1. The document discusses a case study of the Bhokani dyke located between Sangamner and Sinnar areas in India.
2. It finds that the presence of the dyke provides an important avenue for groundwater recharge in the region's shallow aquifers, acting as a source of irrigation and drinking water for local farmers.
3. The dyke controls the movement of groundwater in the area, and wells located along the dyke have a reliable water supply compared to other locations in the hard rock terrain where groundwater availability is poor.
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
Integrated geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in a kBOURHEN EDDINE AFLI
The integrated use of audio frequency telluric and electrical resistivity tomography methods provides an efficient approach for groundwater exploration in karst areas with or without thin cover. Two case studies from Tai'an City, China are presented:
1) In the first case, audio frequency telluric profiling identified lower potential anomalies indicating water-filled karst zones. Electrical resistivity tomography lines perpendicular to these anomalies revealed vertical variations in resistivity, locating karst fractures and caves for well drilling.
2) The second case similarly used audio frequency telluric to constrain the orientation of water-bearing zones, then electrical resistivity tomography along this strike. Lower resistivity anomalies indicated favorable zones for locating a productive well.
Exploration and Exploitation Groundwater From Journal and MaterialsMartheana Kencanawati
This document discusses various methods for exploring and exploiting groundwater resources, including surface exploration techniques like remote sensing, geophysical methods, and geological mapping, as well as subsurface techniques like test drilling and geophysical well logging. It provides details on specific surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity, seismic refraction and reflection, and gravitational surveys. Subsurface techniques covered include well construction, borehole geophysical logging tools for measuring resistivity, spontaneous potential, natural gamma radiation, neutron porosity, temperature, and borehole diameter. The document emphasizes integrating multiple exploration techniques to better understand subsurface geology and locate groundwater.
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration. It begins by outlining an integrated approach, noting that groundwater occurrence is influenced by climate, topography, geology, and hydrogeological properties. Laboratory techniques are then discussed, including investigations using topographic maps and aerial photographs. The document provides details on several factors that influence groundwater and methods for its exploration.
Assesment of the morphometry of gullies in kastina ala, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the morphometric characteristics of four gullies in Katsina-Ala local government area of Benue State, Nigeria to assess the severity of erosion and economic losses. Field measurements of gully length, depth, width, slope and volume were taken. A total volume of 17,680.36 cubic meters of soil was lost across 737.01 square meters, equivalent to an estimated remediation cost of NGN 61.5 million. The study aims to increase awareness of gully formation in the area to prevent further losses to arable land and property.
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration, including the lithological method. It begins with an introduction about groundwater and the need to explore new sources as existing shallow sources are depleted. The objectives of groundwater exploration are to identify locations where it is available through regional and detailed surveys. Surface exploration methods are described, including the lithological method of studying rock characteristics. Key concepts like porosity, permeability, lineaments, faults and joints are also explained in the context of understanding subsurface groundwater distribution. The conclusion states that lithological analysis is a basic first step to aid other exploration methods.
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
Soil degradation implies long term decline in soil’s productivity and its environment moderating capacity.In other words,it means decline in soil quality,or reduction in attributes of the soil in relation to specific functions of value to humans.It has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture.In ancient times ,soil degradation caused the downfall of several thriving ancient civilizations,eg.the Harappan and the Kalibangan cultures in the Indus Valley,the Mesopotamian and Lydian kingdoms in the Mediterranean region, and the Mayan civilization in Central America.During the 20th century,the increase in population has drastically accentuated the risks and extent of soil degradation.(Lal,2001). Land degradation is not being adequately addressed, but is of vital importance to raise awareness so that future land management decisions can lead to more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Of India’s total geographical area (328.7 Mha), 304.9 Mha comprise the reporting area with 264.5 Mha being used for agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production. The severity and extent of soil degradation in the country has been previously assessed by many agencies (Table 1). According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ~146.8 Mha is degraded. Water erosion is the most serious degradation problem in India, resulting in loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. Based on first approximation analysis of existing soil loss data, the average soil erosion rate was ~16.4 ton ha−1year−1, resulting in an annual total soil loss of 5.3 billion tons throughout the country .Nearly 29% of total eroded soil is permanently lost to the sea, while 61% is simply transferred from one place to another and the remaining 10% is deposited in reservoirs.( Bhattacharyya et al.,2015)
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
Integrated geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in a kBOURHEN EDDINE AFLI
The integrated use of audio frequency telluric and electrical resistivity tomography methods provides an efficient approach for groundwater exploration in karst areas with or without thin cover. Two case studies from Tai'an City, China are presented:
1) In the first case, audio frequency telluric profiling identified lower potential anomalies indicating water-filled karst zones. Electrical resistivity tomography lines perpendicular to these anomalies revealed vertical variations in resistivity, locating karst fractures and caves for well drilling.
2) The second case similarly used audio frequency telluric to constrain the orientation of water-bearing zones, then electrical resistivity tomography along this strike. Lower resistivity anomalies indicated favorable zones for locating a productive well.
Exploration and Exploitation Groundwater From Journal and MaterialsMartheana Kencanawati
This document discusses various methods for exploring and exploiting groundwater resources, including surface exploration techniques like remote sensing, geophysical methods, and geological mapping, as well as subsurface techniques like test drilling and geophysical well logging. It provides details on specific surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity, seismic refraction and reflection, and gravitational surveys. Subsurface techniques covered include well construction, borehole geophysical logging tools for measuring resistivity, spontaneous potential, natural gamma radiation, neutron porosity, temperature, and borehole diameter. The document emphasizes integrating multiple exploration techniques to better understand subsurface geology and locate groundwater.
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration. It begins by outlining an integrated approach, noting that groundwater occurrence is influenced by climate, topography, geology, and hydrogeological properties. Laboratory techniques are then discussed, including investigations using topographic maps and aerial photographs. The document provides details on several factors that influence groundwater and methods for its exploration.
Assesment of the morphometry of gullies in kastina ala, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the morphometric characteristics of four gullies in Katsina-Ala local government area of Benue State, Nigeria to assess the severity of erosion and economic losses. Field measurements of gully length, depth, width, slope and volume were taken. A total volume of 17,680.36 cubic meters of soil was lost across 737.01 square meters, equivalent to an estimated remediation cost of NGN 61.5 million. The study aims to increase awareness of gully formation in the area to prevent further losses to arable land and property.
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration, including the lithological method. It begins with an introduction about groundwater and the need to explore new sources as existing shallow sources are depleted. The objectives of groundwater exploration are to identify locations where it is available through regional and detailed surveys. Surface exploration methods are described, including the lithological method of studying rock characteristics. Key concepts like porosity, permeability, lineaments, faults and joints are also explained in the context of understanding subsurface groundwater distribution. The conclusion states that lithological analysis is a basic first step to aid other exploration methods.
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
Soil degradation implies long term decline in soil’s productivity and its environment moderating capacity.In other words,it means decline in soil quality,or reduction in attributes of the soil in relation to specific functions of value to humans.It has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture.In ancient times ,soil degradation caused the downfall of several thriving ancient civilizations,eg.the Harappan and the Kalibangan cultures in the Indus Valley,the Mesopotamian and Lydian kingdoms in the Mediterranean region, and the Mayan civilization in Central America.During the 20th century,the increase in population has drastically accentuated the risks and extent of soil degradation.(Lal,2001). Land degradation is not being adequately addressed, but is of vital importance to raise awareness so that future land management decisions can lead to more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Of India’s total geographical area (328.7 Mha), 304.9 Mha comprise the reporting area with 264.5 Mha being used for agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production. The severity and extent of soil degradation in the country has been previously assessed by many agencies (Table 1). According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ~146.8 Mha is degraded. Water erosion is the most serious degradation problem in India, resulting in loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. Based on first approximation analysis of existing soil loss data, the average soil erosion rate was ~16.4 ton ha−1year−1, resulting in an annual total soil loss of 5.3 billion tons throughout the country .Nearly 29% of total eroded soil is permanently lost to the sea, while 61% is simply transferred from one place to another and the remaining 10% is deposited in reservoirs.( Bhattacharyya et al.,2015)
This document provides information on gully classification and control measures. It defines a gully and describes the factors that influence gully formation. It then discusses different ways of classifying gullies based on size, shape, dimensions, and state of activity. The document outlines the typical stages of gully development. It presents various biological, temporary, and permanent engineering measures that can be used to control gullies, such as vegetative methods, check dams, brush dams, and loose rock dams. The overall aim of gully control is to reduce surface runoff and convey runoff through the gully in a non-erosive manner until vegetation can stabilize the area.
This document discusses the classification of springs based on hydrogeology. It defines different types of springs that form due to specific geological conditions: depression springs form in low-lying areas where the water table intersects land surface; contact springs occur at boundaries between permeable and impermeable rock layers; fracture springs form where joints or fractures intersect the surface; fault springs can develop along fault zones; and karst springs are commonly seen in limestone areas where solution features have formed. Spring discharge varies seasonally and by spring type, with factors like aquifer properties, catchment conditions, and recharge areas influencing output. A typology of springs is proposed considering geological setting and factors like discharge quantity and variability.
This document contains figures from the 4th edition of the textbook "Applied Hydrology" by Fetter that relate to geology and groundwater occurrence. It includes over 50 figures on topics like glacial geology and aquifers, valley fill aquifers, carbonate aquifers, and coastal aquifers. The figures are referenced in a master's thesis on the geology of groundwater in the Gaza Strip.
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment.
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
This document discusses key concepts relating to the occurrence of groundwater. It addresses how rock properties like porosity affect groundwater and describes the vertical distribution of groundwater between the zone of aeration near the surface and the zone of saturation below. It also examines geological formations that can serve as aquifers and defines types of aquifers as well as the storage coefficient, a measure of how much water they can hold.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
The document discusses groundwater sources, zones, and types of aquifers. It describes the saturated and unsaturated zones, including the soil water, intermediate vadose, and capillary fringe zones. The main types of aquifers are defined as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge based on their water transmission properties. Methods of artificial groundwater recharge include direct surface techniques like flooding basins and percolation tanks, and direct subsurface techniques like injection wells.
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes how the hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. It then explains key components of the hydrological cycle like evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation, runoff and groundwater. Finally, it discusses factors that influence water retention in soil like soil texture, particle size, and organic matter content.
Groundwater occurs beneath the Earth's surface in pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt percolating into the ground. Groundwater is found everywhere but is usually within 750 meters of the surface. It makes up about 1% of the total water on Earth but 35 times the amount of water in streams and lakes. Groundwater flows through the hydrologic cycle, entering the ground as precipitation and eventually emerging in streams, lakes, or oceans.
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Mh gw techno economic feasibility of artificial recharge of aquifer as a mit...hydrologyproject2
1. The document discusses a techno-economic feasibility study of artificial groundwater recharge as a mitigation measure for fluoride contamination in villages in Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India.
2. Three villages (Sakhra, Dharna, and Konghara) were selected as part of a larger government-funded hydrology project to study groundwater quality issues and potential solutions.
3. The area relies on groundwater sources for drinking water, many of which contain unsafe levels of fluoride above national limits and pose health risks with long-term consumption. Artificial recharge techniques are being evaluated as potential solutions.
Groundwater is water found underground and stored in geological formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock. There are several types of wells that can extract groundwater, including open wells, shallow tube wells, and deep tube wells. Open wells are the simplest but have limited yields, while tube wells can access groundwater from aquifers deeper underground. The document also discusses how groundwater moves through recharge and discharge zones, the different zones of water underground, and methods for exploring aquifers and their properties to determine suitable locations and methods for groundwater extraction.
Ground water is water found underground in soil and rock formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through these formations. A civil engineer may need to consider ground water as a source of water supply for construction, irrigation, industry, and domestic use. There are two main methods to locate ground water - the unscientific water divining method and the scientific method which involves geological, geophysical, and hydrological investigations to understand underground conditions. Specifically, resistivity and seismic refraction geophysical methods are commonly used to identify subsurface rock and water conditions.
Groundwater, or water located beneath the Earth's surface, is an important source of freshwater. It is found in the pores and cracks of soil, sand, and rock below the water table. Groundwater hydrology is the study of groundwater movement and storage. Key aspects include aquifers, which are geologic formations that can store and transmit water; recharge from precipitation; and groundwater flow through aquifers driven by gravity and the hydraulic gradient. Mapping groundwater involves measuring water levels in wells to determine the piezometric surface and direction of subsurface flow. Sustainable groundwater use requires understanding recharge rates and connections to surface water.
This document provides information on the hydrological cycle and sources of groundwater. It begins with an overview of the hydrological cycle describing the circulation of water between the earth's atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and land. It then discusses four main sources of groundwater: wells, springs, infiltration galleries, and karez. For each source, it provides details on what they are, how they work, and examples. It concludes with sections on groundwater occurrence and exploration, outlining factors that control groundwater movement and types of investigations used to search for groundwater.
This document discusses measuring various aspects of a software development process and project. It describes measuring process components by determining the number of roles, activities, outputs, and tasks. It also discusses measuring a project using function points by identifying files, interfaces, inputs, outputs and inquiries. Finally, it describes measuring the complexity of UML artifacts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, and component diagrams by analyzing elements and relationships.
1. The document discusses various work order preference settings in the MaintenanceConnection software that can be customized, including defaults, fields displayed, formatting, filtering, and survey options.
2. Key preference types that can be adjusted are defaults, settings, formatting, filtering, surveys, printouts, and sections for complete/close.
3. The example shows preferences being updated to set the default shop to Mechanic, use the repair center ID for the work order number prefix, and prompt for a reason when denying or canceling a work order.
This document discusses various aspects of classroom management for teachers. It covers physical proximity in the classroom, using one's voice effectively, marking different stages of a lesson, seating arrangements, student groupings, and evaluating success. Some key points are that teachers should be close enough to students to make eye contact and listen, vary volume and quality of their voice, start and end activities clearly, and consider both advantages and disadvantages of different seating and grouping configurations.
This document provides information on gully classification and control measures. It defines a gully and describes the factors that influence gully formation. It then discusses different ways of classifying gullies based on size, shape, dimensions, and state of activity. The document outlines the typical stages of gully development. It presents various biological, temporary, and permanent engineering measures that can be used to control gullies, such as vegetative methods, check dams, brush dams, and loose rock dams. The overall aim of gully control is to reduce surface runoff and convey runoff through the gully in a non-erosive manner until vegetation can stabilize the area.
This document discusses the classification of springs based on hydrogeology. It defines different types of springs that form due to specific geological conditions: depression springs form in low-lying areas where the water table intersects land surface; contact springs occur at boundaries between permeable and impermeable rock layers; fracture springs form where joints or fractures intersect the surface; fault springs can develop along fault zones; and karst springs are commonly seen in limestone areas where solution features have formed. Spring discharge varies seasonally and by spring type, with factors like aquifer properties, catchment conditions, and recharge areas influencing output. A typology of springs is proposed considering geological setting and factors like discharge quantity and variability.
This document contains figures from the 4th edition of the textbook "Applied Hydrology" by Fetter that relate to geology and groundwater occurrence. It includes over 50 figures on topics like glacial geology and aquifers, valley fill aquifers, carbonate aquifers, and coastal aquifers. The figures are referenced in a master's thesis on the geology of groundwater in the Gaza Strip.
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment.
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
This document discusses key concepts relating to the occurrence of groundwater. It addresses how rock properties like porosity affect groundwater and describes the vertical distribution of groundwater between the zone of aeration near the surface and the zone of saturation below. It also examines geological formations that can serve as aquifers and defines types of aquifers as well as the storage coefficient, a measure of how much water they can hold.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
The document discusses groundwater sources, zones, and types of aquifers. It describes the saturated and unsaturated zones, including the soil water, intermediate vadose, and capillary fringe zones. The main types of aquifers are defined as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge based on their water transmission properties. Methods of artificial groundwater recharge include direct surface techniques like flooding basins and percolation tanks, and direct subsurface techniques like injection wells.
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes how the hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. It then explains key components of the hydrological cycle like evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation, runoff and groundwater. Finally, it discusses factors that influence water retention in soil like soil texture, particle size, and organic matter content.
Groundwater occurs beneath the Earth's surface in pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt percolating into the ground. Groundwater is found everywhere but is usually within 750 meters of the surface. It makes up about 1% of the total water on Earth but 35 times the amount of water in streams and lakes. Groundwater flows through the hydrologic cycle, entering the ground as precipitation and eventually emerging in streams, lakes, or oceans.
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Mh gw techno economic feasibility of artificial recharge of aquifer as a mit...hydrologyproject2
1. The document discusses a techno-economic feasibility study of artificial groundwater recharge as a mitigation measure for fluoride contamination in villages in Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India.
2. Three villages (Sakhra, Dharna, and Konghara) were selected as part of a larger government-funded hydrology project to study groundwater quality issues and potential solutions.
3. The area relies on groundwater sources for drinking water, many of which contain unsafe levels of fluoride above national limits and pose health risks with long-term consumption. Artificial recharge techniques are being evaluated as potential solutions.
Groundwater is water found underground and stored in geological formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock. There are several types of wells that can extract groundwater, including open wells, shallow tube wells, and deep tube wells. Open wells are the simplest but have limited yields, while tube wells can access groundwater from aquifers deeper underground. The document also discusses how groundwater moves through recharge and discharge zones, the different zones of water underground, and methods for exploring aquifers and their properties to determine suitable locations and methods for groundwater extraction.
Ground water is water found underground in soil and rock formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through these formations. A civil engineer may need to consider ground water as a source of water supply for construction, irrigation, industry, and domestic use. There are two main methods to locate ground water - the unscientific water divining method and the scientific method which involves geological, geophysical, and hydrological investigations to understand underground conditions. Specifically, resistivity and seismic refraction geophysical methods are commonly used to identify subsurface rock and water conditions.
Groundwater, or water located beneath the Earth's surface, is an important source of freshwater. It is found in the pores and cracks of soil, sand, and rock below the water table. Groundwater hydrology is the study of groundwater movement and storage. Key aspects include aquifers, which are geologic formations that can store and transmit water; recharge from precipitation; and groundwater flow through aquifers driven by gravity and the hydraulic gradient. Mapping groundwater involves measuring water levels in wells to determine the piezometric surface and direction of subsurface flow. Sustainable groundwater use requires understanding recharge rates and connections to surface water.
This document provides information on the hydrological cycle and sources of groundwater. It begins with an overview of the hydrological cycle describing the circulation of water between the earth's atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and land. It then discusses four main sources of groundwater: wells, springs, infiltration galleries, and karez. For each source, it provides details on what they are, how they work, and examples. It concludes with sections on groundwater occurrence and exploration, outlining factors that control groundwater movement and types of investigations used to search for groundwater.
This document discusses measuring various aspects of a software development process and project. It describes measuring process components by determining the number of roles, activities, outputs, and tasks. It also discusses measuring a project using function points by identifying files, interfaces, inputs, outputs and inquiries. Finally, it describes measuring the complexity of UML artifacts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, and component diagrams by analyzing elements and relationships.
1. The document discusses various work order preference settings in the MaintenanceConnection software that can be customized, including defaults, fields displayed, formatting, filtering, and survey options.
2. Key preference types that can be adjusted are defaults, settings, formatting, filtering, surveys, printouts, and sections for complete/close.
3. The example shows preferences being updated to set the default shop to Mechanic, use the repair center ID for the work order number prefix, and prompt for a reason when denying or canceling a work order.
This document discusses various aspects of classroom management for teachers. It covers physical proximity in the classroom, using one's voice effectively, marking different stages of a lesson, seating arrangements, student groupings, and evaluating success. Some key points are that teachers should be close enough to students to make eye contact and listen, vary volume and quality of their voice, start and end activities clearly, and consider both advantages and disadvantages of different seating and grouping configurations.
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an educational framework that aims to provide all students with equal opportunities to learn by reducing barriers and providing flexibility. UDL is based on three principles: providing multiple means of presentation, expression, and engagement. By incorporating UDL, teachers can reach more diverse learners through varying teaching methods, assessments, and incorporating assistive technologies. Research shows the brain learns best when recognition, strategic, and affective networks are engaged. UDL supports this by presenting material in different ways and allowing varied forms of student expression and interaction with lessons.
Este documento trata sobre la gestión del conocimiento. En 3 oraciones:
1) Define la gestión del conocimiento como el proceso de reunir, analizar, almacenar y compartir el conocimiento e información de una organización para mejorar la eficiencia y calidad de las decisiones.
2) Describe el proceso de gestión del conocimiento que incluye detectar, seleccionar, organizar, filtrar, presentar y usar el conocimiento.
3) Menciona algunas de las principales herramientas de gestión del conocimiento como la intranet, internet, portales
This document provides the minimum percentage cut-offs for admission to various bachelor's degree courses in different colleges of the University of Delhi for the 2013-2014 academic year. It lists the colleges, categories for admission (general, OBC, SC, ST, PWD), and the minimum percentage ranges for courses like commerce, economics, English, history, geography, political science, sociology and others. The cut-offs ranged from the high 90s for top colleges and courses to the low 40s. Some colleges provided additional percentage points for certain categories of students.
El documento habla sobre la creación de cursos virtuales. Explica que la educación virtual no depende del espacio físico sino que usa las TIC con fines educativos de manera asincrónica. Detalla dos modalidades principales: e-learning completamente virtual y b-learning que complementa la presencialidad. Finalmente, enumera las herramientas y elementos necesarios para crear un curso virtual como comunicación, formación, colaboración y evaluación, concluyendo que estas salen del aula para muchas otras actividades.
This document outlines an agenda for a teacher syndicate meeting. It introduces the teaching team and covers syndicate responsibilities, classroom programs, homework expectations, behavior management strategies, and time for questions. Key topics discussed include planning curriculum as a team using the New Zealand framework, catering to individual student needs, embedding technology and thinking skills into lessons, homework policies, and a consequences chart for behavior management.
El documento describe las políticas monetaria y crediticia del Banco Central de Bolivia en 2007. La política monetaria estuvo orientada al control de la liquidez a través de operaciones de mercado abierto, ajustes al encaje legal y otras medidas. Se cumplieron la mayoría de las metas del programa financiero, incluyendo límites a la expansión del crédito interno neto total y al financiamiento interno al sector público. El crecimiento de los agregados monetarios se desaceleró debido a las políticas implementadas por el Banco Central.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
- The corporate presentation summarizes a significant high-grade gold resource of 8.5 million ounces of indicated gold and 2.9 million ounces of inferred gold located in British Columbia, Canada.
- An underground feasibility study is scheduled for Q2 2013 with the goal of achieving commercial gold production in early 2016.
- The Valley of the Kings deposit has a high average grade of 16.4 g/t gold for the indicated resource estimate, higher than many other global gold mines.
The document discusses Open Educational Resources (OER) which are freely available educational materials that can be reused and modified. It provides examples of OER courses and examines issues around intellectual property and use of Creative Commons licensing. The document also outlines Winona State University's plans to develop OER courses and initiatives on their campus.
El documento describe un curso de biología en línea CIBI 3031-3032. Los estudiantes leen un capítulo por semana y completan pruebas y discusiones semanales en línea con acceso al libro de texto, resúmenes y Internet. El profesor está disponible en su oficina y por correo electrónico y Facebook.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on wheat production. Researchers found that higher temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will significantly reduce wheat yields across major wheat-producing regions by 2050. The study concludes that efforts must be made to develop wheat varieties that can tolerate hotter and drier conditions to ensure future global food security as the climate continues to warm.
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an educational framework that provides flexible approaches to curriculum design and delivery. The three main principles of UDL are to provide multiple means of representation, action and expression, and engagement. UDL aims to give all students equal opportunities to learn by addressing different learning styles, strengths, and needs. Technologies can help apply UDL principles to make curriculum more accessible, personalized, and engaging for diverse groups of students.
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Analysis of Groundwater Flow on Hydrogeological for Sustainable Development ...KadriDaud1
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between islands in Indonesia can distinguish hydrogeological systems and their interactions with the surrounding
environment. The design and management of water resources, especially groundwater, has an important role, considering
the basin area is 106 km2, the character of a volcanic island with the name of an active volcano. Topography from 0-8% is a
built-up zone, 8-14% is a cultivation zone, 14-45% is a protected forest, and >45% is a stratovolcano peak zone. Island
morphology affects groundwater flow patterns. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of groundwater flow in
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topography was analyzed using the Cubic spline interpolation method. The results showed that the direction of flow and
groundwater accumulation based on groundwater modeling using the kriging interpolation technique resulted in the
interaction of groundwater flow and depression cones in 56 production wells due to the concentration and massive
groundwater abstraction in the Ternate Basin. The decrease in groundwater level is fluctuating, from groundwater flows
that occur radially-centrifugally, the total reserves of 56 production wells are 46 million m3/day, the average transmissivity
value is 2.17 m2/day, production discharge is 51,710 m3/day.
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3) Key challenges faced include water scarcity due to variable rainfall, overexploitation of groundwater lowering water tables, and lack of irrigation infrastructure limiting food sustainability. Mitigation strategies proposed are adopting efficient water management techniques and artificial groundwater recharging
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Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
Adaptation to global change must include prudent management of groundwater as a renewable, but slow-feedback resource in most cases. Groundwater storage is already over-tapped in many regions, yet available subsurface storage may be a key to meeting the combined demands of agriculture, industry, municipal and domestic water supply, and ecosystems during times of shortage.
A study on soil erosion and its impacts on floods and sedimentationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Artificial Recharge to Alluvial Aquifer, Northeastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan.IJRES Journal
Many engineering geology and structural geology aspects have been used in this study, to point out the suitability of the site for artificial recharge to alluvial aquifer, such as; rocks and soil types, seepage rate, structures and lineaments. The area is under lied by basement rocks with considerable thickness (10 to 15 m) of alluvial deposit. Overall soil type is sandy soil and its seepage rate is 34.56 Liter per hour. The most existing lineaments are trending toward NW direction while rocks foliation dipping toward WWN direction. The site is satisfied to be artificial recharge.
1) A hydro-geophysical investigation was conducted at a closed landfill site in southwestern Ontario, Canada to map the distribution of landfill leachate and subsurface geology.
2) Electromagnetic and resistivity surveys revealed an anomalous high-conductivity zone in the western half of the site, indicating the presence of landfill leachate in the upper aquifer and partially in the underlying silt/sand aquitard. No contamination was detected in the lower sand aquifer.
3) Hydrological modeling predicted that the landfill leachate plume will occupy the entire upper aquifer and most of the silt/sand aquitard within 1000 years, but the lower sand aquifer will remain
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
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Spatial Distribution of Knick Points and Associated Waterfalls of the Drainag...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineering research
1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
Effect of dyke structure on ground water in between Sangamner and
Sinnar area: A Case study of Bhokani Dyke.
1.
P. D. Sabale, 2 S. A. Meshram
1
Associate Professor, Deccan College (Deemed University), Pune.
2.
Associate Professor in Geology, College Of Engg, Pune (COEP.)
Abstract
In semi-arid regions, particularly in hard rock areas, shallow aquifers are a major source of potable groundwater. These
aquifers are indiscriminately exploited to meet the growing demand of water for domestic, irrigation as well as industrial uses.
Therefore, peoples in this area are continuously pumping ground water from the well and in most of the days they found
empty. Due to the over pumping through tube wells and dug wells, the ground water level is goes down below day to day.
Therefore, due to such situation, people move to search the water from one place to another. In this situation, presence of a
dyke is gives a new avenue to recharge the wells in the concern area.
Dykes in the Deccan Trap areas are to a great extent, known to control the movement of groundwater, and success or
otherwise of the well in the field area depends very much upon its location. The Bhokani dyke area has opened the door of
excellent irrigation. Those wells which are taken on dyke are giving good yield and therefore farmers are pumping water
continuously.
In short, in areas of harsh Ground water situation, presence of dyke is an good as avenue for the ground water in the said
region. This avenue acts as a source for the supply for irrigation and drinking water needs of the study area. Therefore this is
an important factor in deciding the socio-economical conditions of the farmers in this area. This paper deals with study of such
dyke which occurs near Sangamner area.
Introduction:
Failure of open dug wells and tube wells in most of parts of the hard rock areas in Deccan Traps is a common phenomenon.
This problem usually arises, either because of the over exploitation / pumping of water from the existing wells or due to
missing of the exact water potential zones in this terrain. As on the hard rock region water mainly exists in fracture and joints,
locating such zones and predicting the flow processes is a difficult process.
Draught in the semiarid areas of hard rock is mainly due to low rate of precipitation and results into low irrigation in dry
regions. Therefore, in this region, there is a growing demand for ground water resource as the surface water resources are not
available adequately.
In semi-arid regions where groundwater occurs in shallow weathered zones, the rise in groundwater level is a direct
consequence of precipitation, particularly in the monsoon season, when the groundwater withdrawal is minimum (Mondal et
al., 2011).
India is seventeenth largest country in the world with diverse climate, topography, geology; soil types, land cover and land use
pattern (National Institute of Hydrology, Report, 1998-99). The water resources of India are enormous but they are unevenly
distributed in several terms. Seasonally, regionally, basin wise cultivator cross wise and crop wise.
In general, the ground water potential of hard rock’s is poor, though relatively high yields may be obtained from in restricted
locations under favorable circumstances of topography and rainfall. The size and the frequency of opening s in the fractured
rocks are normally restricted to shallow depth resulting in low void ratio and hydraulic conductivity.
Draught in the semiarid area of hard rock is due to low rainfall and low irrigation in dry regions. Therefore, during summer
groundwater from the basaltic aquifers is the prime source of water (Kale and Kulkarni, 1992).
Failure of tube well and open well in many parts of the hard rock regions are common phenomenon. This problem usually
arises, either because of the over abstraction in existing wells or due to the missing of the exact water potential zone. As on the
hard rock region water mainly exists in fracture and joints, locating such zones and predicting the flow processes are a difficult
process.
Issn 2250-3005(online) August| 2012 Page 1130
2. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
The geometry of the joint and fracture set is determined by the types of rock and the stress to which they have been subjected,
besides the effect of weathering and relief which makes the void space constituting the system progressively larger and
approaching the surface. The study area is also parts of hard rock terrain and the same situation is observed in this area. The
population in the rural area is mainly dependent on the ground water as a source of drinking and irrigation (Srikanth, 2009).
But, successful wells in study area are also become dry because of the over pumping practices.
In hard rock region, there is a growing demand for ground water resource as the surface water resources are not available
adequately (National Institute of Hydrology, Report, 1998-99).
Study Area:
Study area is southern boundaries of Sinnar and northern boundaries of Sangamner and is belongs to a severe part of draught
prone regions of Ahmednagar and Nasik district respectively of Maharashtra (Fig. 1). This area lies between latitude 19° 40’
04” N to 19°51’05’ and longitude 74° 04’11”E to 74°14’10”E on Survey of India (SOI) toposheet No. 47I/1 and 2. This
region is located 10 miles from east of Sinnar (Nasik) and 16 miles from Sangamner (Ahmednagar district).
Geomorphology of the area:
Geomorphologically the terrain shows plain to undulating topography. The highest elevation in this area is 2824 mts. at east of
Chas i.e. southern end while lowest elevation is 1836 mts. at north of Panchale i.e. northern boundary of study area.
The main drain in this area is Deo river, which is right side tributary of Godavari, confluences at Somathane village, NW of
Kopargaon. In this study area, the locations of the tributaries of Deo River are shows good network of drainage. Along the
channel of this river, the surface shows moderate to stiff slope.
Geology of the area:
The study area is a part of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP). This region consists of alternate flows of compact and
amygdaloidal basalt. Compact basalt flows are thick, tabular and shows more lateral extent while amygdaloidal basalt flows
are thin, irregular and shows less extent than compact basalt flows.
Study area is a part of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) which generally shows (i) pipe amygdale flows shows irregular
vesicles, weak tabular, glassy and sub horizontal sheet joints at the bottom (ii) compact, absence of vesicles, joints and
fractures, and (iii) sub horizontal sheet joints with spheroidal amygdales (unfilled with vesicles) at the top (Kale and Kulkarni,
1992). The relative thickness in between these three layers is varying place to place.
These flows are characterized by variable thickness, irregularity, local dips, small extent , and lateral variation (Chaubey,
1973, Sukheswala and Polder Vaart, 1958; West, 1958, Gupte, 2007). In addition to the above predominant flows, at places
some pocket deposit or cluster of volcanic breccias observed which might be outpoured in the volcanic activity during post –
Deccan Trap period (Gupte et al., 1984).
Weathering and Erosion in Deccan Trap:
Due to the effect of physical weathering agents, rock found degraded condition and micro cracks are developed. Therefore,
due to such continuous disintegration on the exposure of the rock, resulting depth of weathering goes deep and deep.
Resulting, up to this weathered portion, surface water is penetrating down and ground water is formed. Here the trough
shaped upper portion of the dyke is filled and surrounded by thick or thin blanket of black cotton soil, followed by deeply
weathered, moderately weathered and finally fresh rock at the bottom. A typical stratigraphical section in study area is shown
in (Fig. 2). Amygdaloidal basalt gives better response than compact to such kind of activity (Sabale, 2005). And the study area
is more dominant region of Amygdaloidal basalt than compact.
Water bearing characters of Deccan Trap:
As stated above, in the Deccan Trap, water table conditions occurs under in weathered and jointed traps, and under confined
conditions in weathered and jointed traps, and under confined conditions in the zeolitic and vesicular traps. Wells in valleys
nearer to nallas and zeolotic traps yielded better than those located on elevated areas. The saturated fractures and joints found
in the relatively unweathered bed rock are capable of yielding a substantial quantity of water at greater depth. The fractures
and joints are mostly sheet type, sometimes are having good lateral extent and interconnected with each other. Therefore,
groundwater level in this zonesis not readily affected by seasonal changes.
Issn 2250-3005(online) August| 2012 Page 1131
3. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
In dry draught prone areas, in harsh situation, presence of dyke is get as a avenue for the ground water Supply for drinking
situation. This paper deals with study of such dyke which occur Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of draught prone region
near Sangamner – Shirdi area.
The groundwater possibilities in the three groups viz.1.Numerous dolerite dykes in Deccan Traps of Dhulia district (2) Areally
extensive trap flows resulting from slow and quiescent type of flood eruption occupying the gently undulating terrain, of
Sholapur and Osmanabad districts and (3) the traps characterised by intertrappean sediments, dolerite dykes and volcanic ash
beds, indicative of violent outbursts resulting in the Sahyadri geomorphologic unit of Kolaba, Thana and Bombay-Poona
regions, are to a great extent governed by the nature and constitution of the individual flows. This character is given by
Adyalkar and Mani(1971), based on their mode of emplacement, geomorphic setting and hydro geological of the Deccan
Traps of western Maharashtra.
Single Unit of Deccan Trap Groundwater Province into 3 Sub-Provinces, based on geomorphological, geological and
geohydrological setting in the region of western Maharashtra of the present investigation.
The dolerite dykes most of the time control the movement of groundwater, and success or otherwise of the well field area
depends very much upon its location with reference to adjacent dykes, found in the Dhulia district.Thick vesicular, extensive
traps with their gentle dips towards east have to be explored for possible artesian conditions in the down dip directions of the
trappean units to be tapped, in Sholapur district (GSDA & CGWB Report, 2007-08).
The Bhokani Dyke Areas:
Bhokani dyke is doleritic type, width ranging from 7 ft. to 16 ft and 28.50 kilometers in length. This dyke is having N07°E
strike and showing N-NE to S-SW trend. Dyke rock is black colored doleritic rock with well prismatic joints. The local
people used term ‘KAR’ in Marathi for dyke in this area. It is move through Dodi, Khambale, Bhokani, Tamaswadi, Dambra,
Chauri, Mendi villages etc. from S-SW to N-NE trend. At the beginning at S-SW portion, it is crossing Mhaladevi river and at
the N-NE side it confluence in the Godavari river.
As per as the dug well and tube wells are concern, the maximum number of wells are present on the dyke alignment. Most of
the wells (of about 95%) are yielding good amount of water. Therefore, the green zone is observe along the whole alignment
of dyke, while rest of the area is found dry and partly green (only rainy and autumn season) due to the less irrigation. Because
most of the wells in this area are dry of seasonal. Therefore, farmers are pumping day-night water from these wells with one or
at some places two pumps of 5 or 10 HP are set up on the well.
Well Inventory:
In India, ground water has been exploited substantially during the past few decaded for irrigation. Most of the ground water
utilization in India is from shallow depth aquifer zones at depth less than 100 m (Khepar and Chaturvedi, 1982, Rangnath,
1982). But the dykes which are constructed on dyke are yielding good amount of ground water. Therefore, to know the ground
water conditions of such wells, a detailed well inventory survey was carried out in central part of the study area i.e. especially
at Bhokani and Khambale area. In this survey well inventory work for 22 wells were carried out. To know the exact water
carrying capacity and ground water situation, for this study the wells are selected in middle reaches or central zone out of total
extension in this area of dyke.
During this survey well number, name of owner, whether it is lined or unlined (i.e. whether it is constructed or non-
constructed) is reported. If it is lined the type and nature of material, cement or mortar, with the help of dressed stone, which
are available in the surrounding area. In addition to this, the important ground water information such as depth of ground water
from ground level and pumping hours for respective well in summer etc. is given in the following table.
Trend Well Name of owner / Constructed / Well dimension Water level Width
No. farmer Non- From bottom of
constructed Width Depth (ft.) dyke
(ft.) (ft.) (ft.)
S-SW 1. Kisan S. Sabale Masonry 17 47 4 14-16
constructed
2. Trimbak G. Sabale Masonry 16 45 6 17-19
constructed
3. Chandrakant Masonry 12 34 2 10-12
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Domaji Ranshivre constructed
4. Chandrakant D. Masonry 12 46 4 8-10
Ranshivre constructed
5. Eknath Ranshivre Masonry 10 42 5 8-10
constructed
6. Dr. Ranshivre Masonry 10 40 5 6-8
constructed
7. Ranshivre Masonry 12 42 7-10
constructed
Centr
e
1. Mahadu Y. Sirsat Masonry 14 42 5 10-12
constructed
2. Chandrabhan S. Masonry 15 44 6 12-14
Shirole constructed
3. ChandrabhanP. Masonry 14 36 4 10-12
Walekar constructed
4. Chandrabhan P. Masonry 16 46 5 10-12
Walekar constructed
5. NamdeoMalhariWa Masonry 11 34 2.5 8-10
lekar constructed
6. Trimbak N. Shirole Masonry 18 47 4.5 10-12
constructed
7. Bibhishen N. Masonry 17 42 6 14-16
Walekar constructed
8. Rahadu A. Shirole Masonry 12 35 2 12-14
constructed
9. Navnath K. Shirole Masonry 16 44 4 10-12
constructed
10. Ramchandra Masonry 16 44 4.5 10-12
Shirole constructed
11. Ramchandra Masonry 17 45 3.5 11-12
Shirole constructed
12. Bhima K. Kale Masonry 17 46 5 15-16
constructed
13. Datta S. Kale unconstructed 14 37 2.5 10-12
14. Narayan B. Shirole Masonry 12 48 4 8-10
constructed
15. Bhaskar B. Shirole Masonry 14 44 5 7-8
constructed
16. Pandurang K. Masonry 12 36 4.5 8-10
Shirole constructed
Ground water condition in the well along the dyke:
As we know, dyke is having prismatic joints, which acts as an avenue for ground water flows, just like is leaky pipe. The water
carrying capacity of a dyke is depend upon a. nature of joints (whether it is tight or open) b. presence of type of joints c.
Dimension of the dyke. Slope of the area e. Water body in the path of the dyke. As describe above, the of Bhokani dyke is
from Northern region of Akola and south of Sinnar from Ahmednagar and Nasik district respectively. In this area, at the
beginning, the dyke is crossing a percolation tank. Therefore, this dyke is become recharge and it carries water from south to
north part.
Crop Yield / Production of crop in the study area:
During the well inventory survey, type of crops, their yield and production of crop in the zone of dyke and outside the dike
area for one acre area is collected from the local farmers. Then this crop wise production data is compared to each other in the
study area.
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Season Sr. No. Name of the crop Production in the zone of Production outside of the dyke
dyke area (Ton/acre). area (Ton/acre).
Rainy 1 Legume / ground nut 20 16
2 onion 30 16
3 Bajar 25 17
4 Maize 20 10
Summer 1 Wheat 27 15
The table data reveals that, crop production (in ton/acre) in the zone of dyke area is roughly double than production outside of
the dyke area. This excess production in the zone of dyke area is only due to the good recharge of the well.
Improvement in the standard of living of peoples:
Ground water recharging conditions in the wells of the study areas farmers could able to good practice of irrigation. The
production of food in the zone is high as compare to the peripheral areas. Therefore, standards of living of the farmers are
increasing day to day in this area. In addition to this, very important change observed here is in the ‘Standard of living’ of the
people. The main reason for the up gradation of these peoples in this area because i. wells are constructed up to deeper level
and therefore they store large amount of water can store. ii. Water level in the wells which are located on dyke is rise due to
good recharge conditions due to the presence prismatic joints of dyke.iii. Due to the presence of dyke the wells in the villages
have enough of water. iv. Farmers have sufficient work on the farm and they are fully involved in taking more crops. v. The
fodder is enough available for their cattle. vi. Milk production has increased drastically. vii.Resulting, women do not have to
go to long distance for drinking water and viii. Due to good irrigation practices, milk production, and scheme for women
development the economical condition of the people is increased and standard of living has also increased.
Results and discussion:
According to Bondre et al. (2006), numerous large dimensional mafic dyke outcrops are generally shows NE-SW to E-W
trending in outcrop around Sangamner in the Western Deccan Volcanic Province. He also argued that, this area is a part of
broader region of postulated to be a shield like feature and major eruption centre. But as per as the Bhokani dyke is concern,
whether it is concern with the same dyke swarm, that has to check. Because, as per as the distribution of dykes identified and
given by Bondre et al. (2006), northern extension of his Fig. 2, is up to Dapur (North of Akole), while southern extension of
this dyke is up to Godavari river. These dykes are compositionally similar to the south western Deccan formations, although
most of them can be best related to either Poladpur formation or Khandala formation. While geochemical composition is not
necessarily correlated with location, in this area (Bondre, et al., 2006).
While much of the previous work pertains to lava flows, a few workers (e.g. Deshmukh and Sehgal, 1988, Bhattacharji et al.
1996; Mellusco et al.1999; Subbarao et al. 1999) have also studied the two principal dike swarm in this province, where the
dike occur with high frequency. The West Coast Dike Swarm (WCDS) trending N-S to NNW –SSE, consist of tholeitic and
alkaline compositions. The Narmada-Tapi Dike Swarm (NTDS) also contains tholeitic as well as alkaline dikes has
predominant ENE-WSW trend (Sheth, 1998; Molluso et al. 1999).
Beane et al. (1986) observed that their compositions are similar to those of the associated flows. Bhattacharji et al. (1996)
considered the random orientation to the result of stress regime dictated by large crustal magma chambers. Sheth (2000)
argued that true feeder dikes in central volcanoes usually have a radial arrangement, not random arrangement.
Conclusion:
The dolerite dykes most of the time control the movement of groundwater, and success or otherwise of the well field area
depends very much upon its location with reference to adjacent dykes, found in the Dhulia district.
Bhokani dyke is doleritic type, with sufficient dimensions and extensions. Due to the presence of prismatic joints, those wells
which are found on the dyke and side of the dyke yielding good amount of ground water. Therefore, this dyke throughout his
length giving recharge to the connecting and adjacent wells along its N-NE to S-SW trend. Resulting, the farmers are able to
take more crops with good yield. Therefore, the green zone is observe along the whole alignment of dyke, while rest of the
area is found dry and partly green (only rainy and autumn season) due to the less irrigation. Good irrigation practices, milk
production, etc. activities are responsible for improvement of the economiccondition of people in this area. Many social
changes took place and especially the women’s groups became independent in decision making and their involvement has
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increased in day to day activities. Due to education, the number of students has increased. Awareness tendency has been
generated in the minds of illiterate village people.
This results into the improvement of the economic condition of the peoples in this area.
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