In the process of drilling wells or carrying out treatment operations on the wells, the characteristics of the reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further away in the reservoir. During the stimulation exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation with the acid concentration and in reality, most crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent acid and this severely hinders production due to the high viscosities inherent with emulsions and also, some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to form solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow channels in the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and also due to its insoluble in most treating solutions. In this study, pressure transient analysis was performed on well J8 and K35 of an oil field in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of formation damage around the wellbore, a pre and post evaluation on the stimulation job to ascertain the efficacy of the stimulation job is also presented. Result show that it is very important to determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution to the problem in order to increase the well’s productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion, partial penetration or slanting of well does not require stimulation and if the field’s operators go ahead to stimulate, they will only end up in wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin cannot be removed by stimulation.
PetroSync - Formation Damage Prevention and TreatmentsPetroSync
This course will educate participants on how to avoid plugging and how to restore wells with plugging problems in the perforations or formation face.Beyond taking steps to eliminate severe permeability reduction in the near wellbore area, the next step is to obtain the best communication of the wellbore with the virgin formation.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Solar Tracker Module with Automated Module Cleaning Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Socio-cultural Study of the Unattended Urban Poor (Study of the Poor in the C...theijes
This study was conducted in capital city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study objectives were to find out factors that cause the poverty of the unattended poor in urban areas as well as to determine the most appropriate form of intervention suiting their condition. The research method was case study with qualitative approach through in-depth interview. Sampling was done through snowball sampling technique. The number of sample saturated after the informant reached 10 persons. The research population was the urban poor working as beggars, scavengers, and casual labourers. They live and earn a living in the city of Kendari. To obtain reliable data the research used sources triangulation, time triangulation, and techniques triangulation. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The unattended urban poor in this region are poor people, most of whom are poor of property, poor of knowledge, poor of morals and poor of faith (religion). They are poor of faith for not performing the command of God and performing activities prohibited by Allah instead; (2) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who suffer structural poverty as they have no access to decent work, receive no attention from the government and rich people nearby as well as often beyond the reach of formal assistance structure. In addition, they accept zakah (alms-giving) or social aid as sympathy to survive; (3) The unattended urban poor in this area are commonly coming migrants who do not possess production factors of land unless their workforce only; (4) A few of the unattended urban poor in this region is culturally poor since they do not want to be regulated, be lazy and disobedient and it accounts for why some of them survive by expecting the mercy of others, even stealing and taking away the rights of others; (5) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who are in need of both psychological and social empowerment in terms of knowledge, mental and faith.
Castellated beam optimization by using Finite Element Analysis: A Review.theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Tdtd-Edr: Time Orient Delay Tolerant Density Estimation Technique Based Data ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
PetroSync - Formation Damage Prevention and TreatmentsPetroSync
This course will educate participants on how to avoid plugging and how to restore wells with plugging problems in the perforations or formation face.Beyond taking steps to eliminate severe permeability reduction in the near wellbore area, the next step is to obtain the best communication of the wellbore with the virgin formation.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Solar Tracker Module with Automated Module Cleaning Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Socio-cultural Study of the Unattended Urban Poor (Study of the Poor in the C...theijes
This study was conducted in capital city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study objectives were to find out factors that cause the poverty of the unattended poor in urban areas as well as to determine the most appropriate form of intervention suiting their condition. The research method was case study with qualitative approach through in-depth interview. Sampling was done through snowball sampling technique. The number of sample saturated after the informant reached 10 persons. The research population was the urban poor working as beggars, scavengers, and casual labourers. They live and earn a living in the city of Kendari. To obtain reliable data the research used sources triangulation, time triangulation, and techniques triangulation. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The unattended urban poor in this region are poor people, most of whom are poor of property, poor of knowledge, poor of morals and poor of faith (religion). They are poor of faith for not performing the command of God and performing activities prohibited by Allah instead; (2) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who suffer structural poverty as they have no access to decent work, receive no attention from the government and rich people nearby as well as often beyond the reach of formal assistance structure. In addition, they accept zakah (alms-giving) or social aid as sympathy to survive; (3) The unattended urban poor in this area are commonly coming migrants who do not possess production factors of land unless their workforce only; (4) A few of the unattended urban poor in this region is culturally poor since they do not want to be regulated, be lazy and disobedient and it accounts for why some of them survive by expecting the mercy of others, even stealing and taking away the rights of others; (5) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who are in need of both psychological and social empowerment in terms of knowledge, mental and faith.
Castellated beam optimization by using Finite Element Analysis: A Review.theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Tdtd-Edr: Time Orient Delay Tolerant Density Estimation Technique Based Data ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Design and Analysis of Solar Powered RC Aircrafttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
This document analyzes the performance of a 75MW steam power plant. It uses energy analysis, thermodynamic second law analysis (exergy), and Rankine cycle analysis. Experimental data from the plant was used to calculate various efficiencies. The results showed that increasing the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiencies of the plant. Additionally, as the condenser pressure increases, the plant efficiency decreases. The condenser pressure should be reduced to decrease irreversibilities in the system. Operating the plant above 50% capacity also helps minimize energy wastage by generating more steam even when not all is being used. Key components like the boiler, turbine, condenser and pumps were modeled to identify sources of energy and
Avaliability and Usage of Ict Resources for Chemistry Curriculum Delivery in ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Test Rig of Free End Torsion Effect on Linear Straintheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Study of the mechanical fracture behavior of rigid PVC pipes buried supply of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hand gesture recognition using support vector machinetheijes
1) The document describes a system for hand gesture recognition using support vector machines. It uses Canny's edge detection algorithm and histogram of gradients (HOG) for feature extraction from input images of hand gestures.
2) The system is trained using a dataset of predefined hand gestures. During testing, it compares the features extracted from new input images to those in the training dataset and classifies the gesture using an SVM classifier.
3) Experimental results found the system could accurately recognize 20 different static hand gestures in complex backgrounds. However, the authors note that future work could focus on real-time gesture recognition and reducing complexity for faster processing.
Feasibility of an eco – friendly disposal method for Iron ore tailingstheijes
The greatest challenge ahead of the Iron ore mining industry is to tackle the issues related to management of tailings. The tailing disposal and storage methods are sensitive to the environment and care must be taken to keep them at the helm. The method being practiced for disposing the tailings is as thickener underflow at around 45% solids. The development of paste thickener & deep cone thickener are encouraging and can dispose tailings at around 65% solids. However, they are yet to be established over different range of mineral tailings and also the economic aspects related to their transportation are yet to be resolved. Thus the development of improved tailing disposal system is of paramount importance and need of the hour. Filtration of tailings after thickening is an alternative to current practices. However, the suitability of this application is to be assessed for tailings of different nature. In this perspective an attempt has been made to assess the filterability of tailings generated from beneficiation of slimes from Donimalai area. From the studies it is evident that the application of filtration process to these tailings is encouraging. By adopting pressure filtration technique it was possible to produce filtered tailings with moisture in the range of 16 - 21%. It is possible to get the filtration rate in the range of 200 – 300 Kg/hr/m2 while operating in the aforesaid moisture range. The greatest advantage ascertained is in the reduction in volume of tailings to be disposed by around 63% which is significant apart from increase in the water recovery by about 10%.
The influence of organizational culture, ethical awareness and experience to ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Acoustic Parameters of acetic acid in benzene at 3 MHz.theijes
In present study, Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with benzene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
Evaluation of a systematic approach to matrix acidizing on an oil producing welleSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated matrix acidizing operations on oil producing wells. The study aimed to identify causes of acidizing failures and develop a systematic approach to eliminate failures and improve well performance. Key findings from the study include:
- Acidizing is used to remove formation damage near the wellbore and improve productivity. However, acidizing sometimes fails to increase production as predicted due to flow restrictions from acid reaction products, changes in rock wettability, or emulsions.
- The study evaluated production data from three acidized wells and found that treatments reduced skin and increased productivity indices, indicating reduced formation damage. However, stimulation ratios from production rates were sometimes lower than ratios from productivity indices, likely due to post-
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
Comparison of Water Injection, Gas Injection, and Water Alternating Gas Injec...IRJET Journal
The document compares the performance of water injection, gas injection, and water alternating gas (WAG) injection scenarios in an oil field in Sudan using reservoir simulation. The simulation found that WAG injection resulted in the highest oil recovery rate of 26.46% and total oil production of 8.83 million stock tank barrels, outperforming water and gas injection alone. Water injection recovered 26.37% of oil but had earlier breakthrough of water. Gas injection recovered 23.78% of oil but resulted in the lowest reservoir pressure. Therefore, the study concluded WAG injection is the best enhanced oil recovery method for this field as it maximizes oil recovery while maintaining reservoir pressure.
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes liquefaction potential in the Kutch region of India using deterministic in-situ analysis software. Standard penetration test data from 12 boreholes was used to identify liquefiable layers, calculate the factor of safety against liquefaction, and estimate potential vertical settlement and lateral displacement. The analysis found generally low blow counts in the top 7 meters, indicating shallow layers are liquefaction-prone. Accounting for liquefaction hazards is important for foundation design given Kutch's seismic activity, including a 2001 earthquake that caused widespread liquefaction failures.
This document provides an overview of offshore oil and gas production processes. It discusses the key steps of exploration, production, processing, and transportation. For production, it describes how crude oil and gas are formed from ancient biomass and become trapped in underground reservoirs. The processing section outlines the main operations at an offshore platform, including hydrocarbon separation, gas processing, oil and gas export, water treatment, and utilities. It provides a schematic of an offshore process complex and details the multi-stage separation and treatment of wellstream components.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
This document reviews developments in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. It discusses how EOR will play an important role in meeting future energy demands as oil discoveries decline. The document categorizes different EOR methods and discusses some of their objectives, including reducing oil-water interfacial tension and increasing capillary number. It also discusses challenges to implementing EOR projects and presents figures illustrating microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiencies during EOR processes.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
Damage control technology of oil-based drilling fluid for shale and tight san...eSAT Journals
Abstract In drilling fluid systems, oil-based drilling fluid have advantages of protecting reservoir and keeping borehole stability in traditional recognition, it also have advantages of high temperature resistance, salt and calcium resistance, good lubricity and low damage, these all let oil-based drilling fluid as an important mean of complex formation drilling for high temperature deep well, high angle directional well, horizontal well and so on. But oil-based drilling fluid has the following damage: drilling fluid invade into formation and cause wettability change of rock surface; oil phase enter into formation and cause the reduce of effective flow area; emulsion block formation; migration of oil-wet solid-phase particles, solid-phase particle invasion and so on would also bring many damages to formation. This study analyzed the current situation and challenge of oil-based drilling fluid, put forward solutions, and provided some references for reservoir protection of oil-based drilling fluid.
Keywords: Oil-Based Drilling Fluid, Reservoir Protection, Wettability, Oil-Phase Trapping
Optimizing completions in deviated and extended reach wells is a key to safe drilling and optimum
production, particularly in complex terrain and formations. This work summarizes the systematic methodology
and engineering process employed to identify and refine the highly effective completions solution used in ERW
completion system and install highly productive and robust hard wares in horizontal and Extended Reach Wells
for Oil and Gas. A case study of an offshore project was presented and discussed. The unique completion design,
pre-project evaluation and the integrated effort undertaken to firstly, minimize completion and formation damage.
Secondly, maximize gravel placement and sand control method .Thirdly, to maximize filter cake removal
efficiencies. The importance of completions technologies was identified and a robust tool was developed .More
importantly, the ways of deploying these tools to achieve optimal performance in ERW’s completions was done.
The application of the whole system will allow existing constraints to be challenged and overcome successfully;
these achievements was possible, by applying sound practical engineering principle and continuous optimization,
with respect to the rig and environmental limitation space and rig capacity.
Keywords: Well Completions , Deviated and Extended Rearch Wells , Optimization
Design and Analysis of Solar Powered RC Aircrafttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
This document analyzes the performance of a 75MW steam power plant. It uses energy analysis, thermodynamic second law analysis (exergy), and Rankine cycle analysis. Experimental data from the plant was used to calculate various efficiencies. The results showed that increasing the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiencies of the plant. Additionally, as the condenser pressure increases, the plant efficiency decreases. The condenser pressure should be reduced to decrease irreversibilities in the system. Operating the plant above 50% capacity also helps minimize energy wastage by generating more steam even when not all is being used. Key components like the boiler, turbine, condenser and pumps were modeled to identify sources of energy and
Avaliability and Usage of Ict Resources for Chemistry Curriculum Delivery in ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Test Rig of Free End Torsion Effect on Linear Straintheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Study of the mechanical fracture behavior of rigid PVC pipes buried supply of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hand gesture recognition using support vector machinetheijes
1) The document describes a system for hand gesture recognition using support vector machines. It uses Canny's edge detection algorithm and histogram of gradients (HOG) for feature extraction from input images of hand gestures.
2) The system is trained using a dataset of predefined hand gestures. During testing, it compares the features extracted from new input images to those in the training dataset and classifies the gesture using an SVM classifier.
3) Experimental results found the system could accurately recognize 20 different static hand gestures in complex backgrounds. However, the authors note that future work could focus on real-time gesture recognition and reducing complexity for faster processing.
Feasibility of an eco – friendly disposal method for Iron ore tailingstheijes
The greatest challenge ahead of the Iron ore mining industry is to tackle the issues related to management of tailings. The tailing disposal and storage methods are sensitive to the environment and care must be taken to keep them at the helm. The method being practiced for disposing the tailings is as thickener underflow at around 45% solids. The development of paste thickener & deep cone thickener are encouraging and can dispose tailings at around 65% solids. However, they are yet to be established over different range of mineral tailings and also the economic aspects related to their transportation are yet to be resolved. Thus the development of improved tailing disposal system is of paramount importance and need of the hour. Filtration of tailings after thickening is an alternative to current practices. However, the suitability of this application is to be assessed for tailings of different nature. In this perspective an attempt has been made to assess the filterability of tailings generated from beneficiation of slimes from Donimalai area. From the studies it is evident that the application of filtration process to these tailings is encouraging. By adopting pressure filtration technique it was possible to produce filtered tailings with moisture in the range of 16 - 21%. It is possible to get the filtration rate in the range of 200 – 300 Kg/hr/m2 while operating in the aforesaid moisture range. The greatest advantage ascertained is in the reduction in volume of tailings to be disposed by around 63% which is significant apart from increase in the water recovery by about 10%.
The influence of organizational culture, ethical awareness and experience to ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Acoustic Parameters of acetic acid in benzene at 3 MHz.theijes
In present study, Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with benzene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
Evaluation of a systematic approach to matrix acidizing on an oil producing welleSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated matrix acidizing operations on oil producing wells. The study aimed to identify causes of acidizing failures and develop a systematic approach to eliminate failures and improve well performance. Key findings from the study include:
- Acidizing is used to remove formation damage near the wellbore and improve productivity. However, acidizing sometimes fails to increase production as predicted due to flow restrictions from acid reaction products, changes in rock wettability, or emulsions.
- The study evaluated production data from three acidized wells and found that treatments reduced skin and increased productivity indices, indicating reduced formation damage. However, stimulation ratios from production rates were sometimes lower than ratios from productivity indices, likely due to post-
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
Comparison of Water Injection, Gas Injection, and Water Alternating Gas Injec...IRJET Journal
The document compares the performance of water injection, gas injection, and water alternating gas (WAG) injection scenarios in an oil field in Sudan using reservoir simulation. The simulation found that WAG injection resulted in the highest oil recovery rate of 26.46% and total oil production of 8.83 million stock tank barrels, outperforming water and gas injection alone. Water injection recovered 26.37% of oil but had earlier breakthrough of water. Gas injection recovered 23.78% of oil but resulted in the lowest reservoir pressure. Therefore, the study concluded WAG injection is the best enhanced oil recovery method for this field as it maximizes oil recovery while maintaining reservoir pressure.
IRJET- Liquefaction Analysis for Kutch Region using Deterministic Insitu ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes liquefaction potential in the Kutch region of India using deterministic in-situ analysis software. Standard penetration test data from 12 boreholes was used to identify liquefiable layers, calculate the factor of safety against liquefaction, and estimate potential vertical settlement and lateral displacement. The analysis found generally low blow counts in the top 7 meters, indicating shallow layers are liquefaction-prone. Accounting for liquefaction hazards is important for foundation design given Kutch's seismic activity, including a 2001 earthquake that caused widespread liquefaction failures.
This document provides an overview of offshore oil and gas production processes. It discusses the key steps of exploration, production, processing, and transportation. For production, it describes how crude oil and gas are formed from ancient biomass and become trapped in underground reservoirs. The processing section outlines the main operations at an offshore platform, including hydrocarbon separation, gas processing, oil and gas export, water treatment, and utilities. It provides a schematic of an offshore process complex and details the multi-stage separation and treatment of wellstream components.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
This document reviews developments in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. It discusses how EOR will play an important role in meeting future energy demands as oil discoveries decline. The document categorizes different EOR methods and discusses some of their objectives, including reducing oil-water interfacial tension and increasing capillary number. It also discusses challenges to implementing EOR projects and presents figures illustrating microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiencies during EOR processes.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
Damage control technology of oil-based drilling fluid for shale and tight san...eSAT Journals
Abstract In drilling fluid systems, oil-based drilling fluid have advantages of protecting reservoir and keeping borehole stability in traditional recognition, it also have advantages of high temperature resistance, salt and calcium resistance, good lubricity and low damage, these all let oil-based drilling fluid as an important mean of complex formation drilling for high temperature deep well, high angle directional well, horizontal well and so on. But oil-based drilling fluid has the following damage: drilling fluid invade into formation and cause wettability change of rock surface; oil phase enter into formation and cause the reduce of effective flow area; emulsion block formation; migration of oil-wet solid-phase particles, solid-phase particle invasion and so on would also bring many damages to formation. This study analyzed the current situation and challenge of oil-based drilling fluid, put forward solutions, and provided some references for reservoir protection of oil-based drilling fluid.
Keywords: Oil-Based Drilling Fluid, Reservoir Protection, Wettability, Oil-Phase Trapping
Optimizing completions in deviated and extended reach wells is a key to safe drilling and optimum
production, particularly in complex terrain and formations. This work summarizes the systematic methodology
and engineering process employed to identify and refine the highly effective completions solution used in ERW
completion system and install highly productive and robust hard wares in horizontal and Extended Reach Wells
for Oil and Gas. A case study of an offshore project was presented and discussed. The unique completion design,
pre-project evaluation and the integrated effort undertaken to firstly, minimize completion and formation damage.
Secondly, maximize gravel placement and sand control method .Thirdly, to maximize filter cake removal
efficiencies. The importance of completions technologies was identified and a robust tool was developed .More
importantly, the ways of deploying these tools to achieve optimal performance in ERW’s completions was done.
The application of the whole system will allow existing constraints to be challenged and overcome successfully;
these achievements was possible, by applying sound practical engineering principle and continuous optimization,
with respect to the rig and environmental limitation space and rig capacity.
Keywords: Well Completions , Deviated and Extended Rearch Wells , Optimization
IRJET- Self-Compacting Concrete - Procedure and Mix DesignIRJET Journal
This document presents a procedure for designing self-compacting concrete mixes. It describes testing various mix designs to achieve the required properties of self-compacting concrete, including adequate flowability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation. A series of trial mixes were conducted by varying the proportions of coarse and fine aggregates, water-cement ratio, and superplasticizer dosage. The optimal mix was determined to have 34% coarse aggregate, 57% fine aggregate, a water-cement ratio of 0.50, and 1.15% superplasticizer. This mix met all acceptance criteria for self-compacting concrete based on slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests. Compressive strength results
Analyses of Water Contaminants Lubricated Deep Groove Ball Bearing through Vi...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effect of liquid contaminants in lubrication grease on deep groove ball bearings through vibration, shock pulse, and temperature measurement. Water is one common contaminant that can get trapped in greases. An experiment was conducted using 6206 SKF ball bearings lubricated with greases contaminated by mineral water, pond water, and salt at varying concentrations. Vibration, shock pulse, and temperature readings were taken from the bearings under different contaminated grease conditions over time. The results showed that contaminants in the grease increased the vibration, shock pulse, and temperature of the bearings compared to the fresh grease, with higher contaminant concentrations generally causing greater changes in the measured parameters. This
OPTIMUM SELECTION OF PROPPANT SANDS FOR WELL COMPLETIONSiQHub
This document summarizes a presentation on fracture proppant selection. It discusses the types and functions of proppants, and considerations for selection including proppant pack conductivity, size for sand control, and surface wetting properties. Proppant pack conductivity depends on particle size and applied stress. Wetting properties are characterized by liquid contact angles, and influence flow behavior for oil and water production. The presentation provides methods to determine permeability reduction from sand invasion and efficiently measure contact angles using the drop volume technique.
Detection of Abnormal Formation Pressures using Drilling ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for detecting abnormal formation pressures using drilling parameters. It analyzes data from Well No. 15 in West Qurna oil field in southern Iraq. Abnormal pressures were detected in several formations based on increases in rate of penetration and decreases in normalized penetration rates (d-exponent and dc-exponent) compared to surrounding formations. The Yamama, Sulaiy, Gotnia, and Najmah formations all exhibited evidence of abnormal pressures based on changes in drilling parameters. The document outlines the calculations and plots used to analyze rate of penetration, d-exponent, and dc-exponent versus depth to identify zones of abnormal pressure.
This document discusses drilling fluid losses and circulation issues in oil fields in southern Iraq. It focuses on investigating the main causes of losses in the Mishrif formation, which commonly occurs in the Hartha and Dammam formations due to natural fractures and permeability. Methods to prevent, control and locate lost circulation discussed include increasing mud viscosity, plugging fractures with lost circulation materials, remedial cementing, and using temperature logs and radioactive tracers to locate the loss zone.
Effects Of Water Injection Under Fracturing Conditionsgarciafe
This document discusses modeling water injection under fracturing conditions in petroleum reservoirs. It presents two approaches: (1) using grid refinement and transmissibility modifiers to represent fracture propagation from injector wells, and (2) adding a virtual horizontal well to model the fracture. The impacts of injectivity loss and water injection above fracture pressure on oil production and net present value are evaluated. Modeling fracture growth is important because it can improve injectivity but reduce sweep efficiency if fractures connect injectors to producers.
This document discusses modeling water injection under fracturing conditions in petroleum reservoirs. It presents two approaches: (1) using grid refinement and transmissibility modifiers to represent fracture propagation from injector wells, and (2) adding a virtual horizontal well to model the fracture. It also models injectivity loss over time by reducing injector well index based on formation damage. The impacts of injectivity loss, fracture propagation, and injection strategies on oil production and net present value are evaluated through reservoir simulations.
This document summarizes the results of using coiled tubing and a true fluidic oscillator tool to stimulate 20 low production wells in the San Jorge Gulf area of Argentina. Deposits of paraffin, asphaltene, and calcium carbonate were causing damage to the wells. The fluidic oscillator tool generated pressure waves of 300-600 Hz to weaken and remove near-wellbore damage. Treatments of solvent followed by acid were pumped selectively into zones. The approach achieved production increases in oil rates of 30-365% and total fluid rates in 75% of wells. It provides a more cost-effective alternative to conventional well interventions.
IRJET- Optimization of Field Development Scheduling and Water Injection Study...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a reservoir simulation study of the Keyi oil field in Sudan to determine the optimal development and production methods. The study used a 3D reservoir simulation model to evaluate different development scenarios. The results showed that water injection significantly improved recovery over natural depletion alone, increasing cumulative oil production from 4.4 million stock tank barrels without water injection to 10.9 million stock tank barrels with water injection. Therefore, the study concluded that water injection is the suitable method for improving recovery from the Keyi oil field reservoirs.
This document summarizes the use of a packerless, multistage fracture stimulation method called pinpoint fracturing (PPF) in Argentina. Key points:
1) PPF has been used to complete 22 wells with 193 fractures since 2006, allowing more selective stimulation and aggressive fracturing treatments.
2) The method uses coiled tubing to hydrajet perforate intervals and pump fracturing fluid down the annulus, isolating stages with sand or bridge plugs.
3) A case study describes applying PPF across 9 wells with 90 stages, reducing completion times compared to conventional methods using packers.
Similar to Justification for Oil Well Stimulation (20)
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Justification for Oil Well Stimulation
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 5 || Pages || PP.73-82|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 73
Justification for Oil Well Stimulation
1
Okotie Sylvester, 2
Ubani C. E.,3
Ikporo Bibobra
1
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Federal University of petroleum resources
2
Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port Harcourt
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum, Niger Delta University, Amasoma, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
In the process of drilling wells or carrying out treatment operations on the wells, the characteristics of the
reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further
away in the reservoir. During the stimulation exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation
with the acid concentration and in reality, most crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to
stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent acid and this severely hinders production due to the high
viscosities inherent with emulsions and also, some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to form
solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow channels in
the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and also due to its insoluble in
most treating solutions. In this study, pressure transient analysis was performed on well J8 and K35 of an oil
field in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of formation damage around the wellbore, a pre and post
evaluation on the stimulation job to ascertain the efficacy of the stimulation job is also presented. Result show
that it is very important to determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution
to the problem in order to increase the well’s productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion,
partial penetration or slanting of well does not require stimulation and if the field’s operators go ahead to
stimulate, they will only end up in wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin
cannot be removed by stimulation.
Keywords - formation damage, stimulation, fluid invasion, wellbore, drilling, emulsion, sludge, skin,
productivity, permeability and stimulation candidate selection.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 09-February-2015 Date of Accepted: 15-May-2015
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
When an oil or gas reservoir is penetrated by a well, its content flows naturally to the surface
production facilities with the aid of the primary reservoir drive mechanism via production conduit. This means
that the natural tendencies for oil and gas wells are to maintain reservoir pressure and production rate to be high
at initial condition and a gradual decline in reservoir pressure and production rate as the wells drilled into the
reservoir as the wells are producing. In reality, the drilling and completion of oil and gas wells for production
are always not successful without damage to the formation as a result of drilling mud invading the hydrocarbon
pay zones, cement and completion fluid filtrate invasion, solid invasion, fines migration, swelling clays, paraffin
deposition, scale precipitation and the effect of stimulation treatments, to mention a few. Hence, it is evident that
formation damage problems are caused by the nature of our activities during the process of interactions with our
wells causing as impairment of reservoir permeability around the well bore, leading to low or no well
production.
To optimize production amidst some of the causes of formation damage mention above, we need to
stimulate some of the wells drilled into the reservoir when the flow of oil becomes too small. Furthermore, we
need to understand that it is not all wells diagnosed with positive skin are recommended for stimulation. Here
stimulation is defined as a term used to describe different operation carried out in a well to get optimum
productivity. This operation is focused on a new and old wells; also it can be designed for remedial purposed or
for enhanced production.
2. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 74
Due to foreign particle invasion and plugging, formation clay dispersion and migration, chemically
incompatible fluids, oil wetting of reservoir rock, emulsion and water blocking and fluid invasion. It is therefore
pertinent for a successful stimulation operation to consider some of the factors when designing an acidizing job.
During the treatment exercise, water can be dispersed as fine droplets in the bulk of oil forming an emulsion
which requires the use of an emulsifier, formation of asphaltene sludge which an anti-sludge agent to break the
mixture of crude oil and acid, the dispersion and migration of clay which have the tendency to block the flow
channels of the acid and if iron agents are not used, formation containing naturally occurring iron may form
precipitates. Therefore, it is the objective of this study to evaluate the performance of oil well after stimulation
operation to justify its successes.
II. SKIN EFFECT
In the process of drilling a well or carrying out treatment operations on the well, the characteristics of
the reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further
away in the reservoir. This leads to the concept termed skin effect refer to as the level of formation damage
around the wellbore but we should be aware that the damage on the formation is not limited to initial production
operations. In the reservoir, skin is presented mathematically as a region of decreased or increased permeability
around the wellbore. The factor of skin can either be negative or positive. A positive skin factor denotes
damaged well or impediment to well productivity which implies an increase in pressure drop. On the other hand,
a negative skin means a stimulated well or shows productivity enhancement and it implies a decrease in pressure
drop at the interface between the reservoir and the wellbore (Agarwal et al., 1970, Ramey, 1970). Productive
geothermal wells usually display a negative skin factor. According to Horne (1995), the skin effect can be
described in terms of an effective wellbore radius which is the radius that the well appears to have due to the
reduction or increase in flow caused by the skin effect. The equations below represent ways of determining skin
factor, s.
Build up test
𝑠 = 1.1513
𝑃1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠(𝑡𝑝)
𝑚
− log
k
∅μctrw
2
+ 3.2 (1)
Drawdown test
𝑠 = 1.1513
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑖ℎ𝑟)
𝑚
− log
k
∅μctrw
2
+ 3.2 (2)
Determination of skin due to damage
𝑆 𝑑 =
𝑘
𝑘𝐼
− 1 𝑙𝑛
𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑤
(3)
𝑟𝑖 = rs + rw
If k >ki, Sd> 0 (damaged) and if K<ki, Sd< 0 (stimulated)
Pseudo skin due to penetration (full penetration of the entire interval)
𝑆 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑐 + 𝑆 𝑑 + 𝑆𝑝 + 𝑆𝑠𝑤 (4)
Pseudo skin due to penetration (partial penetration for shallow damage skin)
𝑆 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑐 +
ℎ 𝑇
ℎ 𝑝
𝑆 𝑑 + 𝑆𝑝 + 𝑆𝑠𝑤 + 𝑆𝑖 (5)
Pseudo skin due to penetration (partial penetration for deep damage skin)
𝑆 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑐 + 𝑆 𝑑 +
ℎ 𝑇
ℎ 𝑝
𝑆𝑝 + 𝑆𝑠𝑤 + 𝑆𝑖 (6)
Pseudo skin due to Slanting of Well, 𝑺 𝒔𝒘
The pseudo skin due to slanting of well depends on the angle of slant, α, and ratio of total thickness to wellbore
radius,
ℎ 𝑇
𝑟 𝑤
It can be approximated using the equation published by Cinco, Miller and Ramey. The equation is
3. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 75
𝑆𝑠𝑤 = −
𝛼
41
2.06
−
𝛼
56
1.865
log
ℎ 𝑇
100𝑟𝑤
(7)
And it is valid for 0 < 𝛼 > 750
and
ℎ 𝑇
𝑟 𝑤
> 40 (i.e. about ℎ 𝑇 > 12𝑓𝑡
Pseudo skin due to Partial Completion (Mechanical Skin), 𝑺 𝒄
This depends on the ratio of completed interval hp to formation thickness, ℎ 𝑇 (most important parameter),
location of completion relative to total thickness and ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability.
Figure 1: configuration of partial completion
𝑆𝑐 =
ℎ 𝑇
ℎ 𝑝
− 1 ln
ℎ 𝑇
𝑟𝑤
𝑘 𝐻
𝑘 𝑣
− 2 (8)
Where,
Sd = skin due to damage, Sp = skin due to perforation, Sc = skin due to completion, Ssw = skin due to slanting of
well
ST = total skin, hT = formation thickness (ft), hP = completion interval (ft), K = permeability (mD), Ki =
damaged permeability (mD), ri = damaged radius (ft), rw = wellbore radius (ft), rs = depth of damage (ft), Kv and
Kh are vertical and horizontal permeability.
III. STIMULATION CANDIDATE WELL SELECTION
Okotie et al (2014) developed a model for stimulation candidate well selection base on skin due to
damage, production increase, economics, payback period and the R-factor. Seven wells were used and the
results obtained after the candidate well selection for stimulation job will help the company and other companies
to prioritize their wells based on the model they choose. For instance, in a field; there are several wells drilled
into the reservoir and to select which of these wells to stimulate first becomes a challenge. Weingarten and
Perkins (1992) stated that critical drawdown is used to predict expected production and is important in evaluating
the economic potential of the treatment. This implies that when screening wells for stimulation job, potential
production increase and incremental economics should be adopted. Thus, wells with the greatest potential should be
selected as candidates. This process should include determination of the maximum allowable drawdown pressure
before formation or sand production occurs. Gas Research Institute (GRI) believes that candidate-well selection
phase is where the greatest industry benefit resides. Moreover, many stimulations fail because of poor-candidate
selection. GRI also argue that good producers often are the best candidate, even though that seems
counterintuitive (Ely et al., 2000).
Martin, (2010) described the process of selecting candidate-wells as a challenging task for hydraulic
fracturing treatment for the increase of well productivity. Martin and Raylance (2010); Martin and Economides
(2007); Mohaghegh (2001) have a common view about candidate-well selection; there is not a straightforward
process and up to now, there has not been a well-defined and unified approach to address this process. However,
Moore and Ramakrishnan (2006) believed that it is possible to formulate a framework for proceeding with the
candidate-well selection for a certain field. Howard and Fast (1970) noted that the fracture selected for use in a
treatment should possess the following properties: Low fluid loss, ability to carry and suspend the proppant,
low friction loss, easy to recover from the formation, compatible with formation fluids and non-damaging and
reasonable cost. It is now possible to achieve most or all of these objectives by properly selecting the
chemical composition of a fracture fluid. There are very few situations for which fracturing is technically
impossible because of fluid limitations. This is, of course, not to say that all cases which are technically
possible will also be economically attractive.
4. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 76
In the acidizing concepts and design, BJ services at the acidizing seminar, BP Indonesia stated that
wells with zonal damage are good candidates for well stimulation treatments which can result to major
increases in productivity. The well and the treatment, however, should be selected with care, and reservoir
conditions should be adequate to assure economic pay-out. Misapplied stimulation treatments are costly and
ineffective, often creating more problems than they solve. Selecting the correct treatment is often not a simple
matter. With an engineering approach to any well problem however, the chance of success is generally
increased. The following information should be considered in the selection of a well treatment:
Type of formation and mineral composition of the formation.
Type and amount of damage.
Contact time available for chemical treatment.
Physical limitations of well equipment.
Bottom hole pressure and temperature.
Possible contaminants such as water, mud, cement filtrate and bacteria.
Treating fluid compatibility with contaminants present and reservoir fluids.
Formation properties such as acid solubility, permeability and porosity.
IV. WHAT ARE THE TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE TO REMOVE THE DAMAGE FROM
THE FORMATION?
Basically, there are two methods of stimulating a well to remove the damage due to skin; these are
matrix acidization and hydraulic fracturing. We have to note at this point that among the types of skin, it is only
the skin due to damage that can be stimulated. Matrix acidization involves the placement of acid within the
wellbore at pressures and rates made-up to attack the restriction to flow without damaging the reservoir. In this
treatment, the acid is injected into the pores and flow channels of carbonate rocks at a bottom-hole pressure
considerably less than the fracturing pressure the purpose being to increase uniformly. On the other hand,
hydraulic fracturing implies acid fracturing, involves the injection of a variety of fluids and other materials into
the well at rates that actually cause the cracking or fracturing of the reservoir formation. These techniques
usually cause a highly conductive flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore.
V. EVALUATION OF STIMULATION JOB
The formation of emulsion is one of the challenges facing the oil and gas industry today. This is
normally encountered when water is dispersed as fine droplets in the bulk of oil. Thus, during the stimulation
exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation with the acid concentration and in reality, most
crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent
acid and this severely hinders production due to the high viscosities inherent with emulsions. After the
stimulation job, an additional expense is incur in trying to dispose the aqueous phase of the emulsion. It is
therefore imperative to perform emulsion tests using crude oil samples from the well to be stimulated or treated
and the proposed acid treating solutions.
Sludges form when asphaltenes are precipitated out of the crude oil. The hydrocarbon formation
contain asphaltic material which exists as a colloidal dispersion of minute asphaltene particles permeated by
adsorbed maltenes. During stimulation treatments some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to
form solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow
channels in the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and due to its
insoluble in most treating solutions, it is extremely difficult to be removed. Hence, in the treatment of wells with
asphaltenic crudes which can be identified by simple laboratory tests, sludge prevention procedures should be
adopted.
Most limestone and dolomite formations produce through a network of fractures and vary in acid solubility whose
acid at varying rates attack the surface of the formation. These formations can exist in an unfractured state. Normally, an
interval will accept acid through the fractures more readily and at lower pressure than through the pore spaces. The acid
solution reacts with the walls of the flow channels, increasing the width and conductivity of the fractures. Also, when the
acid attack formation at varying rates, it leaves an unevenly etched faced. The existence of natural fractures, that occur at
random intervals and in random sizes, contribute to the final uneven etching configuration. The type of acid and strength are
equally important factors in influencing the etch pattern.
VI. METHODOLOGY
Pressure transient analysis were carried out on well J8 and K35 with a well test analysis tool of a
known oil field in Niger Delta region of Nigeria, a continent of Africa. The results obtained showed that these
wells were stimulation candidate. Therefore, stimulation operations were performed on these wells and a pre and
post evaluation are presented in the result. The well, reservoir and pressure data of Well J8 & K35 are given in
Table 1 & 2 of appendix A.
5. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 77
VII.RESULT
From the pressure transient analysis to determine the well J8 skin and permeability using sapphire as
show in the appendix. The pressure data (Table 1 in appendix A) indicates a buildup test, which implies that the
well must have been flowing for a long time before it was shut-in for the buildup test. Result (Figure 2 in
appendix A) obtained when these data were inputted into the well test analysis software; gave a skin value of 3
and capacity of 498 mD-ft. This is an indication of damage as a result of the positive skin. Hence requires a
stimulation job to remove the damage. While well K35 (Figure 3 in appendix A) is highly damage with skin of
24.3 and capacity of 48800 mD-ft. This also requires a stimulation operation for the damage removal to increase
the well’s productivity
7.1 Result of Pre and Post evaluation of Well J8
In other to increase productivity in well J8, it was recommended for stimulation as a result of the
positive skin value from pressure transient analysis. This well was stimulated and a reduced value of skin due to
damage was obtained as shown in Table 3; but other skin values such as completion, partial and full penetration,
slanting of well etc. did not change because they do not require stimulation operation to remove the damage;
hence a workover job is recommended. The result justifies a successful well stimulation job with an increase in
flow rate of 29stb/d and productivity index increase from 0.9626– 1.9582 stb/d/psi. Also, the inflow
performance relationship of the well before and after the well is stimulated is tabulated in table 4 and plotted in
Figure 4. Figure 5 represents the plot of production increase with oil production.
Table 3: Result pre-simulation and post stimulation test (well J8)
Parameter Pre-Stimulation Post-Stimulation
Rate [stb/d] 350 379
total skin ST 4.03 2.137
damage skin 3 1.107
other skin 1.03 1.03
ΔP due to damage skin 270.5596145 100.2571974
ΔP due to total skin [psi] 363.4517488 193.5407686
productivity index [stb/d/psi] 0.962988901 1.958243747
increase in production [stb] 29
Table 4: Inflow performance of well J8 before and after stimulation
Before stimulation After stimulation
Press
[psi]
Rate
[stb/d]
Press[psi] Rate
[stb/d]
Increase in
Production
% increase
4672 0 4672 0 0 0
4476.45 49.54 4476.45 59.97 10.43 21.05369
4107.87 137.82 4107.87 166.83 29.01 21.04919
3739.29 219.42 3739.29 265.61 46.19 21.05095
3370.71 294.35 3370.71 356.31 61.96 21.04977
3002.13 362.61 3002.13 438.93 76.32 21.04741
2633.55 424.19 2633.55 513.48 89.29 21.04953
2264.97 479.1 2264.97 579.95 100.85 21.04989
1896.39 527.34 1896.39 638.35 111.01 21.05093
1527.81 568.91 1527.81 688.66 119.75 21.04902
1159.23 603.8 1159.23 730.9 127.1 21.05002
790.65 632.03 790.65 765.07 133.04 21.04963
422.07 653.57 422.07 791.15 137.58 21.05054
53.49 668.45 53.49 809.16 140.71 21.05019
0 670.06 0 811.1 141.04 21.04886
6. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 78
Figure 4: Inflow performance relationship of well J8
Figure 5: Plot of production increase versus oil production of well J8
7.2 Result of Pre and Post evaluation of Well K35
The result from the pressure transient analysis indicates that the well was damage during the drilling
operation and as such a stimulation job was performed which yielded an increase in production rate of 180stb/d
and productivity index of 27.0364 stb/d/psi as shown in Table 5. In addition, there was a large reduction in the
value of skin due to damage of this well. We will say at this point that the stimulation job is justified as a
success. The inflow relationship and percentage increase in production is tabulated in Table 6 and plotted in
Figure 6 & 7 respectively.
Table 5: Well k35 result for before and after stimulation
Parameter Pre-Stimulation Post-Stimulation
Rate [stb/d] 1000 1180
total skin ST 31.19 14.14
damage skin 24.3 7.25
other skin 6.89 6.89
ΔP due to damage skin 47.45969262 13.92378842
ΔP due to total skin [psi] 60.9163709 27.15618873
productivity index [stb/d/psi] 16.41594838 43.452342
increase in production [stb] 180
Pressure[psi]
Production rate [stb/d]
Well J8 Pre-Post Stimulation
Before stimulation
After stimulation
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800
PercentageIncrease
Oil Production
Percentage Increase in
Production
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 200 400 600 800
IncreaseinProduction
Oil Production
Increase in Production
7. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 79
Table 6: IPR for well k35 before and after stimulation
Before stimulation After stimulation
press
[psi]
rate[stb/d] press
[psi]
rate[stb/d] Increase in
Production
% increase
3251.23 0 3251.23 0 0 0
3184.42 129.88 3184.42 153.2605 23.3805 18.00162
2985.63 502.18 2985.63 592.5703 90.3903 17.99958
2786.84 853.28 2786.84 1006.867 153.587 17.9996
2588.05 1183.18 2588.05 1396.151 212.971 17.99988
2389.26 1491.88 2389.26 1760.423 268.543 18.00031
2190.47 1779.39 2190.47 2099.681 320.291 18.00004
1991.68 2045.7 1991.68 2413.927 368.227 18.00005
1792.89 2290.81 1792.89 2703.16 412.35 18.00018
1594.1 2514.73 1594.1 2967.38 452.65 17.99994
1395.31 2717.45 1395.31 3206.588 489.138 17.99989
1196.52 2898.97 1196.52 3420.782 521.812 17.99991
997.73 3059.29 997.73 3609.964 550.674 18.00006
798.94 3198.42 798.94 3774.133 575.713 17.99992
600.15 3316.35 600.15 3913.29 596.94 17.99991
401.36 3413.08 401.36 4027.433 614.353 17.99996
202.57 3488.61 202.57 4116.564 627.954 18.00012
3.78 3542.95 3.78 4180.682 637.732 18.00003
0 3543.78 0 4181.658 637.878 17.99993
Figure 6: Inflow performance relationship of well k35
Figure 7: Plot of production increase versus oil production of well K35
Pressure[psi]
flow rate [stb/d]
IPR curve for well k35 before & after stimulation
IPR before stimulation
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
PercentageIncrease
Original Production
Percentage Increase in
Production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
IncreaseinProduction
Original Production
Increase in Production
8. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 80
VIII. ECONOMIC EVALUATION
8.1 Material Requirement
1500 gallons Nitrogen (N2)
7 gallons A260 inhibitor
1970 gallons NH4Cl
121 gallons U66 solvent
28 gallons F78 surfactant
3120 gallons 32% HCl
1700 gallons diesel
65 gallons U42 Iron control
In Table 7, from the economic evaluation, if we place the two wells under same material requirement, operating
condition and cost of operation, it took a break even or payback period of 1.79days approximately 2days for
well J8 and a day for well k35 to recover the sum money spent on the total stimulation job. Hence, the payback
period is short and this justified the stimulation job on well J8 and k35. Also, based on the data given for this
study, the remaining life of these well could not be determine and should be recommended in the next study on
this topic to justify stimulation jobs.
Table 7: Economic evaluation
Items Amount (well J8) Amount (well k35)
Cost estimated $ = ₦85.00 $ = ₦85.00
Cost of chemicals ₦705,390 ₦705,390
Cost of equipment/personnel’s ₦1,897,000 ₦1,897,000
Total cost ₦2,602,390 ₦2,602,390
Production rate after treatment 379bopd 1180bopd
Cost per barrel of crude oil @ $45 per barrel
= 85 × 45 =3825
@ $45 per barrel
= 85 × 45 =3825
Cost of crude produced after treatment 3825 x 379 = 1449675 3825 x 1180 = 4513500
Payback period Total cost (of
chemicals/equipment)/cost per
bbl x production rate after
treatment
=2602390/1449675 = 1.79 days
Total cost (of
chemicals/equipment)/cost per bbl x
production rate after treatment
=2602390/4513500 = 0.58 days
IX. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the analysis of pressure transient and the determination of skin, it is very important to
determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution to the problem in order to
increase the well’s productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion, partial penetration or slanting
of well does not require stimulation and if the field’s operators go ahead to stimulate, they will only end up in
wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin cannot be removed by stimulation.
Hence, it is paramount to determine the type and extent of damage.
Also, calculation of the pressure drop should not be accounted for by only skin due to damage because other
skin might still be there which are inherent during the well completion stage and as such if operators fail to
account for these; value gotten might be wrong and desired rate might not be achieved since the sources of
damage are not known to them.
The result of the pressure transient analysis for well J8 and K35 indicated that these wells were damage during
the drilling stage probably due to inversion of mud into the formation.
Finally, results obtained after stimulation jobs on these wells (J8 & K35) justify the merit of the well stimulation
since there were considerable increases in production rate and productivity index with decrease in the damage
skin for both wells analyzed in this study.
9. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 81
REFERENCES
[1]. H. J. Ramey, Jr. Short –Time well test data interpretation in the presence of skin effect and wellbore storage J.Pet. Tech 97-104
[2]. R. Agarwal, R. Al-Hussainy, & H.J. Ramey, an investigation of wellbore storage and skin effect in unsteady liquid flow. I. Analytical
treatment. Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 5, 1970, 279-290.
[3]. R.N. Horne, modern well test analysis, a computer aided approach. 2nd
edition, Petroway Inc., USA, 1995, pp. 257.
[4]. N. Martin, and M. Rylance, hydraulic Fracturing Makes the Difference: New Life for Old Fields. Paper SPE 127743 presented at
the North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition. 14-17 February 2010, Cairo, Egypt.
[5]. L. P. Moore and H. Ramakrishnan, Restimulation: Candidate Selection Methodologies and Treatment Optimization. Paper SPE
102681 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 24-27 September 2006. San Antonio, Texas, USA.
[6]. S. Okotie, B. Ikporo, and A. Ovuema, a simple method for stimulation candidate well selection. International journal of engineering
and technology, vol. 5, 2015, Pg. 26 -33.
[7]. M. J. Economides and T. Martin, Modern Fracturing: Enhancing Natural Gas Production. ( 1st ed.). ET Publication: Huston, 2007.
[8]. J. W. Ely, M. Rothenberg, A. Krupa, F. McDougal, M. Conway and S. Reeves, Restimulation Program Finds Success in Enhancing
Recoverable Reserves. Paper SPE 63241 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1-4 October 2000. Dallas,
USA.
[9]. G. C. Howard and C. R. Fast, Hydraulic Fracturing, Monograph Volume 2, Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, New York
[10]. S.D. Mohaghegh, R. Gaskari, A. Popa, S. Ameri, S, Wolhart, R. Siegfried and D. Hill, Identifying Best Practices in Hydraulic
Fracturing Using Virtual Intelligence Techniques. Paper SPE 72385 presented at the 2001 SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. 17-19
October 2001.. Canton, Ohio, USA.
Appendix A
Table 1: pressure data of well J8
Well J8
Well and Reservoir data Del t[hrs} Pws[psia]
porosity 0.23 0 3561
ct [psi-1] 1.70E-05 0.333 3851
oil viscosity[cp] 0.8 0.5 3960
bo [rb/stb] 1.136 0.667 4045
rw[ft] 0.29 0.883 4104
qo[stb] 350 1 4155
tp[hr]= 4320 2 4271
A [acre] 336400 3 4306
h [ft} 49 4 4324
5 4340
6 4352
7 4363
8 4371
9 4380
10 4387
20 4432
Table 2: pressure data of well K35
Well K35
Additional data Del t[hrs} Pws[psia]
porosity 0.25 0 3183.763
ct [psi-1] 2.00E-05 0.0001 3184.281
oil viscosity[cp] 6.00E-01 0.0008 3187.768
bo [rb/stb] 1.125 0.002 3193.224
rw[ft] 0.5 0.0048 3203.799
qo[stb] 1000 0.012 3221.209
tp[hr]= 1000 0.0278 3235.686
A [acre] 80 0.0557 3240.73
h [ft} 50 0.0888 3241.795
vis 0.6 0.1776 3242.698
0.3774 3243.372
0.5376 3243.372
0.7776 3244.368
1.0176 3244.368
1.2576 3244.574
10. Justification for Oil Well…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 82
Figure 2: Well J8 log-log well test model plot
Figure 3: Well K35 log-log well test model plot