and
industrial quality of the barite deposit in order to bridge the information gap. The
Okurike Barite mineralised site was investigated using geophysical Vertical
Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and
geological techniques. The geophysical data were acquired along three profiles
while the barite samples were analysed using the laboratory techniques in order to
determine their elemental compositions and physical characteristics. Results show
that the barites occur with gravels, breccias and weathered basement materials
within a very limited region. The resistivity values of the barite mineralised region
were observed to vary between 731 and ~1500 Ωm. The barites are characterised by
specific gravity of 4.4, density of 3.64 g/cm3, porosity of 28%, uniaxial compressive
strength of 29.4 kN/mm2 and water absorption capacity of 1.5%. The elements Ba
and Fe dominate the elemental composition with 77.28 and 19.98% respectively.
BaO, Fe2O3 and MnO are preferentially enriched with abundance of 71.28, 21.40
and 6.10% respectively. These results show that the industrial quality of the
Okurike Barite is high although its spread is limited.
Avaliability and Usage of Ict Resources for Chemistry Curriculum Delivery in ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In the process of drilling wells or carrying out treatment operations on the wells, the characteristics of the reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further away in the reservoir. During the stimulation exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation with the acid concentration and in reality, most crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent acid and this severely hinders production due to the high viscosities inherent with emulsions and also, some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to form solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow channels in the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and also due to its insoluble in most treating solutions. In this study, pressure transient analysis was performed on well J8 and K35 of an oil field in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of formation damage around the wellbore, a pre and post evaluation on the stimulation job to ascertain the efficacy of the stimulation job is also presented. Result show that it is very important to determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution to the problem in order to increase the well’s productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion, partial penetration or slanting of well does not require stimulation and if the field’s operators go ahead to stimulate, they will only end up in wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin cannot be removed by stimulation.
Socio-cultural Study of the Unattended Urban Poor (Study of the Poor in the C...theijes
This study was conducted in capital city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study objectives were to find out factors that cause the poverty of the unattended poor in urban areas as well as to determine the most appropriate form of intervention suiting their condition. The research method was case study with qualitative approach through in-depth interview. Sampling was done through snowball sampling technique. The number of sample saturated after the informant reached 10 persons. The research population was the urban poor working as beggars, scavengers, and casual labourers. They live and earn a living in the city of Kendari. To obtain reliable data the research used sources triangulation, time triangulation, and techniques triangulation. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The unattended urban poor in this region are poor people, most of whom are poor of property, poor of knowledge, poor of morals and poor of faith (religion). They are poor of faith for not performing the command of God and performing activities prohibited by Allah instead; (2) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who suffer structural poverty as they have no access to decent work, receive no attention from the government and rich people nearby as well as often beyond the reach of formal assistance structure. In addition, they accept zakah (alms-giving) or social aid as sympathy to survive; (3) The unattended urban poor in this area are commonly coming migrants who do not possess production factors of land unless their workforce only; (4) A few of the unattended urban poor in this region is culturally poor since they do not want to be regulated, be lazy and disobedient and it accounts for why some of them survive by expecting the mercy of others, even stealing and taking away the rights of others; (5) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who are in need of both psychological and social empowerment in terms of knowledge, mental and faith.
Castellated beam optimization by using Finite Element Analysis: A Review.theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
Tdtd-Edr: Time Orient Delay Tolerant Density Estimation Technique Based Data ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Design and Analysis of Solar Powered RC Aircrafttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Acoustic Parameters of acetic acid in benzene at 3 MHz.theijes
In present study, Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with benzene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
Hand gesture recognition using support vector machinetheijes
1) The document describes a system for hand gesture recognition using support vector machines. It uses Canny's edge detection algorithm and histogram of gradients (HOG) for feature extraction from input images of hand gestures.
2) The system is trained using a dataset of predefined hand gestures. During testing, it compares the features extracted from new input images to those in the training dataset and classifies the gesture using an SVM classifier.
3) Experimental results found the system could accurately recognize 20 different static hand gestures in complex backgrounds. However, the authors note that future work could focus on real-time gesture recognition and reducing complexity for faster processing.
Study of the mechanical fracture behavior of rigid PVC pipes buried supply of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Feasibility of an eco – friendly disposal method for Iron ore tailingstheijes
The greatest challenge ahead of the Iron ore mining industry is to tackle the issues related to management of tailings. The tailing disposal and storage methods are sensitive to the environment and care must be taken to keep them at the helm. The method being practiced for disposing the tailings is as thickener underflow at around 45% solids. The development of paste thickener & deep cone thickener are encouraging and can dispose tailings at around 65% solids. However, they are yet to be established over different range of mineral tailings and also the economic aspects related to their transportation are yet to be resolved. Thus the development of improved tailing disposal system is of paramount importance and need of the hour. Filtration of tailings after thickening is an alternative to current practices. However, the suitability of this application is to be assessed for tailings of different nature. In this perspective an attempt has been made to assess the filterability of tailings generated from beneficiation of slimes from Donimalai area. From the studies it is evident that the application of filtration process to these tailings is encouraging. By adopting pressure filtration technique it was possible to produce filtered tailings with moisture in the range of 16 - 21%. It is possible to get the filtration rate in the range of 200 – 300 Kg/hr/m2 while operating in the aforesaid moisture range. The greatest advantage ascertained is in the reduction in volume of tailings to be disposed by around 63% which is significant apart from increase in the water recovery by about 10%.
Solar Tracker Module with Automated Module Cleaning Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
The influence of organizational culture, ethical awareness and experience to ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
This document analyzes the performance of a 75MW steam power plant. It uses energy analysis, thermodynamic second law analysis (exergy), and Rankine cycle analysis. Experimental data from the plant was used to calculate various efficiencies. The results showed that increasing the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiencies of the plant. Additionally, as the condenser pressure increases, the plant efficiency decreases. The condenser pressure should be reduced to decrease irreversibilities in the system. Operating the plant above 50% capacity also helps minimize energy wastage by generating more steam even when not all is being used. Key components like the boiler, turbine, condenser and pumps were modeled to identify sources of energy and
Test Rig of Free End Torsion Effect on Linear Straintheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a study on variations in groundwater flow potential in parts of Imo State, Nigeria. Ten boreholes across the study area underlain by the Benin Formation were investigated. Transmissivity values, which indicate groundwater flow potential, ranged from 311.04 to 388,800 m2/day. The highest potential was at Futo borehole, while the lowest was at Uratta. The study area was segmented into areas of moderate and high potential. Areas with lower hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values generally had moderate potential, while others with higher values had high potential. The groundwater flow potential model shows potential increases from north to south. The transmissivity values obtained can support sustainable groundwater
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of vertical thermal and dissolved oxygen trends on fish species in Oguta Lake, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from various depths and analyzed for temperature and dissolved oxygen over one year. The results show that temperature generally decreases with depth, from 22-28.4°C near the surface to 22-24.5°C deeper in the lake. Dissolved oxygen also decreases with depth. These vertical trends indicate that Oguta Lake is thermally stratified and eutrophic. Certain temperature and oxygen levels are favorable for fish spawning, growth and migration. Some fish are more active near the surface and susceptible to catching, while others prefer deeper waters. The hypolimnion shows
Subsurface Sedimentary Thickness and Structural types of Formations in Imo St...IIJSRJournal
Imo State is part of the Niger Delta of Nigeria that is blessed with a lot of natural resources. These have not been fully exploited and subsurface information of the region is needed to enhance the exploration of these resources. In this work airborne gravity data obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency has been interpreted to obtain information on the structural types, sedimentary thickness and hydrocarbon potentials of the state. These were archived by use of Oasis Montaj software. The residual gravity anomaly was first extracted from the field data with a polynomial operation and then enhanced by a high pass filter before gridding, modelling and depth estimation, using inverse and forward modelling and Euler deconvolution operation. The results reveal syncline and anticline structures with strike angles of varying degrees and strike-slip faults. The depth to evaluated anomalous bodies was between 4,001 m and 9,439 m, all located in the Ameki and Imo Formations which are composed of sandstones and shales. The structures and formations they occur are favorable environments for hydrocarbon habitation as is common in the Niger delta basin. The Euler depth estimates gave sedimentary thickness ranges of 113.5 m to 8,717 m and falls within basement depths in the Niger Delta
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document analyzes the hydrochemical facies and water quality of coastal aquifers in eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Hydrogeological investigations found the aquifers are largely unconfined sands with some semi-confined areas. Water quality analysis of 140 groundwater samples found wide ranges and high standard deviations, indicating substantial quality differences within the study area. Six hydrochemical facies were identified using geochemical plots: Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl, and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. Saltwater intrusion between 5-185m and high iron between 20-175m were found natural
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
A rank reduced analysis of runoff components and their response patterns to ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the response patterns of different runoff components (surface flow, interflow, groundwater flow, dry season flow, wet season flow, and total runoff) to basin parameters in northern Nigeria. The study used data from 30 sub-basins in the Upper Kaduna catchment area over an 11-year period. Factor regression analysis identified the most significant factors influencing each runoff component. The results showed the runoff components respond slightly differently to basin variables. Lumping different flow types together could amount to overgeneralization. More studies are needed on runoff response in northern Nigerian basins.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo, Southwestern Nigeria
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 11 || Pages || PP -29-39|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa
Polytechnic Owo, Southwestern Nigeria
1
O.O. Falowo, 2
A.O. Daramola , 3
O.O. Ojo
1,2,3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic,
Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------
Geophysical investigation was conducted at Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Southwestern, Nigeria with the aim of
evaluating the groundwater potential in the area. The geophysical survey involved Very Low Frequency
Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). A total of twenty seven (27) traverses were
established along West – East and Southwest – Northeast direction in the studied area; covering a total distance of
8.45 km. The lengths of the traverses vary between 110 m and 920 m. Measurements were taken at 10 m spacing
along the traverses for the VLF-EM. The result of the VLF-EM was used to determine the data point for the VES.
The VLF-EM result reveals the presence of conductive zones. The geoelectric section revealed 3 to 5 major layers
comprising the topsoil, clay, laterite, weathered layer, partly weathered layer/fractured basement, and fresh
basement rock. The topsoil has resistivity that varies between 46 Ω-m and 1644 Ω-m, and depth that ranges from 0.3
m to 19.8 m. It is composed of clay/sandy clay, clayey sand, lateritic clay and laterite. The clay substratum has
resistivity that ranges from 20 to 95 Ω-m and depth that varies from 1.5 m and 9.3 m. Laterite is characterized by
resistivity that varies between 106 Ω-m and 1223 Ω-m with thickness that varies from 0.8 m to 11.4 m. The
weathered layer which constitutes the first aquiferous zone and is characterized by resistivity that ranges between
28 Ω-m and 823 Ω-m, while its thickness varies from 0.4 m to 144.2 m. The composition of the weathered layer is
predominantly clayey sand indicating an aquitard i.e. a subsurface geological formation that stores but fairly
transmit water. The partly weathered layer/Fractured aquifer is the second aquiferous zone; it has resistivity that is
between 16 Ω-m and 914 Ω-m with thickness in the range of 0.3 m to 148.6 m. The fresh basement has resistivity
values that vary from 327 Ω-m to 17578 Ω-m. The low resistivity values (< 500 Ω-m) are due to screening effect by
the overlying conductive material. The weathered layer and fractured basement aquifers correlate the suspected
water filled geologic formation observed by the VLF-EM. Therefore the area shows a very good prospect for
groundwater development.
Keywords – aquiferous zone, conductive material, geological formation, geophysical investigation, groundwater
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 14 November 2015 Date of Accepted: 30 November 2015
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Access to clean water is a human right and a basic requirement for economic development. The safest kind of water
supply is the use of groundwater. Groundwater accounts for about 98 % of the world‟s fresh water and is fairly
evenly distributed throughout the world. It provides a reasonable constant supply which is not completely
susceptible to drying up under natural condition unlike fresh water. Water from beneath the ground has been for
domestic use, irrigation and livestock. Lakes, swamps, reservoirs and rivers account for 3.5 % and soil moisture
accounts for only 1.5 % ([4]).
The works of ([1], [3]) revealed that it is necessary to monitor water quality on regular basis. Since groundwater
normally has a natural protection against pollution by the covering layers, only minor water treatment is required.
Detailed knowledge on the extent, hydraulic properties, and vulnerability of groundwater reservoirs is necessary to
enable a sustainable use of the resources. The total replenishable water resource in Nigeria is estimated at 319 billion
cubic metres, while the groundwater component is estimated at 52 billion cubic metres. Nigeria has adequate surface
and groundwater resources to meet its current water demands. However, in spite of the tremendous efforts put by the
various Governments to improve access to potable water supply to all Nigerians, estimates shows that only 58% of
the inhabitants of the urban and semi-urban areas and 39% of rural areas have access to portable water supply.
2. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
Water shortages are acute in some major centres and in numerous rural communities due to a variety of factors
including variations in climatic conditions, drought increasing demands, distribution system losses, and breakdown
of works and facilities. Other challenges facing the sector include funding constraints for improving and
rehabilitating broken down schemes, competition between water users, pollution from point and non-point sources
and lack of competent and skilled human resources.
1.1 Description of the Project Environment
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, is located in Owo “Fig. 1” which is within the south western part of
Nigeria. The institution “Fig. 2” is situated in Owo local Government of Ondo State “Fig. 3”. It lies within
longitudes 6 ̊ 00ˡ E and 5 ̊ 30ˡ E and latitudes 7 ̊ 30ˡ N and 7 ̊ 00ˡ N. The study area is easily accessible by roads like
Ikare – Owo highway, Benin – Ifon highway and Akure – Owo highway.
1.2 Geomorphology, Climate and Vegetation
Owo is relatively flat, as the terrain ranges from 940 ft to 1100 ft “Fig. 4”. The terrain slopes from Rugipo down to
Isuada town “Fig. 5”. Elevation is much higher at Ikare Junction and lower around Emure and Isuada towns. In
RUGIPO, the topography ranges from 311 m to 342 m above the sea level. The study area has a gently undulating
topography. The area lies geographically within the tropical rain forest belt of hot and wet equatorial climatic region
characterized by alternating wet and dry climate seasons ([6]), which is strongly controlled by seasonal fluctuation
in the rate of evaporation.
The available rain data shows that mean annual rainfall ranges from 1000 mm - 1500 mm and mean temperature
of 24 ̊ C to 27 ̊ C. There is rapid rainfall during the month of March and cessation during the month of November.
June and September are the critical month when rainfall is usually on the high side. The vegetation is of tropical
rainforest and is characterized by thick forest of broad-leaved trees that is ever green. The vegetation of the area
(especially in undeveloped areas) is dense and made up of palm trees, kolanut trees and cocoa trees. Part of this area
is also made the school farm.
1.3 Geology of the Studied Area
The area of study falls within the Southwestern basement rock “Fig. 6” which is part of Nigerian Basement
complex. The area is underlain mainly by rocks of the Migmatite - Gneiss Complex “Fig. 7”. RUGIPO is
predominantly underlain by quartzite, granite and granite gneiss “Fig. 8”.
Quartzite is the most dominant rock; which mineralogically contains quartz dominating mineral, other minerals
such as muscovite, tremolite, microcline and biotite are common as well. Quartzites which are prominent as ridge
vary in texture from massive to schistocity due to the presence of flaky minerals like mica.
II. METHODS OF STUDY
Twenty seven traverses were established in W-E and SW-NE direction with length that varies between 110 m and
920 m “Fig. 9”. The total length of the traverses established is 8450 m (8.45 km).
Figure 1: Road/Administrative Map of Ondo State
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Irele
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State Boundary
025 25 Km
3. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
Figure 2: Land-Use Master Plan of RUGIPO
Figure 3: Map of Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State
O.S.P.O. CONSULT
ACTIVITY AREA
AREA FOR
FUTURE
AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
GAMES RESERVE
RESERVATION
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Faculties/Conference
Centres
Administrative Blocks/
Conference Centres
School Boundary
Hostel
Management Staff Quarters
Lecture Halls/Existing Buildings
New Sport Complex
Artificial Lake/Pond
StadiumGate
R.C. Recreation Ground
S.U.B. Student Union Building
C.S. Corner Shop
O.S.P.O. Ondo State Polytechnic, Owo
W.T. Waste Treatment
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RUGIPO
Towns and Villages
Rivers and Streams
LEGEND
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SCALE
4. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
Figure 4: Topographical map of Owo and Environs
Figure 5: 3-D Surface Elevation Map around the studied Area
5. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
Figure 6: Geological sketch map of Nigeria showing the major geological component; Basement,
Younger Granites, and Sedimentary Basins ([5]).
Figure 7: Geological Map of Owo and Environs, showing the Study Area ([5]).
Owo
Study Area
6. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 34
Figure 8: Geological Map of RUGIPO
Figure 9: Data Acquisition Map of the Study Area
N
OSPO CONSULT
ESTATE AREA
CEDED AREA
Management Quarters
AREA FOR FUTURE
AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
AGRIC
EXTENSION
AREA
HOSTEL
GAMES RESERVE
RESERVATION
Atamopere
Stream
STAFF
CLUB
HOSTEL
SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS
STUDIES
SENIOR STAFF
QUARTERS
EXPANSION
Ope
Stream
From Akure
To Oluku
344000E 345000 346000 347000 348000 349000 350000E
344000E 345000 346000 347000 348000 349000 350000E
356000N
357000
358000
359000
360000
361000
361250N
356000N
357000
358000
359000
360000
361000
361250N
Quarry
560m 0 560 m
Quartzite
Granite Gneiss / Granite
Dam Quarry
Ceded Area
Stream
LEGEND
SUB
S.S.
STADIUM
ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING
HEALTH
CENTRE
FACULTY OF GENERAL STUDIES/
MASS COMMUNICATION DEPT
SchoolFarm
LOW RISE
MANAGEMENT
QUARTERS
356000N 347000E
357000
357750
348000E
0
To Akure
To Ifon
Road
Grid Lines
Gate
Traverse Line
(VLF & Magnetic)
200 m
GUEST
HOUSEARTISAN
LIBRARY
ICT
Hostel
Hostel
Block-Five
POULTRY
Millenium Lecture
Theatre
CEDEDAREA
Minor Path
VES Point
SCALE:
LEGEND
Stream
Tr.1
Tr.19
Tr.2
Tr.3
Tr.4
Tr.5
Tr.6
Tr.7
Tr.8
Tr.9
Tr.10
Tr.11
Tr.12
Tr.13
Tr.14
Tr.15
Tr.16
Tr.17
Tr.18
Tr.20
Tr.21
Tr.22
Tr.23
Tr.24
Tr.25
SchoolFarm
SchoolFarm
Tr.26
Tr.27
Borehole Location
Hand Dug
Well Location
B.Tech.
Est.
Mgt
V1 V2
V3
V4 V5
V6
V7
V8 V9 V10
V11
V12
V13
V14
V15
V16
V17
V18
V19
V20
V21
V22
V23
V24
V25
V26
V27
V28
V29
V30V31
V32
V33
V34 V35
V36 V37
V38 V39 V40
V41
V42
V43
V44
V45
V46 V47
V48 V49 V50 V51
V52
V53
V54
V55
V56 V57 V58
V59
V60 V61
V62
V63
V64 V65
V66
V67
V68
V69 V70
V71
V72
V73 V74 V75
Tr.1 Traverse Number
V8 VES Number
VLF & Magnetic
Data Point
7. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 35
2.1 VLF-EM Survey
The VLF - EM method utilized the inline profiling technique. The measurements were taken at 10 m intervals along
each traverse. The ABEM – WADI EM-VLF was used for the measurements. Although both real and quadrature
components of the VLF-EM field were measured, the real component data, which are usually more diagnostic of
linear features, were processed. The real and filtered real components were plotted against stations position using
„KHFFILT‟ software version 1.0 ([7]). The 2-D modeling of the filtered real component was carried out using the
same software. The profiles were interpreted qualitatively by visual inspection of anomalies (conductor) that are
diagnostic of possible geological structures in the bedrock while the 2-D modeling output was used for quantitative
interpretation.
2.2 Electrical Resistivity Survey
The electrical resistivity method utilized Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger array. The
same traverses were used in each locality as in VLF method. Sounding stations were determined from conductive
zones delineated by the VLF – EM. The location of each sounding stations in both geographic and Universal
Traverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates was recorded with the aid of the GARMIN 12 channel personal navigator -
Geographic Positioning System (GPS) - unit. The instrument used for the resistivity data collection was the Omega.
The current electrode spacing (AB/2) was varied from 1 m to 225 m. The apparent resistivity(𝜌 𝑎) resistivity
measurements at each station were plotted against electrode spacing (AB/2) on bilogarithmic graph sheets.
The resulting curves were then inspected visually to determine the nature of the subsurface layering. In each way,
each curve was characterized depending upon the number and nature of the subsurface layers.
Partial curve matching ([9]) was carried out for the quantitative interpretation of the curves. The results of the
curve matching (layer resistivities and thicknesses) were fed into the computer as starting model parameter in an
iterative forward modeling technique using RESIST version 1.0 ([10]). From the interpretation results, geoelectric
sections along the traverses were produced. The interpreted result was considered satisfactory since a good fit of
RMS between the field curves and computer generated curves.
III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
3.1 Field Curves
The number of layers varies between 3-layers and 6-layers. Nine curve types have been identified in the study area:
KH, HKH, H, KHKH, QH, HK, KQ, AK, and KAH. The most occurring curve types identified are KH and HKH
curve types “Fig. 10”. The root mean square (RMS) error of the generated curves ranges between 1.8 and 10.7; this
shows models of well smoothened, iterated curves ([2]).
3.2. 2-D VLF – EM Modeling and Geoelectric
Section
The 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF – EM along Traverse 2 is shown in “Fig. 11a”. The 2-D
structure reveals one strongly conductive zone located around 45 and 87 m. This structure has a depth greater than
20 m. This conductive is suspected to be a thick weathered zone or fractured zone. The geoelectric section along this
Traverse shows that VES 1, 2 and 3 have thick weathered layer indicating good aquiferous unit for groundwater
prospect. The most occurring resistivity range of 400 Ω-m – 700 Ω-m suggests a clayey sand/sand formation which
is an aquitard i.e. a subsurface geological formation that can store water but poorly transmits.
“Fig. 12” displays the 2-D modeling of the VLF-EM and the geoelectric section along Traverse 8. The 2-D
model identifies a highly resistive body suspected to be an outcropping basement at 25 m; and water filled
geological formation with a highly weathered/fractured zone between distances 48 and 75 m and 10 and 40 m
respectively. The depth of this strongly conductive target ranges between 0 and 35 m. The zone will be good for
groundwater development.
Figure 10: Bar-Chat of Curve Types obtained from the Study Area
8. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 36
(a)
(b)
Figure 11: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 2
(a)
(b)
Figure 12: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 8
20 40 60 80
320
325
330
335
Depth(m)
Distance (m)
VES 6 VES 7
W E
199
575
52
3061
10
0
5 m
10 m
LEGEND
Partly Weathered Layer/
Fracture Basement
Top soil
Fresh Basement
Resistivity785
Laterite Weathered Layer
( -m )
1644
283
136
661
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
Depth(m)
171
VES 22 VES 23
VES 24
SW NE
141
719
1406
40
376
60
219
1474
562
84
327
270
64
522
5 m
LEGEND
Weathered Layer 64Top soil
Partly Weathered Layer/
Fractured Basement
Fresh Basement
Resistivity ( -m )
20 m
Existing Borehole
Location 4
0
9. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 37
The geoelectric section “Fig. 12b” along this Traverse revealed that weathered layer and the fractured basement
(unconfined) constitute the major aquifers as evidenced by the existing boreholes under VES 24 with resistivity that
ranges between 64 Ω-m and 562 Ω-m; and 40 Ω-m and 522 Ω-m respectively. The composition of the weathered
layer is predominantly clayey sand. The thickness of the weathered layer varies from 5 m to 50 m.
The 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF – EM along Traverse 10 is shown in “Fig.13a”. The 2-
D structure reveals a strongly conductive zone suspected to be water filled geological formation with a highly
weathered /fracture zone at distances between 70 and 115 m. The 2-D also identified a very poor conductive zone
typical of lateritic hard pan between distances 10 and 60 m. Both have a depth extent greater than 20 m. The 2-D
model corroborates the thickly weathered layer (with thickness greater than 20 m) under VES 29 but thin under VES
28. The resistivity of this weathered layer which constitutes the major aquifer unit along this Traverse varies from 28
Ω-m to 229 Ω-m
“Fig. 14” displays the 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF-EM and the geoelectric section along
Traverse 12. The top of the main conductive target (at distance 80 m) as indicated by the 2-D model correlates with
the geoelectric section “Fig. 14b” which identifies this target as a low resistivity (< 50 Ω-m) suspected to be a clayey
material.
The 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF – EM along Traverse 21 is shown in “Fig. 15a”. It
identifies a strongly conductive feature suspected to be water filled geological formation/weathered zone or
fractured zone at distances between 15 m and 45 m. This conductive target has a depth extent of 25 m. The
geoelectric section delineates this feature as a low resistivity geomaterial composed of clay weathered layer and
clayey sand as the topsoil. Therefore, the aquifer unit along this Traverse is clay with resistivity that is generally less
than 100 Ω-m.
“Fig. 16” displays the 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF-EM and the geoelectric section along
Traverse 25. The 2-D “Fig. 16a” model identifies a strongly conductive cross cutting linear feature at distance 400
m. This conductive target has a depth extent greater than 60 m. The presence of this cross cutting linear structure is
indicative of weak/incompetent geologic formation. However, on the geoelectric section beneath VES 66 where this
cross cutting feature occurred, it‟s revealed as fractured basement at a shallow depth (less than 10 m).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Geophysical investigation of Rufus Giwa of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic has been carried out, with the aim of
evaluating the groundwater potential of the institution. The 2-D modeling real component of the VLF-EM revealed
the presence of conductive zones which were used as data points for the vertical electrical soundings. The
geoelectric section revealed 3 to 5 major layers comprising the topsoil, clay, laterite, weathered layer, partly
weathered layer/fractured basement, and fresh basement rock. The weathered layer and fractured basement aquifers
correlate with the suspected water filled geologic formation as lineated by the VLF-EM. Therefore the area has a
good prospect for groundwater development.
REFERENCES
[1] A.F. Abimbola, O.M Ajibade, A.A. Odewande, W.O. Okunola, T.A. Laniyan, and T.T. Kolawole, Hydrochemical Characterization of
Water Resources around the Semi-Urban Area of Ijebu-Igbo Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resources Vol.20, 2008, 10-15.
[2] R. Barker, L. Blunt, and I. Smith, Geophysical consideration in the design of U.K. National Sounding Database. First Break, Vol. 14,
1996, No. 2, pp. 45-53.
[3] A.E. Edet, and O.E. Offiong, Surface Water Quality Evaluation in Odukpani, Calabar Flank, Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of
Environmental Geology, 36 (3/4), 1998b: 343–348.
[4] R.A. Freeze, and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979), 604.
[5] Geological Survey of Nigeria, Geological map of Akure Area, Sheet 61. Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Mines, Power
and Steel, Nigeria. 1966.
[6] N.P. Iloeje, A new geography of Nigeria (New Revised Edition) Longman Nig. Ltd., Lagos, 1981, 201pp.
[7] KHFFILT, Karous-Hjelt and Frazer filtering of VLF measurements, Version 1.1a, Markku Pirttijarvi, 2004.
[8] Ondo State Surveys Akure, Nigeria. Administrative map of Ondo State, Ministry of works and Housing, Akure Ondo State, Nigeria,
1998.
[9] E. Orellana, and H.M. Mooney, Master Tables and Curves for Vertical Electrical Sounding over Layered Structure, Geophy. Prospect
29, 1966: 932-955.
[10] B.P.A Vander Velper, Resist Version 1.0, M.Sc. research Project ITC Delf. Netherlands, 1988.
10. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 38
(a)
(b)
Figure 13: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 10
(a)
(b)
Figure 14: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 12
40 60 80 100
310
315
320
325
330
335
Depth(m)
Distance (m)
VES 28 VES 29
SW NE
331
50
229
16
2498
82
726
46
284
0
5 m Partly Weathered Layer/
Fracture Basement
Fresh Basement
20 m Top soil Weathered Layer
58 Resistivity ( -m )
LEGEND
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
300
310
320
Depth(m)
Distance (m)
VES 31
VES 32
516
83
14979
19
3941
651258
20
14478
LEGEND
Resistivity
Partly Weathered Layer/
Fracture Basement
ClayTop soil
Fresh Basement
5 m
10 m
0
( -m)19
11. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 39
(a)
(b)
Figure 15: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 21
(a)
(b)
Figure 16: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 25
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
290
300
310
320
330
Depth(m)
VES 52
VES 53 VES 54
369
251
93
17578
538
305
38
105
278240
Distance (m)W E
Weathered Layer
Fresh Basement
20 m
10 m
0
105 Resistivity ( -m )
Top Soil
Partly Weathered Layer/
Fracture Basement
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
280
300
320
340
Depth(m)
VES 64
VES 65 VES 66 VES 67
Distance (m)
229
247 302 627
936618501
901
207
163
252
355
907 752
914
7581
Fresh Basement
50 m LEGEND
Weathered Layer
Resistivity
Partly Weathered Layer/
Fracture Basement
20 m
Top soil Laterite
252 ( -m )
W E
0