The document discusses lead, including its properties, chief ores, distribution in India, and uses. It notes that lead occurs rarely in its native state and is more commonly found as ore minerals associated with zinc, cadmium, and silver ores. It also summarizes that India's major lead deposits are located in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal. The key ores of lead mentioned are galena, cerussite, anglesite, and minium.
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
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Distribution of lead ores in india
1.
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Lead
• Properties of lead
• Chief ores of lead
• Distribution of lead in India
• Uses of lead
• Conclusion
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
4. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks for
buildings.
5. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks for
buildings.
•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; the
literary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise on
mining and metals written in about 400 BC.
6. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks for
buildings.
•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; the
literary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise on
mining and metals written in about 400 BC.
• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign
countries.
.
7. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks for
buildings.
•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; the
literary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise on
mining and metals written in about 400 BC.
• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign
countries.
• The total world productions of lead metal in 1990 were about 5.7 million
tonnes, to which India’s contributions were about 0.7%(0.040 m.tonnes) lead.
8. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks for
buildings.
•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; the
literary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise on
mining and metals written in about 400 BC.
• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign
countries.
• The total world productions of lead metal in 1990 were about 5.7 million
tonnes, to which India’s contributions were about 0.7%(0.040 m.tonnes) lead.
•USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, UK, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium, and
China together produce majority of the world production of refined lead
9. INTRODUCTION
•Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man because it
is highly malleable, easy to smelt and work with.
•. Romans used it for making iron pins to hold large stone blocks for
buildings.
•Ancient Indians possessed the knowledge of mining, metals and alloys; the
literary evidence of which is evidenced in Kautilya's ‘Arthsastra’, a treatise on
mining and metals written in about 400 BC.
• India’s present need for lead is met mostly by imports from foreign
countries.
• The total world productions of lead metal in 1990 were about 5.7 million
tonnes, to which India’s contributions were about 0.7%(0.040 m.tonnes) lead.
•USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, UK, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium, and
China together produce majority of the world production of refined lead
11. LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh
surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidises
on exposure to air.
12. LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh
surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidises
on exposure to air.
It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail
and shows a black streak on paper.
13. LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh
surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidises
on exposure to air.
It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail
and shows a black streak on paper.
Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.
14. LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh
surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidises
on exposure to air.
It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail
and shows a black streak on paper.
Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.
It is highly resistant to corrosion, hence is used for
storage of acids
15. LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh
surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidises
on exposure to air.
It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail
and shows a black streak on paper.
Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.
It is highly resistant to corrosion, hence is used for
storage of acids.
Deposits of lead are either of hydrothermal (cavity –
filling and replacement) or of sedimentary origin.
16. LEAD
Lead(Pb) occurs in native state, but it is quite rare.
The metal is bluish grey in colour & shows on its fresh
surface a bright metallic lustre which quickly oxidises
on exposure to air.
It is so soft that it can be scratched with finger-nail
and shows a black streak on paper.
Its high Sp.Gr of 11.34 makes it heavy.
It is highly resistant to corrosion, hence is used for
storage of acids
Deposits of lead are either of hydrothermal (cavity –
filling and replacement) or of sedimentary origin.
17. PROPERTIES OF LEAD
• Colour -metallic gray
• Streak -lead gray
• Luster -Metallic
• Diaphaneity -opaque
• Cleavage -None
• Hardness -2 to 2.5
• Specific Gravity -11.34
• Diagnostic Properties -Luster, streak
• Chemical Composition -Pb
• Crystal System -Isometric
18. CHIEF ORES OF LEAD
• Galena(PbS)
• Cerussite(PbCO3)
• Anglesite(PbSO4)
20. RAJASTHAN
85% of the lead deposits if India
occur in Rajasthan.
The important lead deposits of India
include Rampura-Agucha
(Bhilwara district), Rajpura-Dariba
and Sindesar (Rajsamand district),
Zawar (Udaipur), Sawar
and Kayar-Ghugra (Ajmer district),
Basantgarh and Deri (Sirohi district)
in Rajasthan;
Mineralisation occurs along several
belts in rocks of
the Aravalli (Ca +1400 my) and
Delhi (Ca +740 my) Supergroups
and in
pre-Aravalli (Ca +2200 my) rocks.
23. ANDHRA PRADESH
Galena occurs at Chityala and
Chelima in Kurnool district,
Karempudi in Guntur district and
Zangamrajupalle in Cuddapah
district. Galena is also reported to
occur near Chintakunta in
Nalgonda district and Jestaipalli
in Khamam district.
These deposits and occurrences
are mostly hosted in rocks of the
Cuddapah Supergroup and to a
lesser extent in rocks of the
Kurnool Group, Pakhal
supergroup
24. JHARKHAND
Occurrences of argentiferous
lead ore had been located in
Hazaribagh district. Galena is
found in parts of Singhbhum,
Ranchi, Hazaribagh and Palamau
districts but with little chance of
success in their working. The GSI
has taken up investigation in
some parts of the State
25. MADHYA PRADESH
Lead-ores, often argentiferous, are
on a fairly large scale. Mahanadi
River near Padampur, Bilaspur
district. Occurrences have been
reported at Ranitalao near Chicholi,
Thelkadand Karamatara in Durg
district, Bhelaunda and Chiraikhurd
in Sarguja district, Andar in Shivpuri
district and near Kurol in Gwalior
district.
In Madhya Pradesh, basemetal
deposits and occurrences have been
recorded from Malanjkhand
granitoid belt, Bhundelkhand granite
complex and the Mahakhosal and
Vindhyan Groups of rocks.
26. KARNATAKA
Lumps of galena were found at
Metri, 40 kms north-west of
Bellary during 1951-52; but
detailed prospecting by drilling and
pitting has shown that the deposits
are not of economic importance.
Some minor occurrences of lead-ore
are known near Ingaldhal in
Chitradurga district.
These deposits and occurrences are
mostly hosted in rocks of the
Dharwar supergroup.
27. ODISHA
The lead-ore deposits were
located along a 35 km belt of the
Sargipalli in Sundargarh,
Kesarpur in Mayurbhanj
district,Karmali in Sambalpur.
During the year 1986 the
district of Sundargarh produced
5,451 tonnes of lead
concentrate.
Lead mineralization forms part
of the southern extension of the
Singhbhum Copper belt of
Jharkhand.
28. GUJARAT
Lead ores are found in
Ambamata-Chitrasani
in Banasakantha
District , Khandia in
Vadodara district
29. WEST BENGAL
Small pockets of argentiferous galena,
cerussite and sphalerite occur in the
dolomite bands in Buxa Duars area of
Jalpaiguri district. Lead-ores occur also
in a number of other places in Darjeeling
and western Duars area. In the district of
Darjeeling 2.27 million tonnes of
probably recoverable reserves have been
estimated in which each of the lead and
zinc metals, are estimated at 56 thousand
tonnes.
Lead-zinc deposit occurs in the Daling
Group (Precambrian to early Cambrian
age) which consists mainly grey green or
green chlorite-quartz-sericite
schist/phyllite, sericite-chlorite quartzite,
quartzmagnetite
rock, mylonites, epidiorites, etc.
30.
31. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
32. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
33. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing wheels of vehicles.
34. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing wheels of vehicles.
• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.
35. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing whee.ls of vehicles.
• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.
• In electronics its use as soldering agent is well known.
36. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing whee.ls of vehicles.
• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.
• In electronics its use as soldering agent is well known.
• Molten lead is used as a coolant in lead cooled fast reactors.
37. USES OF LEAD
• Lead is the main constituent of lead-acid batteries
• It is widely used as a coloring agent in stained glasses for reducing the
radiation transmission.
• Due to its high specific gravity it is used as fishing sinkers and in
balancing whee.ls of vehicles.
• It is also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic for coating the electrical
metal wires, and for shielding from radiation in x-ray laboratories.
• In electronics its use as soldering agent is well known.
• Molten lead is used as a coolant in lead cooled fast reactors.
• Lead has many applications in building constructions e.g. sheets as
architectural metals in roofing, cladding, flashings, gutters and joints, etc.
39. CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.
• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock
formations.
.
40. CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.
• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock
formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are
galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
41. CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.
• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock
formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are
galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
• India has 176.8 Mt recoverable reserves of lead-zinc ore as on April
2000.
42. CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.
• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock
formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are
galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
• India has 176.8 Mt recoverable reserves of lead-zinc ore as on April
2000.
• The important deposits of lead are in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
43. CONCLUSION
• Occurrence of metallic or native lead is very rare.
• It occurs as ore minerals mostly associated with zinc-cadmium-silver, and
some copper ores in varied geological environments and different rock
formations.
• A total of 59 ore minerals of lead are known but the most common are
galena (PbS ), cerussite (PbCO3), anglesite(PbSO4) and minium (Pb3O4).
• India has 176.8 Mt recoverable reserves of lead-zinc ore as on April
2000.
• The important deposits of lead-zinc are in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
44. REFERENCES
• Umeshwar Prasad;2014, Economic Geology-Economic Mineral
Deposits. CBS Publications, pp. 109-114
• K.M Bangar;2014, Principles of Engineering Geology, Standard
Publishers, pp. 349-351
• K.V.G.K. Gokhale & T.C Rao;1973, Ore Deposits of India, Thomson
Press Ltd, pp.86-88
Digital Resources:
• http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,771815&_dad=p
ortal&_schema=PORTAL
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead
