The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Geology of parts of Gboko and Makurdi Local Government Areas, Benue State, Ni...Premier Publishers
The study area lies within the middle Benue trough consisting of a sedimentary terrain, and igneous rocks at the northern part. The area has three drainage basins separated by a water divide that trends nearly north-south. The sedimentary terrain comprises mainly sandstone of Makurdi Sandstone with common fold axes trending Southwest-Northeast. It has grain size distribution and stratigraphic signatures suggestive of fluvial environment. The limestone unit is of a smaller area and circumscribed by the sandstone. Fossils identified in the limestone include mostly pelecypods, gastropods and ammoids. The limestone unit is a probable member of Eze-Aku shale. Evidence of igneous activity in the study area is the emplacement of extrusive and intrusive rocks. The extensive rock is porphyritic basalt, with olivine phenocrysts, augite and analcite. The mineral assemblage suggests that the basalt is of alkaline affinity. The intrusive rocks are dolerite and felsic dolerite, with predominance of lime-bearing plagioclase over all other minerals in the felsic dolerite.
Stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along th...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of the stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along the Irrua-Auchi road in Nigeria. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to analyze the engineering properties of soils derived from different geologic formations underlying the road: the Ameki Formation, Imo Shale, and Ajali Sandstone. Results showed the soils had similar geotechnical properties but pavement deflections, indicating stability, varied with geology, with the most stable segment underlain by Ajali soils and the least stable by Imo shale soils. Stratification of underlying geologic units thus influenced the pavement performance.
The document summarizes a study on variations in groundwater flow potential in parts of Imo State, Nigeria. Ten boreholes across the study area underlain by the Benin Formation were investigated. Transmissivity values, which indicate groundwater flow potential, ranged from 311.04 to 388,800 m2/day. The highest potential was at Futo borehole, while the lowest was at Uratta. The study area was segmented into areas of moderate and high potential. Areas with lower hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values generally had moderate potential, while others with higher values had high potential. The groundwater flow potential model shows potential increases from north to south. The transmissivity values obtained can support sustainable groundwater
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
This document summarizes the tectono-stratigraphic framework and paleogeography of Southeast Asia from the Gulf of Thailand to the South Vietnam shelf during the Tertiary period. The authors constructed regional paleogeography maps for the Oligocene and Miocene eras based on stratigraphic correlations. During the Oligocene, extensive freshwater lakes and swamps dominated deposition, with some basins experiencing brackish incursion later in the period. Widespread marine flooding occurred in the late Oligocene. During the Miocene, marine influence gradually expanded across the region, reaching peak transgression in the middle Miocene associated with high sea levels. By the late Miocene, open marine conditions prevailed across most of
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Geology of parts of Gboko and Makurdi Local Government Areas, Benue State, Ni...Premier Publishers
The study area lies within the middle Benue trough consisting of a sedimentary terrain, and igneous rocks at the northern part. The area has three drainage basins separated by a water divide that trends nearly north-south. The sedimentary terrain comprises mainly sandstone of Makurdi Sandstone with common fold axes trending Southwest-Northeast. It has grain size distribution and stratigraphic signatures suggestive of fluvial environment. The limestone unit is of a smaller area and circumscribed by the sandstone. Fossils identified in the limestone include mostly pelecypods, gastropods and ammoids. The limestone unit is a probable member of Eze-Aku shale. Evidence of igneous activity in the study area is the emplacement of extrusive and intrusive rocks. The extensive rock is porphyritic basalt, with olivine phenocrysts, augite and analcite. The mineral assemblage suggests that the basalt is of alkaline affinity. The intrusive rocks are dolerite and felsic dolerite, with predominance of lime-bearing plagioclase over all other minerals in the felsic dolerite.
Stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along th...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of the stratigraphic influence on geotechnical properties of subgrade soils along the Irrua-Auchi road in Nigeria. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to analyze the engineering properties of soils derived from different geologic formations underlying the road: the Ameki Formation, Imo Shale, and Ajali Sandstone. Results showed the soils had similar geotechnical properties but pavement deflections, indicating stability, varied with geology, with the most stable segment underlain by Ajali soils and the least stable by Imo shale soils. Stratification of underlying geologic units thus influenced the pavement performance.
The document summarizes a study on variations in groundwater flow potential in parts of Imo State, Nigeria. Ten boreholes across the study area underlain by the Benin Formation were investigated. Transmissivity values, which indicate groundwater flow potential, ranged from 311.04 to 388,800 m2/day. The highest potential was at Futo borehole, while the lowest was at Uratta. The study area was segmented into areas of moderate and high potential. Areas with lower hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values generally had moderate potential, while others with higher values had high potential. The groundwater flow potential model shows potential increases from north to south. The transmissivity values obtained can support sustainable groundwater
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
This document summarizes the tectono-stratigraphic framework and paleogeography of Southeast Asia from the Gulf of Thailand to the South Vietnam shelf during the Tertiary period. The authors constructed regional paleogeography maps for the Oligocene and Miocene eras based on stratigraphic correlations. During the Oligocene, extensive freshwater lakes and swamps dominated deposition, with some basins experiencing brackish incursion later in the period. Widespread marine flooding occurred in the late Oligocene. During the Miocene, marine influence gradually expanded across the region, reaching peak transgression in the middle Miocene associated with high sea levels. By the late Miocene, open marine conditions prevailed across most of
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Geology of South Central Milos, L.Begley.Loman Begley
This document provides a summary of the geology mapping project conducted in south central Milos, Greece during the summer of 2016. The mapped area consists of rock units from three major periods - Mesozoic schist basement, overlain by Neogene sedimentary deposits and Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic rocks. The Mesozoic schist is the oldest unit exposed on the island. Younger Neogene units include a basal fluvial conglomerate and sandstone sequence and overlying limestone formation. The youngest rocks are Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic deposits from three eruptive periods that coincided with the island arc volcanism in the region.
Santharam & tarachand mining of beach sand-water resource managementTarachand Veeragattapu
This document summarizes the challenges of mining beach sand deposits in India for heavy minerals while maintaining groundwater and coastal water management. It discusses how the mining and processing of beach sands requires large amounts of water which must be carefully managed. A case study describes hydrogeological investigations conducted at a heavy mineral sand deposit in Srikakulam, India. The study assessed the local geology and groundwater levels, and developed techniques like polymer injection to separate water from waste slurry in order to recycle it and maintain the local water balance during mining operations.
This document summarizes a study of weathering and rock formations in the Zigui region of western Hubei Province, China. The authors describe the different types of rocks found in the area, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. They also analyze the geological processes of weathering occurring in the region, such as physical and chemical weathering. Various products of weathering are observed, including spheroidal rock forms and the development of regolith. The stratigraphy and structures of the area are also outlined. The document provides detailed information on the regional geology and weathering patterns in the Zigui area.
The document summarizes the hydrogeology of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It describes the region's climate, major water bodies, geological formations, and groundwater conditions. The state has varied climates including cold desert in Ladakh, moderate in Kashmir, and sub-tropical in Jammu. Major rivers include the Jhelum, Chenab, and Indus. Groundwater occurs under both confined and unconfined conditions in different areas, with depth to water tables ranging from just below land surface to over 100 meters deep. While groundwater quality is generally suitable for drinking, some areas have high fluoride or nitrate. Overall development of groundwater resources has been limited compared to potential.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
1. The document discusses a case study of the Bhokani dyke located between Sangamner and Sinnar areas in India.
2. It finds that the presence of the dyke provides an important avenue for groundwater recharge in the region's shallow aquifers, acting as a source of irrigation and drinking water for local farmers.
3. The dyke controls the movement of groundwater in the area, and wells located along the dyke have a reliable water supply compared to other locations in the hard rock terrain where groundwater availability is poor.
The Earth has four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and mantle are solid rock, with the crust varying in thickness between oceanic and continental plates. Below the mantle is the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel, and at the center is the solid inner core made of iron and nickel alloy. Geology plays an important role in civil engineering by providing knowledge of construction materials and their properties, understanding natural geological processes, determining suitable sites based on stability and flood risk, and informing foundation and tunneling projects through analysis of rock and soil conditions. A thorough geological survey of a construction area can reduce costs and improve stability.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geotechnical Investigation of upper Keng Tawng Damijtsrd
There are four different types of geological formation and group. In western part of the project area, calcitic nature of Upper Plateau Limestone is found nearby north south trending intra formational fault. About two third of the mapped area is consisted of red coloured sandstone, siltstone, marl and conglomerate of Kalaw Formation in age of cretaceous. In centre of the formation, permo carboniferous aged Plateau Limestone, triassic aged Natteik Limestone and jurassic aged Loi An Group are exposed as inliers. The two formations, Natteik Limestone and Plateau Limestone, are cross cut by northeast trending faults interpreted with aerial photo analysis of the area. The project area lies within the Kalaw Formation. Five main types of rock mass classes are identified according to CRIEPI. They are CH, Cl, CM, CH and D class. The Lugeon values at the Upper Keng Tawng dam site area are less than 5 lugeon after the grouting. The main purposes of Tawng dam regional development The project electricity 51 MW and average energy in annual is 267 MWh. Man Deih Cing | Hla Myat Htwe "Geotechnical Investigation of upper Keng Tawng Dam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26678.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/geological-engineering/26678/geotechnical-investigation-of-upper-keng-tawng-dam/man-deih-cing
Physical Features of the Philippine Sea PlateLindsey Kenyon
This is a poster I designed after doing research of the Philippine Sea Plate. Throughout the semester I will be adding more posters after continuing my research.
This document summarizes a research paper on the development of alluvial fans and associated land use problems in the Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India. It contains the following key points:
1) The paper studies the evolution and development of alluvial fans formed by rivers in the area and examines land use issues, particularly related to agriculture.
2) The study area covers 1000 km2 demarcated by the Tista and Jaldhaka rivers and includes several micro alluvial fans. Fan development results from interactions between climate, tectonism, and hydrology.
3) Agricultural land use is well developed on fertile alluvial deposits but suffers from poor irrigation,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of climate variability on groundwater resources in the Kolondieba catchment basin in Mali. The researchers used historical climate and groundwater data along with downscaled global climate model data to build a groundwater flow model. The model was used to simulate past groundwater levels and predict future impacts of climate variability. The study found that groundwater levels have declined on average 2-15 cm per year from 1940-2008 due to decreasing rainfall. The model can help predict future groundwater levels using climate projections.
1. The document discusses the geological and tectonic features of the Rama Setu and Palk Strait region of southern India, noting its vulnerability to earthquakes and tsunamis due to active faults and a possible mantle plume.
2. It argues that digging a shipping canal through the region could destabilize the area by reactivating faults, inducing seismic activity, and disrupting the region's role as a barrier against tsunamis and oceanographic changes.
3. The author recommends extensive additional geological, geophysical and environmental studies be conducted before any canal project proceeds, to fully understand the region's vulnerability and potential impacts.
Mh gw techno economic feasibility of artificial recharge of aquifer as a mit...hydrologyproject2
1. The document discusses a techno-economic feasibility study of artificial groundwater recharge as a mitigation measure for fluoride contamination in villages in Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India.
2. Three villages (Sakhra, Dharna, and Konghara) were selected as part of a larger government-funded hydrology project to study groundwater quality issues and potential solutions.
3. The area relies on groundwater sources for drinking water, many of which contain unsafe levels of fluoride above national limits and pose health risks with long-term consumption. Artificial recharge techniques are being evaluated as potential solutions.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Geology of South Central Milos, L.Begley.Loman Begley
This document provides a summary of the geology mapping project conducted in south central Milos, Greece during the summer of 2016. The mapped area consists of rock units from three major periods - Mesozoic schist basement, overlain by Neogene sedimentary deposits and Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic rocks. The Mesozoic schist is the oldest unit exposed on the island. Younger Neogene units include a basal fluvial conglomerate and sandstone sequence and overlying limestone formation. The youngest rocks are Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic deposits from three eruptive periods that coincided with the island arc volcanism in the region.
Santharam & tarachand mining of beach sand-water resource managementTarachand Veeragattapu
This document summarizes the challenges of mining beach sand deposits in India for heavy minerals while maintaining groundwater and coastal water management. It discusses how the mining and processing of beach sands requires large amounts of water which must be carefully managed. A case study describes hydrogeological investigations conducted at a heavy mineral sand deposit in Srikakulam, India. The study assessed the local geology and groundwater levels, and developed techniques like polymer injection to separate water from waste slurry in order to recycle it and maintain the local water balance during mining operations.
This document summarizes a study of weathering and rock formations in the Zigui region of western Hubei Province, China. The authors describe the different types of rocks found in the area, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. They also analyze the geological processes of weathering occurring in the region, such as physical and chemical weathering. Various products of weathering are observed, including spheroidal rock forms and the development of regolith. The stratigraphy and structures of the area are also outlined. The document provides detailed information on the regional geology and weathering patterns in the Zigui area.
The document summarizes the hydrogeology of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It describes the region's climate, major water bodies, geological formations, and groundwater conditions. The state has varied climates including cold desert in Ladakh, moderate in Kashmir, and sub-tropical in Jammu. Major rivers include the Jhelum, Chenab, and Indus. Groundwater occurs under both confined and unconfined conditions in different areas, with depth to water tables ranging from just below land surface to over 100 meters deep. While groundwater quality is generally suitable for drinking, some areas have high fluoride or nitrate. Overall development of groundwater resources has been limited compared to potential.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
1. The document discusses a case study of the Bhokani dyke located between Sangamner and Sinnar areas in India.
2. It finds that the presence of the dyke provides an important avenue for groundwater recharge in the region's shallow aquifers, acting as a source of irrigation and drinking water for local farmers.
3. The dyke controls the movement of groundwater in the area, and wells located along the dyke have a reliable water supply compared to other locations in the hard rock terrain where groundwater availability is poor.
The Earth has four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and mantle are solid rock, with the crust varying in thickness between oceanic and continental plates. Below the mantle is the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel, and at the center is the solid inner core made of iron and nickel alloy. Geology plays an important role in civil engineering by providing knowledge of construction materials and their properties, understanding natural geological processes, determining suitable sites based on stability and flood risk, and informing foundation and tunneling projects through analysis of rock and soil conditions. A thorough geological survey of a construction area can reduce costs and improve stability.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geotechnical Investigation of upper Keng Tawng Damijtsrd
There are four different types of geological formation and group. In western part of the project area, calcitic nature of Upper Plateau Limestone is found nearby north south trending intra formational fault. About two third of the mapped area is consisted of red coloured sandstone, siltstone, marl and conglomerate of Kalaw Formation in age of cretaceous. In centre of the formation, permo carboniferous aged Plateau Limestone, triassic aged Natteik Limestone and jurassic aged Loi An Group are exposed as inliers. The two formations, Natteik Limestone and Plateau Limestone, are cross cut by northeast trending faults interpreted with aerial photo analysis of the area. The project area lies within the Kalaw Formation. Five main types of rock mass classes are identified according to CRIEPI. They are CH, Cl, CM, CH and D class. The Lugeon values at the Upper Keng Tawng dam site area are less than 5 lugeon after the grouting. The main purposes of Tawng dam regional development The project electricity 51 MW and average energy in annual is 267 MWh. Man Deih Cing | Hla Myat Htwe "Geotechnical Investigation of upper Keng Tawng Dam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26678.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/geological-engineering/26678/geotechnical-investigation-of-upper-keng-tawng-dam/man-deih-cing
Physical Features of the Philippine Sea PlateLindsey Kenyon
This is a poster I designed after doing research of the Philippine Sea Plate. Throughout the semester I will be adding more posters after continuing my research.
This document summarizes a research paper on the development of alluvial fans and associated land use problems in the Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India. It contains the following key points:
1) The paper studies the evolution and development of alluvial fans formed by rivers in the area and examines land use issues, particularly related to agriculture.
2) The study area covers 1000 km2 demarcated by the Tista and Jaldhaka rivers and includes several micro alluvial fans. Fan development results from interactions between climate, tectonism, and hydrology.
3) Agricultural land use is well developed on fertile alluvial deposits but suffers from poor irrigation,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of climate variability on groundwater resources in the Kolondieba catchment basin in Mali. The researchers used historical climate and groundwater data along with downscaled global climate model data to build a groundwater flow model. The model was used to simulate past groundwater levels and predict future impacts of climate variability. The study found that groundwater levels have declined on average 2-15 cm per year from 1940-2008 due to decreasing rainfall. The model can help predict future groundwater levels using climate projections.
1. The document discusses the geological and tectonic features of the Rama Setu and Palk Strait region of southern India, noting its vulnerability to earthquakes and tsunamis due to active faults and a possible mantle plume.
2. It argues that digging a shipping canal through the region could destabilize the area by reactivating faults, inducing seismic activity, and disrupting the region's role as a barrier against tsunamis and oceanographic changes.
3. The author recommends extensive additional geological, geophysical and environmental studies be conducted before any canal project proceeds, to fully understand the region's vulnerability and potential impacts.
Mh gw techno economic feasibility of artificial recharge of aquifer as a mit...hydrologyproject2
1. The document discusses a techno-economic feasibility study of artificial groundwater recharge as a mitigation measure for fluoride contamination in villages in Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India.
2. Three villages (Sakhra, Dharna, and Konghara) were selected as part of a larger government-funded hydrology project to study groundwater quality issues and potential solutions.
3. The area relies on groundwater sources for drinking water, many of which contain unsafe levels of fluoride above national limits and pose health risks with long-term consumption. Artificial recharge techniques are being evaluated as potential solutions.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes research on optimizing nitrogen species catalyzed (NSC) pressure leaching to treat complex sulfide concentrates. Bench-scale testing was conducted on two composite concentrate samples to evaluate metal recoveries and avoid forming lead-containing residues that are difficult to process. A statistical experimental design was used to optimize leach conditions such as grind time, acid concentration, temperature, and time. The optimized process produced a lead sulfide residue suitable for conventional smelting. Overall, NSC pressure leaching effectively extracted over 90% of silver, zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt into solution while avoiding problematic residues.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new intrusion detection system (IDS) to identify distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks in multitier web applications. The system models relationships between web server requests and database queries to detect attacks where normal traffic is used maliciously. It handles both deterministic and non-deterministic relationships. For static websites, the system classifies traffic into patterns and builds a mapping model. For dynamic websites, it aims to extract one-to-many mappings despite parameter variations and overlapping operations. The paper also discusses SQL tautology attacks, which exploit input fields to bypass authentication or extract all data.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses applying the Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method to solve the total least squares problem with interval data input. It begins with an introduction to total least squares and interval arithmetic. It then presents how to compute the mean and variance for statistical data expressed as intervals. Next, it discusses the general linear model for least squares and properties of the covariance matrix. It introduces using component-wise distance as a condition number for the weight matrix. In the following sections it will apply the Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method to a numerical example to solve the resulting interval linear system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel approach to improving the k-means clustering algorithm. The standard k-means algorithm is computationally expensive and produces results that depend heavily on the initial centroid selection. The proposed approach determines initial centroids systematically and uses a heuristic to efficiently assign data points to clusters. It improves both the accuracy and efficiency of k-means clustering by ensuring the entire process takes O(n2) time without sacrificing cluster quality.
Remote Sensing Technique as Exploration Tool for Ground water in Parts of the...theijes
The study area lies within latitudes 8°00' – 9°00'N and longitudes 11°30' – 12°30'E. Analysis of remote sensing imageries of part of the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria was carried out on a scale of 1:100,000. The aim of this study includes the structural interpretation of the remote sensing data and the identification of the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the area to infer the influence of such structures on the economic potential of the basin. Results of the structural analysis revealed numerous lineaments. Trend analysis of the lineaments plotted on a rose diagram using the strikes and lengths of the entire lineaments revealed structural trends predominating in the NE-SW direction. The absence of visible lineaments in parts of the area may not indicate absence of geological structures. Some of these lineaments were found on some drainages showing that the drainages in those areas are structurally and tectonically controlled. The areas where the lineaments cross each other are indicative of groundwater availability and there correspond to regions of mean topographic height of about 900m
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Analysis found the aquifers highly vulnerable to pollution, with 61% highly vulnerable and 20% very highly vulnerable. Vulnerability was highest in the western coastal area and decreased moving eastward. Water quality analysis found the Plio-Quaternary groundwater to be of varying salinity, dominated by sodium and chloride ions, indicating vulnerability to seawater intrusion if overexploited.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Assessment of groundwater potentials of the crystalline aquifers using hydra...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the groundwater potentials of crystalline aquifers in Gidanwaya Town and its environs in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pumping test data from 25 boreholes was used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifers derived from crystalline basement rocks in the area. Transmissivity values ranged from 1.16x10-1 to 9.76x10-3 m2/s, indicating high to very high groundwater potentials. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1.12x10-2 to 9.24x10-3 m/s. Specific capacity values ranged from 1.00x10-1 to 9.95x10-
EFFECTS OF INCREASED LAND USE CHANGES ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN THE UPP...IAEME Publication
River Nzoia originates from three water towers namely Nandi hills, Cherengany Hills and Mount Elgon. With increased anthropogenic activities in Nzoia river catchments, land cover has continuously been altered. This scenario has resulted into increased quantity of physical parameters in runoff among them, sediment load and turbidity, during rainy season. This study modelled effects of increased land use changes on runoff and sediment loads. Digital Elevation Model, spatial soil data, sediment loads and meteorological data for the year 2000 to 2012 were the main input into the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model for calibration and validation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
- The document discusses runoff farming as a way to reduce rural poverty in the Cholistan Desert of Pakistan.
- The Cholistan Desert has an arid climate with low and erratic rainfall, but traditional runoff farming techniques have harvested rainwater through structures like ponds and ditches.
- Runoff farming involves modifying landscapes to increase runoff from rainfall and conveying that water to storage structures for irrigation and other uses. These indigenous techniques have helped support agriculture and alleviate poverty in an area with little other water.
Evolution of the coastline of Saidia - Cap Water (Northeastern Morocco)IOSR Journals
the north-eastern coast of Morocco is a fragile area and vulnerable to the coastal erosion. This is
due to a deficit of sediment load caused by the construction of the dams on the Moulouya river which ensures
fattening the beach on one side and the coastal tourist developments that destroy the coastal dune system on the
other.
The use of the geographic information systems (GIS) allows us to study the evolution of the coastline since the
late fifties. This study is carried from aerial photography in a several periods, of the topographic map of Triffa
to 1 / 50 000 and Spot satellite images.
The results show a strong retreat of the Saidia-Cap Water coastline that reaches about 10m / year at the mouth
of the Moulouya and 0.5m to 1m at Saidia. This withdrawal is a real risk to the entire coastal zone and which
must be carefully studied in order to measure its position in the future, especially in the context of the current
climate change and the likely sea level rise in the coming years.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
A Review of Engineering Geology in TanzaniaIJRES Journal
This paper briefly summaries the engineering geology importance to the development of Tanzania. Tanzania is situated in geologically active region and hence it is subjected to various earthquake and volcanic related hazards. Other factors such as high annual rainfall, rugged topography and intense weathering when combined with earthquake and volcanic related hazards makes Tanzania an extremely challenging and interesting environment for geological engineers. Several large open pit mining operations such as Geita and Buzwagi and the design of tailing dams have involved considerable input from geological engineers both in terms design and development of necessary infrastructures. The construction and maintenance of roads is an important factor in the growth of Tanzania and both major and minor roads have been affected by slope instability problems. The development of hydroelectric power has also involved a significant input from geological engineers in the design and construction of dams and its related structures.
A Review Of Engineering Geology In TanzaniaApril Knyff
This document provides a review of engineering geology in Tanzania. It discusses how Tanzania's complex geology, which includes active seismic zones and volcanic regions, poses challenges for infrastructure development due to issues like earthquakes, landslides, and slope stability problems exacerbated by heavy rainfall. It notes how mining operations and construction of roads, dams, and other projects have required significant input from geological engineers to address these issues. The document also provides background on Tanzania's geological history and formations and identifies some specific landslide events that have impacted development.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
Engineering geophysical investigation around ungwan doka, shika area within t...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes an engineering geophysical investigation conducted around Ungwan Doka, Shika area in northwestern Nigeria. Vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger configuration were performed at 18 locations. The resistivity data revealed 2-4 subsurface layers: a topsoil layer, a weathered basement layer, a partly weathered/fractured basement layer, and a fresh basement layer. Resistivity values and layer thicknesses varied across layers and locations. The study characterized the subsurface and evaluated its competence, structural variations, groundwater potential, and safety of the hydrogeologic system to inform engineering design.
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 3D imaging to investigate groundwater distribution along the flood plains of the River Niger in Jebba, Nigeria. 25 VES profiles were collected and interpreted to generate geo-electric cross sections showing 3-4 subsurface layers. The sections identified two aquifer systems - a shallow weathered layer aquifer and a deeper fractured basement aquifer. 3D imaging of the subsurface was also used to delineate areas of high groundwater potential. The results showed groundwater potential was lowest in the northwest, average in the northeast, and highest in the southeast along the river. The study helps characterize the aquifers and identify promising areas for groundwater development.
Artificial Recharge to Alluvial Aquifer, Northeastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan.IJRES Journal
Many engineering geology and structural geology aspects have been used in this study, to point out the suitability of the site for artificial recharge to alluvial aquifer, such as; rocks and soil types, seepage rate, structures and lineaments. The area is under lied by basement rocks with considerable thickness (10 to 15 m) of alluvial deposit. Overall soil type is sandy soil and its seepage rate is 34.56 Liter per hour. The most existing lineaments are trending toward NW direction while rocks foliation dipping toward WWN direction. The site is satisfied to be artificial recharge.
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Azure API Management to expose backend services securely
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 2 || Issue || 11 || Pages || 07-12 || 2013 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
An assessment of groundwater potentials of the Central Area
District and its environs, Federal Capital City, Abuja, Nigeria
1
1, 2
Abam, T.K.S and 2Ngah, S. A.
Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port
Harcourt, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------The movement of administrative headquarters of Nigeria from Lagos to Abuja and return to civilian rule, under
the bogus presidential system of government with retinue of political aids and associates resulted in
unprecedented influx of people just as commercial activities sprang up to service the large population. Satellite
towns and semi urban and rural settlements emerged. Water supply projections were overshot and supply
became grossly inadequate. Residents particularly in the satellite towns have to source their water supply.
Surface water sources are few and distant. Groundwater became attractive as the source for domestic water
supply. This paper examines the groundwater potentials of the Federal Capital City, Abuja. Although the area
situates on the basement complex, the occurrence of thick regolith comprising weathered basement which
overlies a highly fractured basement combines with high rainfall to create large subsurface water reservoir into
which precipitation drains. The regolith receives the rainfall and transmits it to storage sites formed by deep
seated interconnected fractures. Thickness of weathered basement can be as high as 70m with an average of
30m. Local communities obtain their water supply from shallow hand dug wells lined with concrete rings and
motorized boreholes are constructed in the metropolis. Yield of motorized boreholes are as high as 20m3/hr –
40m3/hr and depth to water level varies from 4m – 19m. The weathered basement has excellent water yielding
properties but the water level is very responsive to seasonal changes. Conjunctive use of both surface and
groundwater sources will ensure uninterrupted water supply to the Federal Capital City.
Key Words: Groundwater potentials, Federal Capital City, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 05 November 2013
Date of Acceptance: 30 November 2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
I.
INTRODUCTION
The new Federal Capital City (FCC) and its environs form part of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT)
Abuja which has a total landmass of about 8000 km2. The FCT is bounded by latitudes 8o45’N and 9o40’N and
longitudes 6o50’E and 8o55’E (Fig. 1). However, the FCC study area lies between latitudes 9o00’N and 9o07’N
and longitudes 7o25’E and 7o30’E (Fig. 2). The major establishments in the study area are aligned along the
General Muhammed Buhari express Road that traverses the whole area. The geologic formation in the area
comprises of basement complex rocks that formed prominent hilly physiographic features where gully erosion
has formed deep valleys.
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2. An assessment of groundwater potentials of the Central Area District and its environs…
The people of the area have from time to time been faced with acute problem of water shortages as a
result of rapid population growth, urbanization and the non-conventional scientific siting and development of
boreholes that were not backed with any hydrogeological and geophysical studies. The gap therefore exists to
identify and characterize the geologic structures and aquifer units in the study area that could define and control
the groundwater and surface water resources of the area. Since the area comprises essentially of hard rocks,
occurrence of groundwater will depend not only on the climate and physiography of the area but also on the
existence of adequate proportion of geological structures favourable for housing and transmitting groundwater.
An extensive review of the physiography and geology therefore becomes imperative.
II.
PHYSIOGRAPHY, CLIMATE AND DRAINAGE
The area is characterized by hills and valleys that are fairly covered by vegetation and soil, though there are several
areas where the bed rock outcrops. The topography is rugged and undulating with the basement rocks outcropping as hills
and inselbergs. The Gwagwa plains occurring at the west of the FCT are underlain by migmatites and gneisses, and stand
about 305m in the south-west and 516m in the east above mean sea level. These plains form part of River Usumanu that
originates in the Bwari-Aso hills.
Abuja enjoys a tropical continental climate characterized by two distinct seasons; the dry and rainy seasons. The
rainy season spans Mach/April to September/October, while the dry season extends from October to May. The mean annual
rainfall is 1630mm, while temperatures vary from 22oC around December/January to 35oC in March/April. The weather
conditions reflect the rugged nature of the area with the hills and inselbergs occasionally inducing orographic (relief) rainfall
in their immediate vicinity. Vegetation is characterized by thorn bushes and trees, herbs, shrubs, and mango trees, the area
being in Guinea Savanna Vegetation zone of Nigeria.
The drainage pattern generally varies from trellis to dendritic. The area is drained by many rivers in and around
Abuja including Rivers Gwagwalada and Usmanu while Rivers Wupa, Wosika and other smaller seasonal southerly-flowing
streams form the tributaries and drain the study area. These rivers depend on rainfall for their recharge. As such, their stages
are high in rainy season and decrease appreciably in the dry season.
III.
GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURES
The study area is located within the Central Nigeria Precambrian Basement Complex.The geology of
the area has been studied and discussed by previous workers like Oyawoye (1972), McCurry (1976) etc,. They
described the rocks as comprising mostly granite, gneisses, mica schists, hornblende and feldspathic schists and
migmatites. The rocks are highly fractured and jointed showing essentially two fracture patterns, NE – SW and
NW – SE. These fractures control the drainage and flow patterns of rivers in the area, (Fig. 2).
However, minor Cretaceous deposits of Nupe sandstones occur in the southern part of FCT between
Kwali and Abaji, extending to Rubochi and the border with Nassarawa State. Similarly, metasediments have
also been mapped along a general NNE-SSW direction through the west of Kusaki (in the south) and east of
Takushara (in the north) (USGS 1977). Mica schists and amphibolite schists occur around Kusaki and Buze
villages outside the study area.
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3. An assessment of groundwater potentials of the Central Area District and its environs…
The rocks comprise migmatites, migmatitic-gneisses, fine to medium grained gneisses, mica schist,
calc-silicate rock, amphibolite, coarse grained older granites occasionally overlain by superficial deposits that
include laterites, soils and alluvium deposits. The gneisses and migmatitic gneisses formed the bedrock at the
low-lying areas while the migmatites occur as very large massive and well-formed hills with the gneisses
occurring as cluster of elongated hills.
The migmatite constitutes about 35% of the study area outcropping in the SW part while the migmatitic
gneiss occur in the central and eastern part constituting 40% of the area. The gneisses outcropping as fine to
medium grained granite gneisses in the NE part cover about13% of the surface area, while the coarse grained
Older Granites are exposed in the extreme NE corner where they constitute about 6% of the area forming smallsized residual hills with rounded tops.
Minor lithologies take up the remaining 1% of the surface area and include amphibolite and calcsilicate rocks as well as mica schist. The schists form rounded ridges and valley forms due to their low
resistance to erosion (UNIFE, 1979). They are commonly seen to have weathered into reddish micaceous sandy
clay capped by laterites and other superficial deposits such as alluvium deposits and soils. While the reddish
brown laterites partially or completely overly and conceal other lithologic units, the alluvial deposits are found
in river and stream channels in the area.
A general NNE-SSW orientation of lithological facies exist in the area apparently related to PanAfrican orogeny. Similarly, there is the presence of dense fracture network which is the dominant structural
control of groundwater occurrence in the area. The fractures take the form of cracks and tensional joints
resulting from stresses occasioned by alternate heating-up and cooling of the rocks. Both horizontal and vertical
joints are very common, with the width of the fractures generally decreasing with depth. Major NW-SE and NESW fault lines had been reported by Avci (1983). The fractures increase the hydrologic significance of the
basement rocks by providing the necessary porosity and permeability; factors necessary for the occurrence and
movement of groundwater in subsurface environments. Porosity receives the precipitation and provides storage
sites while permeability enables the transmission of water thereby fulfilling the two primary functions of an
aquifer; storage and conduit functions.
IV.
HYDROGEOLOGY
The water resources of the area comprise both the surface and groundwater sources including the
streams and rivers that occur in the sloppy terrains in the south. Lower Usumanu and Jabi dams which supply
water to the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja are located in the area.
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4. An assessment of groundwater potentials of the Central Area District and its environs…
The groundwater component of the water resources of the area are contained in the aquifers and
basement rocks. Hydrogeologically, two types of aquifers are recognized namely, the regolith or weathered
basement aquifers and the fractured zone aquifers. Therefore geology and climate are the limiting factors of
groundwater occurrence in hard rocks. Fortunately there exists in the area a thick loose and discontinuous
blanket of decayed and decaying rock debris (regolith). A combination of thick regolith and high rainfall and
favourable temperature pattern in the FCT offers a conducive condition for occurrence of groundwater. The
decayed/decaying and fresh rock fragments lie on top of, below and adjacent one another in an irregular manner
creating intergranular spaces between rock fragments lying together. Precipitation introduces water into the
regolith through the usually numerous porespaces. The regolith therefore acts as a storage medium for water
from rainfall and can also transmit water vertically and horizontally to underlying rocks. If the underlying bed
rock has high fracture density, regolith can serve to transmit water to underlying bedrock storage sites.
The occurrence of the groundwater is a function of the overburden thickness, the type, composition
and texture of rock fragments that constitute the overburden and the degree density and interconnections of the
fractures. The overburden aquifers occur extensively and receive recharge directly from rainfall. Some measure
of artificial recharge come from the Lower Usumanu and Jabi dams. Villagers extract the groundwater from the
overburden through hand-dug wells. Most of the boreholes are located on the overburden aquifer and have
shown the depths to bedrock to vary from 0m (where the bedrock outcrops) to about 73m with an average of
30m. The direction of groundwater flow is generally downhill converging in the valleys and river channels.
Depths to water table vary from place to place (Table 2) with the water level rising during the rainy
season and falling during the dry season resulting in seasonal fluctuation in the actual volume of water in
storage.
The various aquifer parameters obtained from developed boreholes sited in adjacent areas show that the area has
low to moderate water yielding properties (maximum 18m3/hr) The yields of boreholes vary from one rock type to another.
For instance yields are generally lower in parts of Garki, Wuse and Maitama where migmatites and schist are dominant
compared to areas with granites and granite gneisses. Wherever the weathered basement is deep and underlain by highly
fractured bedrock, borehole yields are generally high. For instance, resistivity surveys (vertical electrical sounding) carried
out at a location at the Presidential Palace and another at the Nicon Noga Hilton Hotel revealed the existence of deep fracture
systems below the overburden. Boreholes drilled and completed into these deep fractured basement rocks have depths of
100m each and yielded 40m3/hr and 21.6m3/hr respectively with drawdowns of 26.5m and 46.5m respectively after 120
minutes of pumping (Offodile, 1983).
Table 1. Location, depths of boreholes and static water tables in some boreholes within F.C.T. Abuja (D.R.D., 1989)
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Location
Kwali
Dobi
Agyana
Paikon Kore
Anagada
Zuba
Jiwa
Gwagwa
Tungan Maje
Total Depth (m)
47.0
70.0
42.2
70.0
72.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
69.0
47.0
70.0
42.2
70.0
72.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
69.0
Abaji I
Garki Central Area I
Garki Central Area II
Asokoro
Bwari
Garki
Garki
Abaji
Atako
Central Area
V.
Static water level (m)
4.0
6.7
19.0
3.6
3.1
2.0
10.7
3.2
3.2
3.1
4.0
6.7
19.0
3.6
3.1
2.0
10.7
3.2
3.2
7.1
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Etu-Efeotor (1998) undertook an evaluation of hydrogeochemical properties of surface and
groundwater in the study area and compared the values of the physic-chemical parameters with WHO standards
for drinking water supplies, (Table 4).
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5. An assessment of groundwater potentials of the Central Area District and its environs…
Table 2. Hydrogeo-chemical data of ground water from Central Nigeria (Etu-Efeotor 1998)
Geochemical parameter
Dobi
Nija
Clear
2
0.45
7.1
354
95.2
93.7
5.90
0.20
3.50
2.20
0.5
Gwagwalada
Specialist Hospital
Clear
1.0
0.64
7.1
106.6
76.6
9.80
0.42
8.2
1.08
0.4
Appeareance
Colour (Hazen units)
Odour
Turbidity (NTU)
Ph
Conductivity (µScm-1)
Alkalinity mg/1
Hardness mg/1
B.O.D. mg/1
Calcium (Ca++) mg/1
Magnesium (Mg2+) mg/1
Sodium (Na+) mg/1
Potassium (K+) mg/1
Zinc (Zn++) mg/1
Copper (Cu++) mg/1
Total Iron (Fe2+. Fe3+) mg/1
Carbonate (CO32-) mg/1
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) mg/1
Chloride (Cl-) mg/1
Sulfate (SO42-) mg/1
Nitrate (NO3-) mg/1
Phosphate (PO42-) mg/1
Suspended Solids mg/1
Dissolved Solids mg/1
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (se)
Arsenic (As)
Chromium (Cr)
Cyanide (CN)
Cadmium (Cd)
Paiko -1
Paiko -2
Izom
WHO
Clear
1.0
0.82
7.40
495
123.4
114.3
16.50
1.80
11.40
3.60
0.02
0.02
0.5
UniABUJA
Clear
2
0.56
7.2
110.8
80.8
7.40
0.86
6.5
0.96
0.5
Clear
3
0.52
7.1
246.0
101.4
84.5
4.60
0.70
5.60
2.50
0.10
0.4
Clear
2
0.78
7.2
868
97.4
72.6
8.40
1.10
3.20
1.60
0.08
0.3
Clear
2
0.48
6.7
98.7
92.1
12.85
1.24
10.2
0.68
0.5
clear
5
No odour
5
7.0-8.0
50-100
100
72-200
30
5.0
1.0
0.3-1.0
85.4
22.6
9.26
0.52
213
74.3
21.6
10.16
0.31
276.6
90.6
28.6
11.8
0.24
306.8
86.1
22.0
9.04
0.46
230.2
84.6
20.4
8.1
0.61
198.6
70.2
22.5
7.7
0.80
206.4
84.2
26.5
8.8
0.68
284.8
200
200
50
500
500
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.01
His work shows that basement geology played a domineering role in the chemistry of groundwater in
the area. The order of dominance of major cations in groundwater is as follows: Ca>Na >K>Mg and for anions,
HCO3->Cl->SO42-. The sequence is believed to be related to the basement geology as the boreholes were drilled
in area dominated by granites, and feldspathic quartz schists which will normally yield more Na and K than
Mg. Generally, the groundwater is adjudged potable except for slightly elevated values for iron.
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
The Federal Capital City (FCC) is underlain by crystalline basement rocks that consist of migmatites,
gneisses and granites. Surface outcrops of these rocks are seen to be highly fractured. Fracture density is high
and the fractures are highly interconnected although fracture widths tend to reduce with depth. Elsewhere, the
area is overlain by thick regolith comprising decayed and decaying rock fragments which are loosely arranged
creating large and numerous porespaces that permit easy infiltration of rainfall. They are capped at some places
by laterites and other superficial deposits. High rainfall prevalent in the area furnishes water to the regolith
which is believed to serve to store and transmit infiltrating rain water into deeper basement storage sites
provided by the dense fracture networks. Additional recharge also comes from Lower Usmanu and Jabi dams.
The combined thickness of the resulting aquifer (regolith and the fractured basement) can be as high as 70m.
The local communities obtain their water supply via hand dug wells lined with concrete rings to prevent
collapse. In the metropolis, boreholes are drilled and completed into the fractured bedrock using motorized rigs.
Yields of the boreholes vary but can be as high as 20m3/hr – 40m3/hr. Climatic factors such as temperature and
rainfall play significant role as water level fluctuations occur in dry and rainy season. Not minding that the area
is basically a bed rock area, prospect for water supply using groundwater as a source is high. However a
conjunctive use of both surface and groundwater sources will ensure uninterrupted water supply to the Federal
Capital City.
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6. An assessment of groundwater potentials of the Central Area District and its environs…
REFERENCES
[1.]
[2.]
[3.]
[4.]
[5.]
[6.]
[7.]
[8.]
[9.]
[10.]
Avci, M., (1983). Photogeology and Structural interpretation of the Southern section of the New Federal Capital City site, Abuja,
Nigeria. Nig. J. Min. Geol., 20 (1&2), 51-56.
D.R.D. (1989). Department of Rural Development, Ministry for the Federal Capital Territory, DFRRI Water Borehole Projects,
Abuja.
Etu-Efeotor, J.O. (1998). Hydrochemical Analysis of Surface and Groundwaters of Gwagwalada Area of Central Nigeria. Global
Jl Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No 2
Federal Ministry of Water Resources of Nigeria, (1978). Pre-drilling Hydrogeological Investigation of Area I-Final Design.
McCurry, P. (1976). The geology of the Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic rocks of Northern Nigeria. In C.A. Kogbe (Ed).
Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethab Press. Lagos. pp 15-39
Offodile, M.E., 1983. The occurrence and Exploitation of groundwater in Nigerian Basement rocks. Nig. J. Min. Geol., 20 (1&
2): 131-146.
Oyawoye, M.O. (1972). The Basement Complex of Nigeria (In) African Geology (T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A. J. Whiteman, Eds.
Ibadan Univ. Press pp 67-99
UNIFE (1979). Geology and Engineering Geology of the Federal Capital City Site. University of Ife, Nigeria.
USGS (1977). Preliminary Engineering Geologic Report on selection of Urban sites in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
Project Report Nigerian Investigations (IR N-1.
WHO (1984). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. World Water 1988.
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