The meta- volcano - sedimentary sequences in the northern part of the Red Sea Hills comprise a sequence of metamorphosed rocks at low green schist facies of metamorphism consisting of lava flows, tuffs to breccias and agglomerates range in composition from basalts and andesites to rhyolites. Geologically the meta volcano sedimentary sequences is divided into metavolcanic rocks and metasediments. The metavolcanic rocks range in composition from mafic to felsic. The metasediments are represented by banded schist, quartzite and marble. The samples collected for study lie within the field of sub-alkaline rocks except one mafic volcanic sample, which plot near the boundary in the alkaline field and thus follow a transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline trend (increasing FeO* relative to MgO). The behavior of the large ion lithophile element (LILE) in the studied metavolcanics confirms the early fractionation of plagioclase. These rocks display negative Nb anomalies, suggesting that the melt source was modified by subduction-related fluids. Tectonically all felsic samples fall in the field of volcanic arc granitoids whereas the mafic units plot firmly within the plate margin field.
Heavy Mineral Studies of Beach Sands of Vagathor, North Goa, IndiaIJMER
Vagator beach is situated 22 km away from panjim on the northern side Bardez taluk
approachable via Candolim are Mapusa by road. The beach is projected on both the sides by
promontories. The beach is in arcuate shape, the area included with survey of India toposheet No
48/E/14 which is bounded by latitudes 15º35ˈN 15º38ˈN and longitude 78º43ˈE. The Chapora river
and its tributaries drain the entire region that is the Vagator beach. It flows from North-East to
South-West direction. The drainage pattern is structurally controlled; the Chapora River has its
source in the Ramghat hills of Belgaum district in Karnataka then it flows through the Thilari ghat
and enters Goa. Its length in Goa is about 31 km and the mouth of the river bank, mud bank and
mangroves swamps are common.
In laboratory techniques heavy mineral separation are based mass separation in a liquid
with specific gravity and magnetic separation using hand magnet and Frantz isodynamic separator
at different volts. X-ray analysis was carried out by using RIGAKU ALTIMA IV copper target on the
basis of Bragg’s law. The non magnetic sand grains was observed under optical microscope to
identify diagnostic properties of minerals.
The heavy mineral shoot comprises of opaque (magnetite and illmenite) and transparent heavy
minerals like hornblende, epidote, garnet, rutile, zircon, enstatite and minor amounts of tourmaline.
The light minerals are mainly quartz and feldspars. The magnetite concentration ranges between 2.01
to 56.86% and Ilmenite between 2.83 to 41.04% and non mangnetics between 1.18 to 44.81%. X ray
diffraction studies and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) studies were employed to study the
mineralogical composition of beach sands of Vagator and detailed investigations are dealt in the
paper.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Heavy Mineral Studies of Beach Sands of Vagathor, North Goa, IndiaIJMER
Vagator beach is situated 22 km away from panjim on the northern side Bardez taluk
approachable via Candolim are Mapusa by road. The beach is projected on both the sides by
promontories. The beach is in arcuate shape, the area included with survey of India toposheet No
48/E/14 which is bounded by latitudes 15º35ˈN 15º38ˈN and longitude 78º43ˈE. The Chapora river
and its tributaries drain the entire region that is the Vagator beach. It flows from North-East to
South-West direction. The drainage pattern is structurally controlled; the Chapora River has its
source in the Ramghat hills of Belgaum district in Karnataka then it flows through the Thilari ghat
and enters Goa. Its length in Goa is about 31 km and the mouth of the river bank, mud bank and
mangroves swamps are common.
In laboratory techniques heavy mineral separation are based mass separation in a liquid
with specific gravity and magnetic separation using hand magnet and Frantz isodynamic separator
at different volts. X-ray analysis was carried out by using RIGAKU ALTIMA IV copper target on the
basis of Bragg’s law. The non magnetic sand grains was observed under optical microscope to
identify diagnostic properties of minerals.
The heavy mineral shoot comprises of opaque (magnetite and illmenite) and transparent heavy
minerals like hornblende, epidote, garnet, rutile, zircon, enstatite and minor amounts of tourmaline.
The light minerals are mainly quartz and feldspars. The magnetite concentration ranges between 2.01
to 56.86% and Ilmenite between 2.83 to 41.04% and non mangnetics between 1.18 to 44.81%. X ray
diffraction studies and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) studies were employed to study the
mineralogical composition of beach sands of Vagator and detailed investigations are dealt in the
paper.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Preliminary Studies of the Litho-Structural Evolution of Areas Around Obudu N...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Rocks underlying the northeastern sector of Obudu area forms part of the Bamenda massif which is a westward extension of the Precambrian terrains of Cameroon into southeastern Nigeria. These rocks are frequently found in the basement complex of Nigeria and include the migmatitic gneiss as the early metamorphic tectonites constituting over 60% of the outcropping rocks in the study area. The basement rock of the study area comprised of the migmatite gneiss and biotite-hornblende garnetiferous gneiss as well as the porphyroblastic gneiss and granite gneiss which formed the basement intruded by the Older granites (Pan-African granitoids). The Older granites in this area include charnockite, porphyritic granite, medium grained granite, diorite and pegmatite/aplite with relatively undeformed veins of dolerite and quartz. The presence of garnet nodules in the biotite-hornblende gneiss indicates high grade tectono-thermal metamorphism of a possible sedimentary protholith. The shearing observed in some rock outcrops are indication that there have been a series of structural deformation alongside magmatism and metamorphism in the area.
GRAPHIC QUARTZ-FELDSPAR INTERGROWTHS IN PEGMATITES: DIFFUSION AND GROWTH KINETICS MIGIF-HAFAFIT AREA, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT EGYPT
During the formation of pegmatites in the Migif-Hafafit area, conditions of crystallization were such that widespread graphic quartz-feldspar intergrowths were formed. The quartz is interpreted to have nucleated epinastically on rough edges and corners of alkali feldspar crystals. The existence of rugose inner feldspar-quartz boundaries and euhedral outer boundaries evidence that the graphic texture is a primary magmatic feature. Rapid growth, at or near volatile-saturated conditions, resulted in quartz saturation along the irregular melt-feldspar inner interface. Slow diffusion of Si and Al species (network formers) in the boundary-layer melt was likely the rate-controlling step for quartz saturation, which occurred along corners and edges, where the feldspar grew most rapidly. Diffusion-limited growth resulted in SiO2 buildup at the interface, producing oscillations from quartz-oversaturated to quartz-undersaturated conditions and thus the rhythmic quartz-feldspar intergrowths. The transition from planar, to edge, to cellular growth, and changes in the lobate inner feldspar-quartz boundary occurred in response to changes caused by crystallization that affect rates of Si-Al diffusion. Evidence of saturation in a volatile phase in these pegmatites indicates that water was a catalyst for feldspar growth and that lower activities of H2O in the melt decrease Si diffusivity at the crystal interface.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the M...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309130798_Tectonic_Processes_and_Metallogeny_along_the_Tethyan_Mountain_Ranges_of_the_Middle_East_and_South_Asia_Oman_Himalaya_Karakoram_Tibet_Myanmar_Thailand_Malaysia
The genesis of mineral deposits has been widely linked to speci c tectonic settings, but has less frequently been linked to tectonic processes. Understanding processes of oceanic and continental collision tectonics is crucial to understanding key factors leading to the genesis of magmatic-, metamorphic-, hydrothermal-, and sedimentary-related mineral deposits. Geologic studies of most ore deposits typically focus on the nal stages of concentration and emplacement. The ultimate source (mantle, lower crust, upper crust) of mineral deposits in many cases remains more cryptic. Uniquely, along the Tethyan collision zones of Asia, every stage of the conver- gence process can be studied from the initial oceanic settings where ophiolite complexes were formed, through subduction zone and island-arc settings with ultrahigh- to high-pressure metamorphism, to the continental col- lision settings of the Himalaya, and advanced, long-lived collisional settings such as Afghanistan, the Karakoram Ranges, and the Tibetan plateau. The India-Asia collision closed the intervening Neotethys ocean at ~50 Ma and resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountain ranges, and increased crustal thickening, metamor- phism, deformation, and uplift of the Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges, Tibetan plateau, and older collision zones across central Asia. Metallogenesis in oceanic crust (hydrothermal Cu-Au; Fe, Mn nodules) and mantle (Cr, Ni, Pt) can be deduced from ophiolite complexes preserved around the Arabia/India-Asia collision (Oman, Ladakh, South Tibet, Myanmar, Andaman Islands). Tectonic-metallogenic processes in island arcs and ancient subduc- tion complexes (VMS Cu-Zn-Pb) can be deduced from studies in the Dras-Kohistan arc (Pakistan) and the various arc complexes along the Myanmar-Andaman segment of the collision zone. Metallogenesis of Andean- type margins (Cu-Au-Mo porphyry; epithermal Au-Ag) can be seen along the Jurassic-Eocene Transhimalayan ranges of Pakistan, Ladakh, South Tibet, and Myanmar. Large porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet are related to both precollisional calc-alkaline granites and postcollisional alkaline adakite-like intrusions. Metallogenesis of continent-continent collision zones is prominent along the Myanmar-Thailand-Malaysia Sn-W granite belts, but less common along the Himalaya. The Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar is known for its gemstones associated with regional high-temperature metamorphism (ruby, spinel, sapphire, etc). In Myanmar it is likely that extensive alkaline magmatism has contributed extra heat during the formation of high-temperature meta- morphism. This paper attempts to link metallogeny of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet and Myanmar collision zone to tectonic processes derived from multidisciplinary geologic studies.
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Preliminary Studies of the Litho-Structural Evolution of Areas Around Obudu N...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Rocks underlying the northeastern sector of Obudu area forms part of the Bamenda massif which is a westward extension of the Precambrian terrains of Cameroon into southeastern Nigeria. These rocks are frequently found in the basement complex of Nigeria and include the migmatitic gneiss as the early metamorphic tectonites constituting over 60% of the outcropping rocks in the study area. The basement rock of the study area comprised of the migmatite gneiss and biotite-hornblende garnetiferous gneiss as well as the porphyroblastic gneiss and granite gneiss which formed the basement intruded by the Older granites (Pan-African granitoids). The Older granites in this area include charnockite, porphyritic granite, medium grained granite, diorite and pegmatite/aplite with relatively undeformed veins of dolerite and quartz. The presence of garnet nodules in the biotite-hornblende gneiss indicates high grade tectono-thermal metamorphism of a possible sedimentary protholith. The shearing observed in some rock outcrops are indication that there have been a series of structural deformation alongside magmatism and metamorphism in the area.
GRAPHIC QUARTZ-FELDSPAR INTERGROWTHS IN PEGMATITES: DIFFUSION AND GROWTH KINETICS MIGIF-HAFAFIT AREA, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT EGYPT
During the formation of pegmatites in the Migif-Hafafit area, conditions of crystallization were such that widespread graphic quartz-feldspar intergrowths were formed. The quartz is interpreted to have nucleated epinastically on rough edges and corners of alkali feldspar crystals. The existence of rugose inner feldspar-quartz boundaries and euhedral outer boundaries evidence that the graphic texture is a primary magmatic feature. Rapid growth, at or near volatile-saturated conditions, resulted in quartz saturation along the irregular melt-feldspar inner interface. Slow diffusion of Si and Al species (network formers) in the boundary-layer melt was likely the rate-controlling step for quartz saturation, which occurred along corners and edges, where the feldspar grew most rapidly. Diffusion-limited growth resulted in SiO2 buildup at the interface, producing oscillations from quartz-oversaturated to quartz-undersaturated conditions and thus the rhythmic quartz-feldspar intergrowths. The transition from planar, to edge, to cellular growth, and changes in the lobate inner feldspar-quartz boundary occurred in response to changes caused by crystallization that affect rates of Si-Al diffusion. Evidence of saturation in a volatile phase in these pegmatites indicates that water was a catalyst for feldspar growth and that lower activities of H2O in the melt decrease Si diffusivity at the crystal interface.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the M...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309130798_Tectonic_Processes_and_Metallogeny_along_the_Tethyan_Mountain_Ranges_of_the_Middle_East_and_South_Asia_Oman_Himalaya_Karakoram_Tibet_Myanmar_Thailand_Malaysia
The genesis of mineral deposits has been widely linked to speci c tectonic settings, but has less frequently been linked to tectonic processes. Understanding processes of oceanic and continental collision tectonics is crucial to understanding key factors leading to the genesis of magmatic-, metamorphic-, hydrothermal-, and sedimentary-related mineral deposits. Geologic studies of most ore deposits typically focus on the nal stages of concentration and emplacement. The ultimate source (mantle, lower crust, upper crust) of mineral deposits in many cases remains more cryptic. Uniquely, along the Tethyan collision zones of Asia, every stage of the conver- gence process can be studied from the initial oceanic settings where ophiolite complexes were formed, through subduction zone and island-arc settings with ultrahigh- to high-pressure metamorphism, to the continental col- lision settings of the Himalaya, and advanced, long-lived collisional settings such as Afghanistan, the Karakoram Ranges, and the Tibetan plateau. The India-Asia collision closed the intervening Neotethys ocean at ~50 Ma and resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountain ranges, and increased crustal thickening, metamor- phism, deformation, and uplift of the Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges, Tibetan plateau, and older collision zones across central Asia. Metallogenesis in oceanic crust (hydrothermal Cu-Au; Fe, Mn nodules) and mantle (Cr, Ni, Pt) can be deduced from ophiolite complexes preserved around the Arabia/India-Asia collision (Oman, Ladakh, South Tibet, Myanmar, Andaman Islands). Tectonic-metallogenic processes in island arcs and ancient subduc- tion complexes (VMS Cu-Zn-Pb) can be deduced from studies in the Dras-Kohistan arc (Pakistan) and the various arc complexes along the Myanmar-Andaman segment of the collision zone. Metallogenesis of Andean- type margins (Cu-Au-Mo porphyry; epithermal Au-Ag) can be seen along the Jurassic-Eocene Transhimalayan ranges of Pakistan, Ladakh, South Tibet, and Myanmar. Large porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet are related to both precollisional calc-alkaline granites and postcollisional alkaline adakite-like intrusions. Metallogenesis of continent-continent collision zones is prominent along the Myanmar-Thailand-Malaysia Sn-W granite belts, but less common along the Himalaya. The Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar is known for its gemstones associated with regional high-temperature metamorphism (ruby, spinel, sapphire, etc). In Myanmar it is likely that extensive alkaline magmatism has contributed extra heat during the formation of high-temperature meta- morphism. This paper attempts to link metallogeny of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet and Myanmar collision zone to tectonic processes derived from multidisciplinary geologic studies.
Petrographic evaluation of rocks around Arikya and its environs, North Centra...Premier Publishers
The study area covers Arikiya and parts of Wayopini in Lafia Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, situated in central Nigeria. This falls within the Basement Complex of central Nigeria that forms part of the Upper Proterozoic mobile belt extending from Algeria across the Sahara into Nigeria, Benin and the Cameroon. The area consists of gneisses, granite gneisses, migmatites and Porphyroblastic gneiss. Dolerite dyke and Pegmatite form intrusions into the host rocks. The major rock forming minerals are plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz and biotite. The major structures includes joints, foliations, quartz vein, fold and fault, Predominant structural trends include the NE-SW and NW-SE with minor E-W and N-S structural trends which are in agreement with the general trend of structures in the Basement Complex. Mineral resource potential of the study area include feldspar and mica from the gneiss and pegmatites as well as alluvial garnets, columbites, tantalite, and cassiterite (derived from the pegmatites) as evidenced from mining activities along river channels in the entire area.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its environs, N...Premier Publishers
The studied area lies within Latitude 8⁰41'40''N and 8⁰52'40''N and Longitude 8⁰41'10''E and 8⁰45'10''E within the North Central Nigerian Precambrian Basement Complex. It is bordered by Angwan Mission in the North, Konva in the West, River Arikiya in the South and Farin Ruwa in the south East. The rock types include the Precambrian gneisses; granite and porphyroblastic gneiss, banded gneiss and migmatites with characteristic pegmatites and vein intrusions. These rocks experienced various tectonic episodes which resulted to their different structural styles such as mineral lineation, foliation, jointing, veins, faults, dykes and minor folds. The geological mapping of the area reveals five (5) dominant lithologic units namely; migmatites, banded gneiss, granite and porphyroblastic gneiss, older granites and dolerite respectively. Systematic structural mapping of the area also confirmed the preponderance of different folds such as crenulation fold and ptygmatitic fold. Other structures such as dykes, joints, quartz-veins, fractures and micro-faults were detected on the rocks. The overall result showed that the studied area is a manifestation of Pan African deformation as revealed by the magnitude and style of the folding and other structural features of rocks in the area. Petrographic studies also reveal the mineral assemblages and structural features that were key in identifying these rock types.
Base Metal Mineralization in the Precambrian Rocks of Okemesi-Ijero Area, So...Scientific Review SR
The evaluation of base metals in the bedrocks of Okemesi / Ijero area, southwestern Nigeria has
been carried out to assess their potentials, level of accumulation and enrichment. The methodology included
systematic geological and geochemical mapping of the rocks using grid-controlled sampling method at a
sampling density of one sample per 500m. Ten rock samples were collected at different locations of the study
area. The results obtained showed that the major oxides such as SiO
2, Al2O3, TiO
2,
Fe
2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO,
Na2O, K2
O and P2O5 were detected in variable proportions. While SiO2 varied between 70.59% and 98.70%,
Al2O3 ranged between 15.73% and 0.61%. There is abundance of barium (Ba), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) with
concentration values of 1.6-9.8, 1.24-7.1 and 0.05-10.00 ppm respectively. Base metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Bi
and Cr enrichment factors and their geo-accumulation index indicates moderately significance to very high
enrichment of Cu (10 – 70%) , Pb (20 – 40%) and Bi (10 – 40%). The geo-accumulation indices suggest
geogenic concentration of the base metals in the host rocks rather than anthropogenic inputs. The PCA elements
loaded Au, As, Ag, Pt and Os on the same factor and they are pathfinder elements of Gold. Correlation
coefficients indicate strong positive correlations between the elements. This implies that they are strongly related
and therefore of the same source, also suggesting geogenic sources.
The San Sai oil field is an important oil field in the Fang Basin. The sedimentary facies and basin
evolution have been interpreted using well data incorporated with 2D seismic profiles. The study indicates that
the Fang Basin was subsided as a half-graben in the Late Eocene by regional plate tectonism. The deposit is
thicker westward toward the major fault. The sedimentary sequence of the Fang Basin can be subdivided into
two formations which comprise five associated depositional environments. The results of total organic carbon
content (TOC), vitrinnite reflectance (%Ro), Rock-Eval pyrolysis and headspace gas analyses and the study of
basin modeling using PetroMod1D software are compiled and interpreted. They indicate that source rocks of
kerogen type II and III with 1.78 – 3.13%wt. TOC were mature and generated mainly oil at 5,600 – 6,700 feet
deep (Middle Mae Sod Formation). Source rocks of kerogen type II and III with 2.07 – 39.07%wt. TOC
locating deeper than 6,700 feet (Lower Mae Sod Formation) were mature to late mature and generated mainly
gas at this level. According to TTI (Time Temperature Index) modeling using PetroMod11.1D software,
hydrocarbon generation took place in the Middle Miocene and the generated oil and gas migrated through
fractures and faults to accumulate in traps at 2,900-4,000 feet deep (Upper Mae Sod Formation).
Ras Muhammad Marine National Park is located on faulted and uplifted Neogene blocks that are
partially covered by Quaternary limestones of predominantly coralgal facies. The physiography of the
reefal limestone cropping out in the area and also the present-day depositional environments are
tectonically controlled. Surface morphology observations show that earthquake pools that cut through the
uplifted Pleistocene reefs indicate continuing recent movements, as indicated by numerous records of
seismic activity in the study area. The morphostructural-generated depositional facies patterns on the
peninsula are a wide tidal belt with tidal shoals and coastal spits, barrier and fringing reefs, three
elongated embayments, Hiddan Bay, mangrove and tidal channels, Ras Muhammad pool and sabkha, and
earthquake pools (two earth fissures). The distribution of marine plants is described for each area. The
abundance of algae in Ras Muhammad appeared to be inversely related to the abundance of living corals.
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
Similar to Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Satti et al. 298
Fig.1.1: Geological sketch map of NE Sudan showing the
main lithological units (modified after Vail 1983).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodologies, which are used to accomplish
the objectives of the present work, are mainly: (1) fieldwork
and sampling of the different rock units (2) preparation of
thin section for most of the collected samples (3) chemical
analyses of major, minor and trace elements. In the field
trip, sampling was conducted by collecting representative
rock samples from specific outcrops in the study area.
These specific outcrops include some belts of
metasediments and metavolcanics (6 samples) (Table
1.1). 6 thin sections representing the meta volcano
sedimentary sequence, were prepared at the Department
of Geology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University,
Egypt. The microscopic study allows to investigate the
petrographic and mineralogical characteristics of the
different rock types. 6 samples were analyzed for major
and some selected trace elements by inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The remaining trace
elements and rare earth elements (REE) were analyzed by
inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry
(ICP-AES). All the analyses were carried out at the ACME
Analytical Laboratories Ltd.
Table 1.1: The coordinate of the samples which was
collected from the study area.
Sample Number Latitude Longitude
C 13-1 36.28055556 17.49205556
C4 36.26347222 17.5205
B7-2 36.35938889 17.61552778
E 7 36.21463889 17.54575
9 36.21777778 17.55916667
42 36.42388889 17.5438889
Regional setting
The Arabian Shield is a part of a larger geological
ensemble, the Arabian–Nubian Shield, which covers
several countries, mainly Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi
Arabia, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen (2200 km NS 1200 km
EW). These different areas were accreted during the
Neoproterozoc and share a very similar geological
evolution (Stern and Johnson, 2010). The Arabian-Nubian
shield (Fig1.2) is composed of imbricated meta-
sedimentary, meta-volcanic, and ophiolitic rock
assemblages that evolved in island arc, back-arc, and
oceanic settings, and were episodically deformed,
intruded, and metamorphosed together during the late
Proterozoic Pan-African orogeny (e.g. Greenwood et al.
1976; Gass 1977,Kroner et al. 1987; Pan &- African in the
sense of Berhe ( 1990). The Red Sea Hills of NE Sudan
are considered to be the north eastern extension of the
Mozambique belt (Kröner, 1977). They occupied the area
between the Red Sea in the east and Nile valley in the west
(Vail, 1979). The Pan-African rocks in the Red Sea Hills
are mainly arc volcanic, immature sediments, ophiolites
and back arc basins, which are predominantly,
metamorphosed in the greenschist facies. Towards the
west, they pass into high grade metamorphic lithologies.
This change in metamorphic grade has been interpreted
as indicating pre Pan-African origin of the high-grade rocks
(Vail, 1979). Structurally (Kroner, 1987) subdivided the
Red Sea Hills into five intra-oceanic-arc terrains. These
are: Gerf, Gabgaba, Gebiet, Haya and Tokar terrains that
are separated by east to northeast trending ophiolite–
decorated sutures formed during the Pan African Orogeny
between 900-550 Ma ago (Kröner 1977), (Fig 1.2). The
terrains comprise blocks of similar rock types, which
display complex and protracted tectonic histories due to
their interaction and collision. The study area occurs within
Haya terrain.
Geological setting
The metavolcano-sedimentary sequences have many
local names according to previous geological literature, but
the most used name is Nafirdieb Series (Abu Fatima
1992). These sequences are generally characterized by
low grade greenschist facies regional metamorphism, but
occasionally metamorphism has witnessed the
amphibolite facies, especially around igneous intrusions
(Ruxton 1956). The metavolcano-sedimentary rocks cover
most of the western and southwestern parts of the study
3. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Int. J. Geol. Min. 299
Fig. 1.2: Map of the Arabian Nubian Shield showing the main suture zones and terranes (Johnson and Wolehaimanot,
2003).
area. They consist mainly of meta-sediments (schist,
marble and quartzite), and metavolcanic rocks of different
rock types including rhyolite, andesite, basaltic andesite
and basalt (Fig. 1.2). They usually form hills of variable
dimensions, with moderate to high relief, and may reach
up to mountain size.
Based on their field and microscopic criteria, the
metavolcanic rocks in the study area have been classified
into intermediate volcanic rocks, acidic lavas and tuffs.
Rhyolite tuff unit occurs in the western part of the study
area, near Khor Awagtieb, and extends as intermittent and
isolated outcrops to the SW of the study area. The rhyolite
outcrops are slightly tectonized, weakly foliated rocks and
cut by some veinlet of pegmatites, which composed of
coarse-grained crystals of quartz and potash feldspar. In
the central part of the study area, near Khor Tagotieb,
there is an outcrop of low relief rhyodacite tuff, which is
highly weathered and kaolinized in some parts. The
rhyodacite tuffs have disseminated iron oxide and exhibit
reddish colour on the surface of the rock (Fig. 1.3 A,B).
The metavolcanics are dominated by acid lavas, tuffs and
intermediate (meta-andesite) to basic (metabasalt)
varieties. Andesitic rock unit occurs in the central part of
the study area near the camp of Ariab Company
(Fig.1.3C). The outcrop is characterized by massive to
weakly foliated metavolcanic rocks and sharp contact with
gabbroic rocks. The metabasalts are massive, moderately
relief and contact with post tectonic intrusion rocks in the
study area (Fig 1.3 D). The metasediments in the study
area occur as elongated belt on the east and west sides of
the area. In the northern bank of Khor Derudieb, the
metasediment belt extends northwards for about four
kilometers in an ENE-WSW direction. This belt represents
the large one in the study area and consists of highly
foliated quartz- mica schist containing very small lenses of
metavolcanic (Fig. 1.3 E, F). Quartzite occurs as large
outcrop in the western and central parts of the study area.
It also presents as small, elevated and massive outcrops
with smoky to grey colour in the central part of the area.
There is also a chain of intermittent outcrops of massive
and low elevated white quartzite (Fig. 1.3 G). Moreover, to
the West of Shagoneen village (Fig. 1.2), there is a black
quartzite outcrop extended for more than one kilometer.
Fig.1.2. Field photographs of quartzite in the study area,
(G1) intermittent outcrops of white, massive and low
elevated quartzite (G2) close up view showing massive
white quartzite stained with iron oxides
4. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Satti et al. 300
Fig.1.2: Simplified geological map of the meta volcano sedimentary sequence in the study area.
Marble occurs at the Shagoneen village, near the gossan
outcrop, in the central part of the study area. It occurs as
three high-standing ridges (Fig.1.3H) surrounded by
granite. The length of the marble bands is about 3
kilometer with widths ranging between 50-150 m. The
Shagoneen marble varies in color from grey to smoky or
white. It is also highly fractured and jointed (Fig.3.10B) with
some elephant skin in the surface of the rock.
Fig. 1.3: Field photographs of the metavolcanics and
metasediments rocks in the study area, (A,B) highly
weathered to kaolinized rhyodacite tuffs near K.Tagotieb
with reddish color surface, (C) meta andesite outcrops
near the camp of Ariab company and (D) meta basalt.
(E,F) strongly foliated metasediment near Khor Derudieb,
(G) field photographs of quartzite in the study area, (G1)
intermittent outcrops of white, massive and low elevated
quartzite (G2) close up view showing massive white
quartzite stained with iron oxides. (H) Field photographs of
Marble in the study area, (H1) high standing ridges of
marble, (H2) highly fractured and jointed marble.
5. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Int. J. Geol. Min. 301
RESULTS
Petrography
The metavolcanic rocks occupy the central and western
parts of the study area as moderately to highly elevated
outcrops in contact with the intrusive rocks (Fig 3.6). The
metavolcanics are dominated by acid lavas, tuffs and
intermediate (meta-andesite) to basic (metabasalt)
varieties.
The metabasalts are massive, in spite of the presence of
some veinlets filled with calcite and epidote and occasional
quartz amygdales. The metabasalts consist of plagioclase
feldspar, hornblende, actinolite, epidote, and chlorite as
well as accessory apatite and opaque minerals. The
texture is mainly porphyritic (Fig.2.1A) with phenocrysts
dominated by plagioclase, actinolite pseudomorph and
occasionally relict pyroxene. Aphyric basalts are also
common.
The presence of some fresh, colourless to pale green,
clinopyroxene microphenocrysts (augite) in some samples
surrounded by actinolite and chlorite suggest that the
actinolite phenocrysts are pseudomorphic after
clinopyroxene. The plagioclase phenocrysts are partially
or completely saussuritized. The saussuritization of the
plagioclase may be either epidote-sericite or sericite-
chlorite. The original composition of the plagioclase, as
indicated from the fresh relicts is mainly andesine (An35-
45). The microcrystalline groundmass is dominated by
saussuritized plagioclase laths, mafic minerals
pseudomorphosed by actinolite, chlorite and opaque
minerals. Aphyric metabasalts contain flow-oriented
plagioclase laths together with actinolite, chlorite and
opaque oxides (Fig. 2.1B).
The meta-andesite in the study area is very rare. It consists
of plagioclase feldspar, actinolite, and subordinate
amounts of quartz, biotite, chlorite and apatite. Plagioclase
is the major constituent in the meta-andesite rock. It varies
in composition from oligoclase to andesine. The
plagioclase occur in two forms; coarse-grained prismatic
phenocrysts with grain sizes up to 3 mm embedded in a
fine grained matrix of idiomorphic plagioclase laths (up to
0.2 mm long), actinolite, biotite and opaque minerals. The
plagioclase phenocrysts (Fig.2.1C) show combined albite-
Carlsbad twinning and sometimes are partially to
completely saussuritized. Actinolite form lath-like
idiomorphic to subhedral prismatic crystals and granular
aggregates in the groundmass. It is generally pale green
and weakly pleochroic and occasionally shows simple
twinning. In some samples, actinolite exhabit slight
alteration to chlorite along the crystal margins. Biotite
occurs as fine flakes, which are partially replaced by
chlorite and show distinct pleochroism from dark brown to
pale brown. Apatite as an accessory mineral is present as
cracked elongated grains in the matrix or as inclusions in
the plagioclase and actinolite crystals. Quartz is
represented by fine-grained crystals, which forms part of
the groundmass.
The metavolcanic units are dominated by felsic tuffs and
lava, which occur in the eastern part of the study area. The
felsic tuffs are mainly composed of crystal fragments up to
0.2 mm long of plagioclase and occasionally actinolite and
quartz together with few rock fragments (up to 0.5 mm
across), (Fig. 2.1D). The crystal and rock fragments are
set in a tuffaceous felsitic matrix primarily composed of
quartz and feldspar with few streaks of chlorite, epidote
and calcite. Minor and scarce amounts of epidote,
magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite are also common as
groundmass components.
The felsic lava is mainly meta-rhyolite, which is generally
fine-grained to porphyritic. The main constituent minerals
are: K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar and some
biotite (Fig.2.1E). Zircon, apatite, and magnetite are
accessory minerals. Additionally, sericite and calcite are
secondary minerals. The rhyolites are fine-grained with
allotrimorphic texture, but porphyritic and granophyric
textures are also common. Quartz crystals occur in two
distinct types.
The first type is fine-grained anhedral with granular form
constituting the main components of the groundmass.
Some crystals show micro-phenocrysts imparting to the
rock microporphyritic texture. Plagioclase feldspar (An10 –
An15) and K-feldspar are fine-grained, anhedral with
granular form. Biotite crystals occur as fine-grained
discrete grains sporadically scattered in the rock or as
interstitial constituent in the groundmass. They are
partially to completely alter to chlorite and iron oxides.
6. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Satti et al. 302
Fig 2.1: Photomicrographs of metavolcanics in the study area showing metabasalt (A) plagioclase phenocrysts embedded
in a groundmass of plagioclase laths and chlorite.CN. (B) Showing chlorite actinolite with opaque minerals as iron oxide
and clinopyroxene, PPL. The meta-andesite (C) showing the porphyritic texture of the rock with plagioclase phenocrysts
embedded in a groundmass consisting of plagioclase laths, biotite, chlorite , actinolite and opaque minerals; CN. The meta
rhyolite (D) plagioclase, quartz, muscovite and biotite as main constituent minerals; CN. (E) Shows the accessory and
secondary minerals; PPL.
The metasediments in the study area are represented by
schist bands and marble belt. The schist bands are of
various mineralogical composition and textures and are
well exposed in the south eastern part of the study area
(Fig 1.3). They are generally well foliated and fine- to
medium-grained. The schist bands consist of quartz,
garnet, biotite, epidote and chlorite (Fig. 2.2 A).
Chlorite and epidote are secondary minerals that formed
due to the alteration of biotite and plagioclase feldspar,
respectively. Quartz appears as anhedral rounded grains
characterized by wavy extinction due to the effect of
deformation or stress. Garnet occurs as small rounded
crystals, which are pale pink to colourless in plane
polarized light. Biotite occurs as flakes of brown colour and
is sometimes partially altered to chlorite. Very fine-grained
iron oxides are crystallized in the schist and occur as
streaks parallel to the main schistosity fabric (Fig 2.2 B).
The metasediments in the study area are also represented
by marble which occurs in the central part near Tagotieb
gossan in the Shagoneen village (Fig 1.2).
Microscopically, marble is dominantly composed of
equigranular and well crystalline calcite. Feldspar grains
and biotite-muscovite flakes do occur but are very rare.
Accessory minerals are represented by some sulphide
grains, which are decomposed and replaced by iron oxides
(Figs. 2.3A&B).
Fig. 2.2: Photomicrographs of the schist showing: (A) quartz , garnet , chlorite , biotite and epidote , CN. (B). Showing fine
grained of iron oxide, PPL.
7. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Int. J. Geol. Min. 303
Fig.2.2: Photomicrographs of the marble showing (A) calcite crystals, opaque minerals, (B) epidote minerals.
Geochemistry
Based on field and petrographic investigation, 6
representative samples were selected for chemical
analyses of major and trace elements. The samples were
selected to cover all the petrographic varieties (mafic
volcanic and felsic volcanic) that have been encountered
in the study area and to show the minimum effect of post
magmatic alteration. The distribution of the analyzed
samples (6 samples) from the different rock types of
metavolcanics as follows: mafic volcanic (3 samples) and
felsic volcanic (3 samples).
The Metavolcanic Rocks:
Major and trace element analyses of 6 representative
samples, covering the metavolcanic varieties are listed in
(Table 1.1). According to the chemical data, the
metavolcanics are divided into two main groups, which are
mafic metavolcanic rocks (SiO2 = 46- 48 wt. %) and felsic
metavolcanic rocks (SiO2 = 73- 84 wt. %). The mafic
metavolcanics have narrow to moderate ranges of MgO
(5.45–6.20 wt. %), CaO (7.59–10.35 wt. %), total iron as
Fe2O3 (14.10–16.57 wt. %), Al2O3 (12.94–15.09 wt. %)
and TiO2 (2.28–2.88 wt. %). Their Na2O (1.7–3.35 wt. %)
and K2O (0.1–0.84 wt. %) contents are highly variable.
The felsic metavolcanics have wide ranges of MgO (0.02–
0.47 wt. %), CaO (0.03–3.33 wt. %), total iron as Fe2O3
(0.16–2.60 wt. %), Al2O3 (11.92–19.12 wt. %) and TiO2
(0.20–0.62 wt. %). Their Na2O (0.02–4.43 wt. %) and K2O
(0.09–4.23 wt. %) contents are highly variable. The total
alkalis vs. SiO2 (TAS) geochemical classification diagram,
which relies on SiO2 vs Na2O+ K2O (Le Bas et al, 1986),
shows that the mafic metavolcanic samples are low
Na2O+ K2O basalts (Fig. 3.1). The felsic volcanic samples
on the other hand, show moderate to high range of Na2O+
K2O (Table. 1.1) and are classified as rhyolites. According
to the classification of (Irvine and Baragar1971), all felsic
and mafic metavolcanic samples lie within the field of sub-
alkaline rocks except one mafic volcanic sample, which
plot near the boundary in the alkaline field and thus follow
a transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline trend (increasing
FeO* relative to MgO) (Fig. 3.1). This trend may be due to
olivine and pyroxene fractionation.
Fig. 3.1: Total alkalis (Na2O + K2O) vs SiO2 diagram (Le
Bas et al 1986) for the chemical classification of the
studied metavolcanic rocks. The curve separating alkaline
and subalkaline fields is from Irvine and Baragar (1971).
8. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Satti et al. 304
Table 1.1: Major (wt %), trace elements (ppm) and REE
elements (ppm) data of the metavolcanics in the study
area.
Mafic volcanic Felsic volcanic
C13-1 C4 B7-2 E7 9 42
SiO2 47.65 48.22 46.07 78.33 73.84 77.35
TiO2 2.76 2.28 2.88 0.20 0.32 0.62
Al2O3 12.94 13.06 15.09 11.92 3.00 13.90
Fe2O3 16.57 16.32 14.88 1.43 2.60 0.84
MnO 0.29 0.27 0.19 0.03 0.11 0.03
MgO 5.90 6.20 5.45 0.47 0.19 0.34
CaO 10.35 9.15 7.59 1.20 3.33 0.05
Na2O 1.70 2.52 3.35 4.43 4.33 0.23
K2O 0.23 0.12 0.84 0.79 0.91 4.23
P2O5 0.27 0.18 0.72 0.03 0.09 0.02
LOI 1.0 1.4 2.6 1.1 1.2 2.3
Sum 99.66 99.72 99.66 99.93 99.92 99.91
Cr 177 157 75 95 13 13
Ni 12.0 16.4 25.7 3.0 4.8 0.4
Sc 51 50 23 5 6 8
Ba 331 132 330 232 397 947
Be 1 2 3 0.5 0.5 2
Co 40.2 40.3 46.0 2.3 2.4 2.2
Cs 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.5
Ga 20.6 19.4 21.8 11.6 13.9 8.1
Hf 4.0 3.4 5.2 4.6 3.4 4.4
Nb 2.6 1.6 11.2 5.2 3.7 4.3
Rb 1.9 0.8 12.1 10.9 13.2 53.8
Sn 2 2 2 1 1 4
Sr 138 160 638 111 271 31
Ta 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3
Th 0.3 0.1 0.7 2.9 1.8 1.6
U 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6
V 468 420 265 28 15 40
W 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.8 2.0
Zr 143 119 224 144 113 149
Y 49 40 32 24 27 26
C13-1 C4 B7-2 E7 9 42
La 6 5.1 20.4 7.4 10.9 17.3
Ce 18.2 14.1 51 33.9 24.4 40.5
Pr 3.17 2.46 7.31 2.52 3.2 4.08
Nd 17.1 13.8 34.2 10.4 13.5 14.1
Sm 6.04 4.76 8.06 2.66 3.64 2.97
Eu 2.23 1.79 2.51 0.66 1.11 0.48
Gd 8.29 6.33 8.09 3.16 4.11 3
Tb 1.45 1.18 1.22 0.57 0.7 0.53
Dy 8.69 7.35 6.63 3.98 4.15 3.31
Ho 1.96 1.55 1.25 0.93 0.96 0.78
Er 5.73 4.88 3.37 3.16 3.02 2.43
Tm 0.82 0.65 0.46 0.5 0.47 0.43
Yb 5.42 4.27 3.14 3.83 3.19 3.13
Lu 0.83 0.66 0.43 0.59 0.49 0.53
ΣREE 85.93 68.88 148.07 74.26 73.84 93.57
(La/Yb)n 0.79 0.86 4.66 1.39 2.45 3.96
(La/Sm)n 0.64 0.69 1.63 1.80 1.93 3.76
(Gd/Yb)n 1.27 1.23 2.13 0.68 1.07 0.79
(Eu/Eu*) 0.96 1.00 0.95 0.70 0.88 0.49
DISCUSSION
The geochemical behavior of trace elements during the
evolution of magma depends on their partitioning between
solid and liquid phases. Elements which are retained in the
residual solid during partial melting or substitute major
elements during crystallization are termed high
temperature (compatible) elements, for example Cr and
Ni. Some trace elements are strongly enriched in the
residual melt during crystallization and are termed
incompatible elements such as Sr, Rb, Ba, Zr, Ti and Y
(Wilson, 1989).
The elements Ni, Cr, V, Co, and Sc, which are termed
compatible elements, are present in high concentrations in
the studied metabasalt rocks (Cr=75-274ppm; Ni=8-
26ppm; Sc=23-50ppm; V=265-468ppm; Co=36-46ppm,
Table 1.1). The high contents of these elements in the
metabasalt may attribute to the presence of
ferromagnesian mineral phases such as olivine, pyroxene
and titano-magnetite in these rocks. The strong depletion
of these elements in the acid metavolcanic (Ni=0.4-5ppm;
Sc=2-8ppm; V=15-40ppm; Co=1.3-2.4ppm, Table 1.1)
may coincide with the virtual absence of mafic phases in
the rhyolite samples.
The behavior of the LILE in the studied metavolcanics
confirms the early fractionation of plagioclase. The Rb
concentration is higher in the felsic metavolcanic rocks
(11-54 ppm in rhyolite) compared to the mafic
metavolcanic rocks (0.9-12ppm in basalt). The Sr
concentration varies widely but decrease in basaltic rocks
(Fig. 2.3).
The behavior of Sr contrasts with K and Rb variation,
suggesting that Sr was probably removed in plagioclase
substituting Ca. The decrease of Sr and CaO with
increasing Rb (Fig. 2.3) confirms plagioclase fractionation.
The contents of the incompatible HFSE like Zr (25-224
ppm), Nb (1-11 ppm), Hf (0.7-5.3 ppm), Ta (<0.1–0.2
ppm), and Y (2.5–50 ppm) in the studied metavolcanics
show wide variation within the mafic and felsic
metavolcanics (Fig. 3.3). They show a positive correlation
when plotted against each other suggesting that they are
a group of coherent elements. Other strongly incompatible
elements like U, Th, show the same behavior of HFS
elements.
9. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Int. J. Geol. Min. 305
Fig. 3.2: Rb vs. Ba, K, Sr and CaO binary variation
diagrams for the studied metavolcanic rocks.
Fig. 3.3: Variation of Zr vs. Nb, Hf, and Y in the studied
metavolcanic rocks. .
10. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Satti et al. 306
Rare Earth Element (REE) patterns of representative
samples normalized chondritic values of Sun and
McDonough (1989) are shown in (Fig. 3.4). The REE
patterns show that the mafic and felsic metavolcanics are
variably light-REE enriched according to rock type. The
mafic metavolcanics are less fractionated than those of the
felsic metavolcanics. The mafic metavolcanics
(metabasalts) are characterized by low to moderate total
REEs (24–148ppm, Table 1.1) and weakly fractionated
patterns [(La/Yb) n=0.8–4.7; (La/Sm)n=0.64-1.63; (Gd/Yb)
n=1.22-2.13)] with no Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.95–1.06).
The felsic metavolcanics (rhyolites) have higher REE
contents (34–94ppm) and show relatively more
fractionated REE patterns [(La/Yb)n=0.63–3.96] with weak
to moderate negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.5–0.9)
(Table 1.1). Generally, the REE-patterns of all
metavolcanics clearly show an increase of the total REE
contents (mainly the LREE) and the negative Eu
anomalies from the mafic to the felsic volcanics.
These variations testify to the importance of fractional
crystallization in the evolution of the metavolcanics.
Primordial mantle-normalized incompatible element
profiles of the metavolcanic rocks (Fig. 3.5) display
negative Nb anomalies, evidence that the melt source was
modified by subduction-related fluids (Pearce, 1983). The
rhyolites have ―spiked multi-element patterns and
variably negative Ba, Sr, P, Eu, and Ti anomalies, which
may reflect plagioclase, K-feldspar, apatite, and Fe–Ti
oxide fractionation.
Fig. 3.4: Chondrite-normalized REE-patterns of the studied metavolcanic rocks. Normalization values are from Sun
and McDonough (1989).
Fig. 3.5: Primordial mantle-normalized trace element patterns for the studied metavolcanic rocks. Normalizing values are
from Wood (1979).
Tectonic discrimination diagrams for the investigated
metavolcanic rocks are discrimination of the felsic
volcanics and Ti/Y – Zr/Y discrimination diagram (Pearce
and Gale, 1977) for the mafic volcanic. For the investigated
felsic volcanic rocks, all samples plot in the field of volcanic
arc granitoids (Fig. 3.6). On the Ti/Y – Zr/Y diagram which
discriminate between plate margin and within-plate
basalts, the data of the studied mafic volcanic rocks plot
firmly within the plate margin field (Fig. 3.7). All the studied
metavolcanic rocks are characterized by low Zr/Y ratios
and high Zr contents (Fig. 3.8), which are typical for basalts
from oceanic arc tectonic environments (Pearce 1983).
11. Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Metavolcanic Rocks, Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Int. J. Geol. Min. 307
Fig.3.6: Y vs. Nb discrimination diagram of Pearce et al
(1984) for the tectonic discrimination of the felsic volcanic
rocks; WPG=within plate granite, ORG=ocean ridge
granite, VAG=volcanic arc granite and COLG=collision
granite
Fig. 3.7: Ti/Y – Zr/Y diagram (Pearce and Gale, 1977) for
the tectonic discrimination of the mafic metavolcanics.
Fig. 3.8: Zr/Y vs. Zr discrimination diagram Pearce (1980)
showing the oceanic arc character of the studied
metavolcanic rocks in the Tagotieb area.
CONCLUSION
The metavolcanic rocks can be broadly classified into
mafic metavolcanics and felsic metavolcanic. The mafic
metavolcanics are mainly metabasalt and meta-andesite,
which occur as massive to weakly foliated bodies, usually
interlayered with metasediments of variable types of
schist, marble, and quartzite. They are greyish green with
the primary volcanic textures (porphyritic and sometimes
amygdaloidal) still recognizable. The felsic metavolcanics
are rhyolites, which occur as variably deformed rocks often
with pink colour. They are composed mainly of quartz, K-
feldspar and albite and minor sericite, chlorite and/or
epidote.
All the studied metavolcanic rocks are characterized by
low Zr/Y ratios and high Zr contents , which are typical for
basalts from oceanic arc tectonic environments (Pearce
1983).The felsic volcanic rocks were produced through
fractional crystallization of basaltic melts.
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