The document describes sedimentary facies and depositional environments of the Gedaref Formation in eastern Sudan based on field investigations. Nine sedimentary facies were identified including conglomerate, cross-bedded sandstone, ripple laminated sandstone, and mudstone. These facies were grouped into three facies associations representing fluvial channel, sandy point bars, and lake deposits. Paleocurrent data indicate the sediment source area was located southeast of the study area. The sediments were deposited under fluvial conditions in braided and meandering river systems and later shifted to lacustrine settings towards the basin center.
Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Me...Premier Publishers
The meta- volcano - sedimentary sequences in the northern part of the Red Sea Hills comprise a sequence of metamorphosed rocks at low green schist facies of metamorphism consisting of lava flows, tuffs to breccias and agglomerates range in composition from basalts and andesites to rhyolites. Geologically the meta volcano sedimentary sequences is divided into metavolcanic rocks and metasediments. The metavolcanic rocks range in composition from mafic to felsic. The metasediments are represented by banded schist, quartzite and marble. The samples collected for study lie within the field of sub-alkaline rocks except one mafic volcanic sample, which plot near the boundary in the alkaline field and thus follow a transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline trend (increasing FeO* relative to MgO). The behavior of the large ion lithophile element (LILE) in the studied metavolcanics confirms the early fractionation of plagioclase. These rocks display negative Nb anomalies, suggesting that the melt source was modified by subduction-related fluids. Tectonically all felsic samples fall in the field of volcanic arc granitoids whereas the mafic units plot firmly within the plate margin field.
Geochemistry of lamprophyre dykes in the Eastern Desert of EgyptDr. Ibr@him
This document describes the geochemistry of two lamprophyre dykes in Egypt's Eastern Desert: one in Abu Hawis and one in Abu Rusheid. The Abu Hawis dyke is composed mainly of amphibole, clinopyroxene and phlogopite. It has relatively alkaline geochemistry and enrichment in LILE, LREE, and HFSE relative to primitive mantle. The Abu Rusheid dyke cuts mylonites and contains pyroxene, phlogopite, and other minerals. It is alkaline with enrichment in LILE, transition metals, and shows negative Eu and Ce anomalies, indicating mobilization of REEs under supergene conditions. Both dykes formed in subduction-related settings but
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...Dr. Ibr@him
This document discusses structural lineaments in the North Abu Rusheid-Sikait area of Egypt and their impact on mineral occurrences. It finds that lineaments are arranged in two main clusters trending N-S and NW-SE/WNW-ESE, controlling emplacement of granitic intrusions. A mylonitic shear zone trending ENE-WSW separates granites from ophiolitic mélange and hosts evidence of hydrothermal activity and secondary uranium mineralization. Most mineralization is related to extensional events creating space for mineral entrapment along shear zones like the ENE-WSW zone containing fluorite, molybdenite, and others.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Prof. Dr. Hassan Zakaria Harraz. It details his personal and academic background, including his education, positions held, research interests, and publications. He is currently a professor of economic geology and ore resources at Tanta University in Egypt. The CV outlines his extensive experience in economic geology, mineral exploration, and research focused on gold deposits in Egypt. It also lists over 30 of his published papers on related topics.
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptDr. Ibr@him
- The paper compares four volcanic areas in Egypt - Um Safi rhyolite, El-Atshan bostonite sill, Um Domi trachyte, and Um Doweila bostonite - based on their geology, mineralization, alteration processes, and spectrometry.
- The volcanic rocks contain varying amounts of uranium and thorium as indicated by spectrometry results, with the Um Doweila bostonite having the highest uranium content on average.
- Primary minerals identified across the areas include quartz, feldspars and pyroxenes. Secondary uranium minerals including uranophane and zippeite are also present except in the Um Domi trachyte.
The document discusses the geology of several oil and gas fields located in Egypt, Nigeria, and the Gulf of Suez. It describes the stratigraphy, lithology, age, porosity, and permeability of various reservoir units within these fields, including the Gombe Sandstone in Nigeria, the Kareem Formation in the El Morgan Field of the Gulf of Suez, and the Abu Roash and Bahariya formations in the Abu Gharadig Field of Egypt. Key producing reservoirs discussed include the Unit 2 sandstones of the Abu Roash C Member and the Abu Roash E Member shale.
Geology and geochemistry of the granitic rocks and associated dykes, East Gab...Dr. Ibr@him
The document describes a crescent-shaped granitic stock and associated dykes located in East Gabal Nuqra in Egypt. The granites are classified as alkali-feldspar granites composed mainly of quartz, potash feldspars, plagioclases and aegirine-augite. Associated dykes of trachydacite and rhyolite cut through the granites. Geochemical analysis indicates the granites are enriched in incompatible elements and have geochemical signatures of A-type granites formed through fractional crystallization of a trachytic magma in a within-plate tectonic setting.
Geological and Geochemical Characterization of the Neoproterozoic Derudieb Me...Premier Publishers
The meta- volcano - sedimentary sequences in the northern part of the Red Sea Hills comprise a sequence of metamorphosed rocks at low green schist facies of metamorphism consisting of lava flows, tuffs to breccias and agglomerates range in composition from basalts and andesites to rhyolites. Geologically the meta volcano sedimentary sequences is divided into metavolcanic rocks and metasediments. The metavolcanic rocks range in composition from mafic to felsic. The metasediments are represented by banded schist, quartzite and marble. The samples collected for study lie within the field of sub-alkaline rocks except one mafic volcanic sample, which plot near the boundary in the alkaline field and thus follow a transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline trend (increasing FeO* relative to MgO). The behavior of the large ion lithophile element (LILE) in the studied metavolcanics confirms the early fractionation of plagioclase. These rocks display negative Nb anomalies, suggesting that the melt source was modified by subduction-related fluids. Tectonically all felsic samples fall in the field of volcanic arc granitoids whereas the mafic units plot firmly within the plate margin field.
Geochemistry of lamprophyre dykes in the Eastern Desert of EgyptDr. Ibr@him
This document describes the geochemistry of two lamprophyre dykes in Egypt's Eastern Desert: one in Abu Hawis and one in Abu Rusheid. The Abu Hawis dyke is composed mainly of amphibole, clinopyroxene and phlogopite. It has relatively alkaline geochemistry and enrichment in LILE, LREE, and HFSE relative to primitive mantle. The Abu Rusheid dyke cuts mylonites and contains pyroxene, phlogopite, and other minerals. It is alkaline with enrichment in LILE, transition metals, and shows negative Eu and Ce anomalies, indicating mobilization of REEs under supergene conditions. Both dykes formed in subduction-related settings but
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...Dr. Ibr@him
This document discusses structural lineaments in the North Abu Rusheid-Sikait area of Egypt and their impact on mineral occurrences. It finds that lineaments are arranged in two main clusters trending N-S and NW-SE/WNW-ESE, controlling emplacement of granitic intrusions. A mylonitic shear zone trending ENE-WSW separates granites from ophiolitic mélange and hosts evidence of hydrothermal activity and secondary uranium mineralization. Most mineralization is related to extensional events creating space for mineral entrapment along shear zones like the ENE-WSW zone containing fluorite, molybdenite, and others.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Prof. Dr. Hassan Zakaria Harraz. It details his personal and academic background, including his education, positions held, research interests, and publications. He is currently a professor of economic geology and ore resources at Tanta University in Egypt. The CV outlines his extensive experience in economic geology, mineral exploration, and research focused on gold deposits in Egypt. It also lists over 30 of his published papers on related topics.
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptDr. Ibr@him
- The paper compares four volcanic areas in Egypt - Um Safi rhyolite, El-Atshan bostonite sill, Um Domi trachyte, and Um Doweila bostonite - based on their geology, mineralization, alteration processes, and spectrometry.
- The volcanic rocks contain varying amounts of uranium and thorium as indicated by spectrometry results, with the Um Doweila bostonite having the highest uranium content on average.
- Primary minerals identified across the areas include quartz, feldspars and pyroxenes. Secondary uranium minerals including uranophane and zippeite are also present except in the Um Domi trachyte.
The document discusses the geology of several oil and gas fields located in Egypt, Nigeria, and the Gulf of Suez. It describes the stratigraphy, lithology, age, porosity, and permeability of various reservoir units within these fields, including the Gombe Sandstone in Nigeria, the Kareem Formation in the El Morgan Field of the Gulf of Suez, and the Abu Roash and Bahariya formations in the Abu Gharadig Field of Egypt. Key producing reservoirs discussed include the Unit 2 sandstones of the Abu Roash C Member and the Abu Roash E Member shale.
Geology and geochemistry of the granitic rocks and associated dykes, East Gab...Dr. Ibr@him
The document describes a crescent-shaped granitic stock and associated dykes located in East Gabal Nuqra in Egypt. The granites are classified as alkali-feldspar granites composed mainly of quartz, potash feldspars, plagioclases and aegirine-augite. Associated dykes of trachydacite and rhyolite cut through the granites. Geochemical analysis indicates the granites are enriched in incompatible elements and have geochemical signatures of A-type granites formed through fractional crystallization of a trachytic magma in a within-plate tectonic setting.
TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF EAST GABAL NUQRA AREA, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT, EGYPTDr. Ibr@him
The document describes a ring dyke complex located east of Gabal Nuqra in Egypt. Three magmatic events formed the rocks in the area: 1) Granites associated with the Nubian sandstone basin formation. 2) Volcanic ring dykes post-dating the basin. 3) A trachy-basaltic flow related to Red Sea rifting. Structural analysis identified three tectonic events: 1) NE-SW extension formed the Nubian basin. 2) NW-SE extension reactivated pre-existing faults. 3) E-W to ENE-WSW faults localized ring dyke emplacement and configured the trachy-basaltic flow. Hydrothermal activity
Remote sensing techniques can be used to identify mineral deposits. Landsat satellites have collected imagery since the 1970s that is useful for mineral exploration. Spectral bands can recognize hydrothermally altered rocks associated with ore deposits due to their distinct reflectance properties compared to unaltered rocks. At the Goldfield, Nevada mining district, Landsat imagery has been used to map hydrothermal alteration minerals like alunite and clays using ratio images of spectral bands 5 and 7, and 3 and 1, that highlight altered rock areas correlating with known deposits. Classification algorithms can further analyze imagery to automatically categorize altered and unaltered rock types to aid exploration.
This document describes the petrographic characteristics of host and associated rocks in the Pb-Zn deposit of Rampura-Agucha area in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan, India. The host rocks are primarily graphite-biotite-sillimanite schist and garnet-biotite-sillimanite gneiss that experienced upper amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism. Thin section analysis found the rocks contain minerals like quartz, feldspar, garnet, biotite, sillimanite and graphite, with garnet commonly fractured and quartz exhibiting undulose extinction. X-ray diffraction analysis identified the
Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Cretaceous Sediments from Al Bauga Area,...IJRES Journal
Geochemistry; major and trace elements of Al Bauga sediments have been investigated to understand their provenance and tectonic setting. The tectonic discriminant diagrams placed the majority of Al Bauga sediments within the passive margin setting. These sediments generally, are enrich in SiO2 and depleted in K2O and Na2O. The discriminant function diagram of major elements, the enrichment of Zr, Th, La and lack of V, Co and Ni indicate that the source area of most of Al Bauga sediments are felsic provenance.
Five days field report of Gilgit Baltistan .
Started from Mansehra then Besham then Kohistan then Gilgit and at last stop is in Hunza.
Visited dasu and basha dam.
each and every feature realed to geology is marked in this field report.
Exploration of radioactive minerals in the late ordavician jordanMonatom Mgl
The document summarizes previous exploration studies of the late Ordovician Dubaydib sandstone formation in Jordan which indicated high concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements. The current study aims to delineate promising areas in the formation for future study based on recent sampling and data from 2009. Exploration has found a radioactive zone in the middle of the formation up to 5m thick consisting of siltstones with abnormal values of zircon, rare earth elements like cerium and lanthanum, and thorium concentrations up to 2,337 ppm, which is the main source of radiation. Concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements were highest in the middle area.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
A Study on Rock units for Landslide Hazard between Yinmabin and Kalaw areas, ...ijtsrd
The research area is situated along the Thazi Taunggyi road section and Thazi Shwenyaung railway section in western part of the Shan Plateau. It is one of the most socio economically important transportation routes in Myanmar. Most of the land slide hazards occur annually along the pathways for transportation because of the mountainous terrain area with high steep cutting slopes.The study area involves a sequence of Yinmabin metamorphic complex Early Paleozoic , Lebyin Group Early Carboniferous , Plateau Limestone Group Middle Permian Middle Triassic , Loi an Group late Middle Jurassic early Late Jurassic , Pyinnyaung Formation Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous , Kalaw Red Bed Cretaceous and Alluvium Holocene .The various types of rock units are igneous and meta igneous rock units, metamorphic rock units , sedimentary and meta sedimentary rock units. The igneous rock units are also comprised the granitic rocks, dioritic rocks, rhyolite and biotite microgranite. Metamorphic Rock units of Yinmabin Metamorphic Complex are low to medium grade metamorphosed pelitic rocks, medium to high grade metamorphosed quartzo feldspatic rocks and medium grade metamorphosed calcareous rocks. The Lebyin Group consists of greywackes, pebbly mudstone, quartzite and shales. The Plateau Limestone Group is composed of medium to thick bedded, light gray to bluish gray calcitic limestone, dolomic limestones, brecciated limestone and argillaceous calcitic limestone. The two Jurassic units consists of interbedded sequences of sandstone, siltstone, shale. Generally the rocks of the Loi an Group are turbiditic nature of siliciclastic sedimentary rock units. Kalaw Red Beds are totally of continental origin of fluvialtile fanglomeratic deposits containing comglomerate, thin to medium bedded sandstone, siltstone and shale.Moreover, the study area is structurally unstable because it lies in the Shan Scarp Fault Zone. So, most of the landslide types occur in this area. Wedge Failure and plane failure are the common type of landslides and other types occur as minor. Dr. Me Me Thein "A Study on Rock units for Landslide Hazard between Yinmabin and Kalaw areas, Mandalay Region and Shan State (South)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28041.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/28041/a-study-on-rock-units-for-landslide-hazard-between-yinmabin-and-kalaw-areas-mandalay-region-and-shan-state-south/dr-me-me-thein
Field report Gilgit Baltistan by Samiullahsami ullah
This document provides a geological field report from a student's field trip through northern Pakistan. The student visited areas from Muslimabad to Hunza over 6 days, observing and documenting different rock types. Key stops included Besham, Kohistan, Gilgit, and Hunza. Rocks observed included basalts, andesites, metasedimentary rocks, diorites, dunites, gabbro, basalt, gabbro norites and pyroxenites. The report includes an introduction, literature review on the geology of the areas visited, and detailed documentation of stops made each day, including observations of rock types and structures.
Open pit mining involves digging a large hole or pit at the earth's surface to extract ore deposits near the surface. Overburden or waste rock is removed to expose the ore body, which is then extracted using large excavating equipment like shovels and haul trucks. Ore is transported from the pit either by truck or conveyor belt to a processing facility. Open pit mining provides high productivity and low costs but requires significant capital investment and can have large environmental impacts due to the large scale of surface disturbance. It is best suited to deposits that are relatively shallow and large in area.
This document provides an overview of a geological field work trip to the Hazara area of northern Pakistan led by Dr. Azmat khan. It discusses the stratigraphy and regional tectonics observed. The key points are:
1) The trip involved studying the stratigraphy of the Hazara arc and surrounding areas over 3 days, making stops to examine formations from the Precambrian to Miocene ages.
2) The Hazara arc forms the western border of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxes and is bounded by thrust faults. It has undergone folding and faulting due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
3) The stratigraphy includes metamorphic and sedimentary
This document provides a summary of the geological field work conducted by Muqeet Ahmad in the Ghizer and Hunza districts of northern Pakistan. Over the course of one week in September 2018, Muqeet visited several sites in each district to identify rock types, study regional geology and geomorphology, conduct geological mapping, and learn from instructors Dr. Garee Khan and Sir Niaz Ali. The document details the specific locations visited each day and notable geological features observed. It provides background information on the tectonic setting and rock units present in northern Pakistan. The field work aims to fulfill degree requirements and increase understanding of the geology of the study area.
Geological criteria for ore prospectingPramoda Raj
This document outlines various geological criteria that can be used for ore prospecting, including stratigraphic, lithological, structural, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Specific examples are provided for each criteria, such as coal and iron ore deposits being associated with specific stratigraphic layers, or chromite and diamond deposits found near ultrabasic rocks. The document emphasizes that geological criteria provide indirect methods for locating ore deposits and should be used to guide prospecting efforts.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on Egyptian ore deposits. It begins with an introduction discussing ancient Egyptian mining and then provides an overview of the types of mineral deposits that are known to occur in Egypt, including gold, copper, tin, zinc, lead, and various other metallic and non-metallic ores. It then discusses different classifications that have been proposed for Egyptian ore deposits, grouping them based on factors like the time of deposition, metallogenic aspects, and tectonic-magmatic stages. The document concludes by presenting a proposed classification scheme that categorizes Egyptian ore deposits into groups based on their associated rock assemblages and modes of formation.
Integrated Petrophysical Parameters and Petrographic Analysis Characterizing ...IJERA Editor
Measured porosity and permeability were integrated with thin section petrography and pertophysical attributes derived from mercury intrusion to form an essential outline for Khartam reservoirs of the Permo-Triassic Khuff Formation. Porosity-permeability distribution of thirty two outcrop core samples delineates an existence of five demonstrative pertophysical facies. Thin section petrography reveals dissolution as principal diagenetic feature controlling fluid flow in Khartam reservoirs. Based on dissolution and poro – perm distribution it was found that, better khartam reservoirs quality confined to dolostone facies type (QK1) and tidat flat oolite grainstone facies (QK27) with higher degree of dissolution owing to cement removal. Further supports to dissolution statement come from physical attributes acquired from mercury intrusion including pore size distribution tail and total cumulative intrusion volume. Correspondingly facies with higher pore size distribution tail and higher total cumulative intrusion volume restricted to dolostone facies type (QK1) and oolite grainstone facies type (QK27).
1) The document summarizes a field trip report on the Margalla Hills region, describing 5 stops that examined the local geology.
2) At the stops, the author observed rolling hill topography formed by stream erosion, remnants of the Indus River consisting of sand and mud layers, and outcrops of the Ghandghar Range extension and Muree Formation displaying various rock types and dips.
3) The final stop examined Margalla Hills limestone, identifying its lithology, fossils, age, and stratigraphic contacts.
This document provides an overview of the geology, mineral occurrences, and previous exploration work in the Prospecting License C-75 area in Guyana. The area consists of Lower Proterozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks overlain by younger sediments. It has seen historical small-scale gold and diamond mining. Recent work included mapping geology from air photos and satellite data, identifying structures, sampling rocks and minerals, and interpreting aeromagnetic data to define lithologies and structures. Gold and diamond occurrences are present both within bedrock and in alluvial deposits.
The document is a field report submitted by Ahmad Ghani to his teachers Mr. Gohar Rehman and Mr. Zahid. It summarizes Ahmad's field work in the Khair-e-Murat range located in the North Potwar plateau of Pakistan. The report describes the local geology, including the major rock formations from Eocene to Pliocene age, such as the Margalla Hill Limestone, Chorgali Formation, Muree Formation, and Kamlial Formation. It also discusses the structural features observed, such as folds, faults, dips, and strikes. Ahmad thanks his teachers, family, and fellows for their support and guidance during the field work.
Margaret Isaacs has over 25 years of experience working in media libraries for CBC radio and television in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. She has held roles processing daily TV items, cataloguing music, assisting journalists, and producing a regional mini-show. Isaacs also has experience hosting a national music program and working as a professional clarinetist, chamber musician, and music teacher. She has strong technical skills in media library systems and proficiency in French and other languages.
TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF EAST GABAL NUQRA AREA, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT, EGYPTDr. Ibr@him
The document describes a ring dyke complex located east of Gabal Nuqra in Egypt. Three magmatic events formed the rocks in the area: 1) Granites associated with the Nubian sandstone basin formation. 2) Volcanic ring dykes post-dating the basin. 3) A trachy-basaltic flow related to Red Sea rifting. Structural analysis identified three tectonic events: 1) NE-SW extension formed the Nubian basin. 2) NW-SE extension reactivated pre-existing faults. 3) E-W to ENE-WSW faults localized ring dyke emplacement and configured the trachy-basaltic flow. Hydrothermal activity
Remote sensing techniques can be used to identify mineral deposits. Landsat satellites have collected imagery since the 1970s that is useful for mineral exploration. Spectral bands can recognize hydrothermally altered rocks associated with ore deposits due to their distinct reflectance properties compared to unaltered rocks. At the Goldfield, Nevada mining district, Landsat imagery has been used to map hydrothermal alteration minerals like alunite and clays using ratio images of spectral bands 5 and 7, and 3 and 1, that highlight altered rock areas correlating with known deposits. Classification algorithms can further analyze imagery to automatically categorize altered and unaltered rock types to aid exploration.
This document describes the petrographic characteristics of host and associated rocks in the Pb-Zn deposit of Rampura-Agucha area in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan, India. The host rocks are primarily graphite-biotite-sillimanite schist and garnet-biotite-sillimanite gneiss that experienced upper amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism. Thin section analysis found the rocks contain minerals like quartz, feldspar, garnet, biotite, sillimanite and graphite, with garnet commonly fractured and quartz exhibiting undulose extinction. X-ray diffraction analysis identified the
Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Cretaceous Sediments from Al Bauga Area,...IJRES Journal
Geochemistry; major and trace elements of Al Bauga sediments have been investigated to understand their provenance and tectonic setting. The tectonic discriminant diagrams placed the majority of Al Bauga sediments within the passive margin setting. These sediments generally, are enrich in SiO2 and depleted in K2O and Na2O. The discriminant function diagram of major elements, the enrichment of Zr, Th, La and lack of V, Co and Ni indicate that the source area of most of Al Bauga sediments are felsic provenance.
Five days field report of Gilgit Baltistan .
Started from Mansehra then Besham then Kohistan then Gilgit and at last stop is in Hunza.
Visited dasu and basha dam.
each and every feature realed to geology is marked in this field report.
Exploration of radioactive minerals in the late ordavician jordanMonatom Mgl
The document summarizes previous exploration studies of the late Ordovician Dubaydib sandstone formation in Jordan which indicated high concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements. The current study aims to delineate promising areas in the formation for future study based on recent sampling and data from 2009. Exploration has found a radioactive zone in the middle of the formation up to 5m thick consisting of siltstones with abnormal values of zircon, rare earth elements like cerium and lanthanum, and thorium concentrations up to 2,337 ppm, which is the main source of radiation. Concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements were highest in the middle area.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
A Study on Rock units for Landslide Hazard between Yinmabin and Kalaw areas, ...ijtsrd
The research area is situated along the Thazi Taunggyi road section and Thazi Shwenyaung railway section in western part of the Shan Plateau. It is one of the most socio economically important transportation routes in Myanmar. Most of the land slide hazards occur annually along the pathways for transportation because of the mountainous terrain area with high steep cutting slopes.The study area involves a sequence of Yinmabin metamorphic complex Early Paleozoic , Lebyin Group Early Carboniferous , Plateau Limestone Group Middle Permian Middle Triassic , Loi an Group late Middle Jurassic early Late Jurassic , Pyinnyaung Formation Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous , Kalaw Red Bed Cretaceous and Alluvium Holocene .The various types of rock units are igneous and meta igneous rock units, metamorphic rock units , sedimentary and meta sedimentary rock units. The igneous rock units are also comprised the granitic rocks, dioritic rocks, rhyolite and biotite microgranite. Metamorphic Rock units of Yinmabin Metamorphic Complex are low to medium grade metamorphosed pelitic rocks, medium to high grade metamorphosed quartzo feldspatic rocks and medium grade metamorphosed calcareous rocks. The Lebyin Group consists of greywackes, pebbly mudstone, quartzite and shales. The Plateau Limestone Group is composed of medium to thick bedded, light gray to bluish gray calcitic limestone, dolomic limestones, brecciated limestone and argillaceous calcitic limestone. The two Jurassic units consists of interbedded sequences of sandstone, siltstone, shale. Generally the rocks of the Loi an Group are turbiditic nature of siliciclastic sedimentary rock units. Kalaw Red Beds are totally of continental origin of fluvialtile fanglomeratic deposits containing comglomerate, thin to medium bedded sandstone, siltstone and shale.Moreover, the study area is structurally unstable because it lies in the Shan Scarp Fault Zone. So, most of the landslide types occur in this area. Wedge Failure and plane failure are the common type of landslides and other types occur as minor. Dr. Me Me Thein "A Study on Rock units for Landslide Hazard between Yinmabin and Kalaw areas, Mandalay Region and Shan State (South)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28041.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/28041/a-study-on-rock-units-for-landslide-hazard-between-yinmabin-and-kalaw-areas-mandalay-region-and-shan-state-south/dr-me-me-thein
Field report Gilgit Baltistan by Samiullahsami ullah
This document provides a geological field report from a student's field trip through northern Pakistan. The student visited areas from Muslimabad to Hunza over 6 days, observing and documenting different rock types. Key stops included Besham, Kohistan, Gilgit, and Hunza. Rocks observed included basalts, andesites, metasedimentary rocks, diorites, dunites, gabbro, basalt, gabbro norites and pyroxenites. The report includes an introduction, literature review on the geology of the areas visited, and detailed documentation of stops made each day, including observations of rock types and structures.
Open pit mining involves digging a large hole or pit at the earth's surface to extract ore deposits near the surface. Overburden or waste rock is removed to expose the ore body, which is then extracted using large excavating equipment like shovels and haul trucks. Ore is transported from the pit either by truck or conveyor belt to a processing facility. Open pit mining provides high productivity and low costs but requires significant capital investment and can have large environmental impacts due to the large scale of surface disturbance. It is best suited to deposits that are relatively shallow and large in area.
This document provides an overview of a geological field work trip to the Hazara area of northern Pakistan led by Dr. Azmat khan. It discusses the stratigraphy and regional tectonics observed. The key points are:
1) The trip involved studying the stratigraphy of the Hazara arc and surrounding areas over 3 days, making stops to examine formations from the Precambrian to Miocene ages.
2) The Hazara arc forms the western border of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxes and is bounded by thrust faults. It has undergone folding and faulting due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
3) The stratigraphy includes metamorphic and sedimentary
This document provides a summary of the geological field work conducted by Muqeet Ahmad in the Ghizer and Hunza districts of northern Pakistan. Over the course of one week in September 2018, Muqeet visited several sites in each district to identify rock types, study regional geology and geomorphology, conduct geological mapping, and learn from instructors Dr. Garee Khan and Sir Niaz Ali. The document details the specific locations visited each day and notable geological features observed. It provides background information on the tectonic setting and rock units present in northern Pakistan. The field work aims to fulfill degree requirements and increase understanding of the geology of the study area.
Geological criteria for ore prospectingPramoda Raj
This document outlines various geological criteria that can be used for ore prospecting, including stratigraphic, lithological, structural, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Specific examples are provided for each criteria, such as coal and iron ore deposits being associated with specific stratigraphic layers, or chromite and diamond deposits found near ultrabasic rocks. The document emphasizes that geological criteria provide indirect methods for locating ore deposits and should be used to guide prospecting efforts.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on Egyptian ore deposits. It begins with an introduction discussing ancient Egyptian mining and then provides an overview of the types of mineral deposits that are known to occur in Egypt, including gold, copper, tin, zinc, lead, and various other metallic and non-metallic ores. It then discusses different classifications that have been proposed for Egyptian ore deposits, grouping them based on factors like the time of deposition, metallogenic aspects, and tectonic-magmatic stages. The document concludes by presenting a proposed classification scheme that categorizes Egyptian ore deposits into groups based on their associated rock assemblages and modes of formation.
Integrated Petrophysical Parameters and Petrographic Analysis Characterizing ...IJERA Editor
Measured porosity and permeability were integrated with thin section petrography and pertophysical attributes derived from mercury intrusion to form an essential outline for Khartam reservoirs of the Permo-Triassic Khuff Formation. Porosity-permeability distribution of thirty two outcrop core samples delineates an existence of five demonstrative pertophysical facies. Thin section petrography reveals dissolution as principal diagenetic feature controlling fluid flow in Khartam reservoirs. Based on dissolution and poro – perm distribution it was found that, better khartam reservoirs quality confined to dolostone facies type (QK1) and tidat flat oolite grainstone facies (QK27) with higher degree of dissolution owing to cement removal. Further supports to dissolution statement come from physical attributes acquired from mercury intrusion including pore size distribution tail and total cumulative intrusion volume. Correspondingly facies with higher pore size distribution tail and higher total cumulative intrusion volume restricted to dolostone facies type (QK1) and oolite grainstone facies type (QK27).
1) The document summarizes a field trip report on the Margalla Hills region, describing 5 stops that examined the local geology.
2) At the stops, the author observed rolling hill topography formed by stream erosion, remnants of the Indus River consisting of sand and mud layers, and outcrops of the Ghandghar Range extension and Muree Formation displaying various rock types and dips.
3) The final stop examined Margalla Hills limestone, identifying its lithology, fossils, age, and stratigraphic contacts.
This document provides an overview of the geology, mineral occurrences, and previous exploration work in the Prospecting License C-75 area in Guyana. The area consists of Lower Proterozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks overlain by younger sediments. It has seen historical small-scale gold and diamond mining. Recent work included mapping geology from air photos and satellite data, identifying structures, sampling rocks and minerals, and interpreting aeromagnetic data to define lithologies and structures. Gold and diamond occurrences are present both within bedrock and in alluvial deposits.
The document is a field report submitted by Ahmad Ghani to his teachers Mr. Gohar Rehman and Mr. Zahid. It summarizes Ahmad's field work in the Khair-e-Murat range located in the North Potwar plateau of Pakistan. The report describes the local geology, including the major rock formations from Eocene to Pliocene age, such as the Margalla Hill Limestone, Chorgali Formation, Muree Formation, and Kamlial Formation. It also discusses the structural features observed, such as folds, faults, dips, and strikes. Ahmad thanks his teachers, family, and fellows for their support and guidance during the field work.
Margaret Isaacs has over 25 years of experience working in media libraries for CBC radio and television in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. She has held roles processing daily TV items, cataloguing music, assisting journalists, and producing a regional mini-show. Isaacs also has experience hosting a national music program and working as a professional clarinetist, chamber musician, and music teacher. She has strong technical skills in media library systems and proficiency in French and other languages.
Canada’s best tech companies to work for initworldcanada
Glassdoor unveiled its eighth annual Employee’s Choice Awards Dec. 9, and for the first time included a specific report for Canada. Since the site is driven by reviews from real employees – who can post anonymously – the results are credible. What’s amazing about the list is how many technology firms rank highly in the top 25 – with four out of the top five alone in the tech industry. Here, we look at the top 10 tech employers in Canada. Photos courtesy of Glassdoor.
Article Link: http://www.itworldcanada.com/slideshow/canadas-best-tech-companies-to-work-for-in-2016#ixzz3yvsaNyLx
or visit http://www.itworldcanada.com for more Canadian IT News
Read more: http://www.itworldcanada.com/slideshow/linuxcon-2015-a-recap-in-8-images#ixzz3zrjeAsja
or visit http://www.itworldcanada.com for more Canadian IT News
Doodles on cloud, security and big dataitworldcanada
NASHVILLE, TENN – The Ingram One conference covered many areas of technology such as cloud, security, big data and even marketing. The one thing missing at the event were PowerPoint slides. This was done on purpose by show host Ingram Micro, one of the largest technology distributors in the world. Instead of PowerPoint slides attendees were treated to a doodler.
Article Link: http://www.itworldcanada.com/slideshow/doodles-on-cloud-security-and-big-data#ixzz3yvszK6nX
or visit http://www.itworldcanada.com for more Canadian IT News
This document contains a resume for Pavan Srinivas. It summarizes his objective to join an organization in banking and finance. It outlines his strengths like being customer focused and able to deliver solutions. His core expertise includes team building, strategic planning, and problem solving. For career highlights, it describes his current role as a document processing specialist at JP Morgan since 2012, including handling client documents and updates. It also provides details on his previous role at Convergys as a customer care officer. His education includes a B.Com degree.
The document outlines cycles of climatic change during the Quaternary period, including glacial and interglacial periods. It discusses the Eemian/Sangamon interglacial 130,000-115,000 years ago, the Early-Middle Weichselian/Wisconsin glacial period 115,000-50,000 years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum 20,000-18,000 years ago. During glacial periods, continental ice sheets grew and sea levels dropped globally. Interglacials were warmer with higher sea levels. Reconstructions show the extent of ice sheets and changes in ocean temperatures over this timeframe.
The document describes facies and depositional environments observed in an outcrop section of the Late Triassic Huai Hin Lat Formation in Thailand. Two main facies associations are identified: (1) A mudstone-dominated facies association comprised of interbedded mudstone and siltstone with occasional thin sandstone beds. (2) A sandstone-dominated facies association containing structureless, structured, and interbedded sandstone and siltstone facies. Total organic carbon values range from 0.02 to 0.99% weight, indicating poor to fair source rock potential. Outcrop gamma-ray logs aid in correlating lithofacies to depositional environments and identifying organic-rich intervals in the
Lithofacies architecture of the gercus formation in jabal haibat sultan, ne i...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study of the Gercus Formation exposed in northeast Iraq. It describes the lithology, sedimentary structures, and depositional environment observed. Four lithofacies associations were identified based on lithotypes of shale, sandstone, carbonate, conglomerate and debris flows. Sedimentary structures including graded bedding, cross-stratification, and slump features indicate deposition from turbidity currents in a marine setting. Petrographic analysis found the sandstones to be lithic arenites derived from the northeast Arabian plate margin. The alternating beds of sandstone, siltstone and shale with turbidite structures represent a deep marine turbidite depositional environment.
Mineralogy and geochemical appraisal of paleo redox indicators in maastrichti...Alexander Decker
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study of the mineralogy and geochemistry of Maastrichtian shale samples from the Mamu Formation in the Anambra Basin of Nigeria. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the shale samples and investigate paleo-redox conditions. The results suggest the shales were deposited under oxidizing conditions based on mineralogical and geochemical proxies, and were derived from felsic source rocks that experienced strong chemical weathering.
paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the cental swamp depobelt niger delta ba...AkpatiChidinmachuks
This document summarizes a study on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of sections from two wells, XY-1 and XY-2, located in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Eighty-nine cutting samples from the wells, ranging from 1960-2470m and 2000-2380m depth, were analyzed for their lithology, palynomorph content, and age. Five palynological zones were established. The samples indicated depositional environments ranging from middle to inner-neritic to marine. Based on the palynomorph analysis, an Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene age was assigned to the studied well sections. The study aims to determine the lithology,
This document summarizes a study of the aquifer potentials of the Campano-Maastrichtian Gombe Sandstone formation in the Gongola Basin of northeastern Nigeria. The formation is composed primarily of sandstone from a deltaic depositional environment. Analysis of samples from outcrops found average porosities of 15-33% and permeability ranging from 100-1400mD. However, borehole yields in the Gombe town area are relatively low at 1.4-2.8 liters/second. In the western Kwadon village area, yields are higher at 4.8-5.6 liters/second, likely due to better preservation of high-permeability
Sedimentological and Palynological Approach for Determining the Depositional ...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Sitakund anticlinal structure exposes about 1.5 km of Surma group sediments and has been chosen for a comprehensive study of the
mudrocks depositional environment based on sedimentological and palynological evidences. Five mudrock facies have been identified in
this region. They are Mudstone Dominated, Sand/Silt Streaked Shale, Fissile Shale, Laminated Shale and Lenticular Bedded Shale. The
palynological assemblages from these samples have been analyzed qualitatively, and a variety of pollen, spores, algae and fungi identified.
The pollen and spores have been attributed to parent plants located at the immediate and more regional surrounding areas during the
deposition of these sediments. Palynological assemblages incorporates ample of Palmae grains such as spores in the Palmipollenites and
Proxaperites and predominance of pteridophytic spores. The occurrences and abundances of these pollens indicate that the deposition of the
Surma mudrocks took place at the proximity of the shore level. Coastal fluvial environment is also triumphed after the previous depositional
event which is apparent by the occurrence of palynomorphs of pteridophytes, angiosperms and algal origin.
This document analyzes the petrology and geochemistry of greywacke sediments from the ~1.6 billion year old Middle Aravalli Supergroup in northwest India. Attributes of the greywackes such as poor sorting, angular framework grains, and variable chemical indexes suggest rapid erosion under an active tectonic regime. Geochemical signatures indicate the sediments were derived from a young differentiated continental arc rather than the older Archaean basement. Trace element patterns resemble modern continental arc magmas, suggesting a subduction zone setting for the precursor magmas. The sediments provide evidence for thick continental crust underlying the Middle Aravalli continental arc between 1772-1586 million years ago.
Here are the key steps to making a thin section:
1. Cut a 1 inch square piece of rock from the hand sample using a slab saw.
2. Trim and thin the rock slab to about 30 mils (0.03 cm) thick using trim and lap saws.
3. Cut the thin slab in half using a trim saw.
4. Attach one half of the thin slab to a glass slide with epoxy.
5. Grind and polish the exposed rock surface to about 30 microns thin using progressively finer grit lap wheels.
6. Attach a glass cover slip to the other half of the thin slab with epoxy.
7. Grind
Geotechnical Properties of Sabkha Soil in the southern part of Al-Khobar city...IJERA Editor
The geotechnical properties of sabkha soil covering most parts of the southern portion of Al-Khobar area –Saudia Arabia were determined. These soil have very low strength, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The expected settlement is always above the recommended tolerable limits. The chemical analysis of both soil and water from sabkha flat shows a very high concentration of salts. These high concentrations of salts give rise to a very corrosive environment and therefore it is recommended to protect concrete and reinforcement by using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials, use of corrosion inhibitors and by applying suitable water proofing membranes . The properties determined during this study has a significant impact on both technical and economical values of each project and therefore, the outcome of the study is much important for planners and developers .
1. Laterite samples were collected from western Burkina Faso and divided into three sub-samples that were prepared differently for gold analysis: sieved to <125 μm, crushed to <2 mm, and unprocessed.
2. Gold analysis showed that 67% of sieved samples had significant gold assays, while 25% of crushed samples and only 8% of both sieved and crushed samples from one location had similar gold levels. Unprocessed samples returned insignificant gold assays.
3. The study concluded that sieving laterite samples to <125 μm is the best preparation method for detecting concealed gold mineralization in lateritic terrains of savannah regions using geochemical exploration.
This document provides a detailed summary of the geology of the Dibba Zone in the United Arab Emirates. It describes 6 main sedimentary lithologies observed in the area, ranging from deep marine carbonate black shale to wadi conglomerate. It also describes the igneous and metamorphic rocks, including harzburgite, serpentinite, and mélange. Finally, it discusses the structural geology of the area, including normal faults, thrust faults, folding, strike-slip faults, and deformation of the sediments. The document aims to characterize the stratigraphy, lithologies, and tectonic evolution of this region in detail.
Ras Muhammad Marine National Park is located on faulted and uplifted Neogene blocks that are
partially covered by Quaternary limestones of predominantly coralgal facies. The physiography of the
reefal limestone cropping out in the area and also the present-day depositional environments are
tectonically controlled. Surface morphology observations show that earthquake pools that cut through the
uplifted Pleistocene reefs indicate continuing recent movements, as indicated by numerous records of
seismic activity in the study area. The morphostructural-generated depositional facies patterns on the
peninsula are a wide tidal belt with tidal shoals and coastal spits, barrier and fringing reefs, three
elongated embayments, Hiddan Bay, mangrove and tidal channels, Ras Muhammad pool and sabkha, and
earthquake pools (two earth fissures). The distribution of marine plants is described for each area. The
abundance of algae in Ras Muhammad appeared to be inversely related to the abundance of living corals.
Sedimentological studies of marine oil fields in order to reduce drilling risk...bijceesjournal
Detailed studies of sedimentology and petrology of oil fields, especially oil fields located in the seas, play a very important role in reducing the risk of danger, increasing harvest, and reducing the amount of environmental pollution. The South Pars gas field in the waters of the Persian Gulf on the joint border line of Iran and Qatar and on the south coast of Iran has been used as a comprehensive model for this type of study. In these studies, the sedimentary environment and sequential stratigraphy of the Scorpion and Sarvak Formations in the South Pars gas field in wells 1 and 3 have been investigated. Microscopic studies and analysis of gamma-ray and acoustic diagrams of these formations have led to the identification of 9 facies in three facies belts related to wetland, dam, and open sea. Dam facies have been identified only in Sarvak formation. This study shows that the facies belts of the abovementioned formations in a ramp platform are also sloping. Sequence stratigraphy of Kazhdomi and Sarvak Formations in the study wells shows that Kazhdomi Formation has one sedimentary sequence (third category cycle) and Sarvak Formation has two sedimentary sequences. The lower boundaries of sequences 1 and 2 and the upper boundary of sequence 3 have type 1 (SB1) discontinuities, and the boundary between sequences 2 and 3 has type 2 (SB2) discontinuities.
The San Sai oil field is an important oil field in the Fang Basin. The sedimentary facies and basin
evolution have been interpreted using well data incorporated with 2D seismic profiles. The study indicates that
the Fang Basin was subsided as a half-graben in the Late Eocene by regional plate tectonism. The deposit is
thicker westward toward the major fault. The sedimentary sequence of the Fang Basin can be subdivided into
two formations which comprise five associated depositional environments. The results of total organic carbon
content (TOC), vitrinnite reflectance (%Ro), Rock-Eval pyrolysis and headspace gas analyses and the study of
basin modeling using PetroMod1D software are compiled and interpreted. They indicate that source rocks of
kerogen type II and III with 1.78 – 3.13%wt. TOC were mature and generated mainly oil at 5,600 – 6,700 feet
deep (Middle Mae Sod Formation). Source rocks of kerogen type II and III with 2.07 – 39.07%wt. TOC
locating deeper than 6,700 feet (Lower Mae Sod Formation) were mature to late mature and generated mainly
gas at this level. According to TTI (Time Temperature Index) modeling using PetroMod11.1D software,
hydrocarbon generation took place in the Middle Miocene and the generated oil and gas migrated through
fractures and faults to accumulate in traps at 2,900-4,000 feet deep (Upper Mae Sod Formation).
The document presents the results of a quantitative phytosociological study of halophytic and xerophytic vegetation in Egypt. Fifty-six vegetation stands across salt marshes, deserts, and coastal areas were sampled and 89 perennial plant species were recorded. TWINSPAN classification identified four main vegetation groups distinguished by their dominant and common species. Detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were used to study relationships between species distributions and environmental factors. Soil moisture, salinity, and texture were most influential on halophyte distributions, while calcium, nutrients, and pH most affected xerophytes.
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
This document summarizes a study analyzing vegetation across an ecotone between the Red Sea coast and Eastern Desert in Egypt. 98 study sites were established along 13 transects spanning the environmental gradient. 45 plant species from 24 families were recorded. Perennial species were most common. Species distribution was found to correlate with soil characteristics like pH, sand content, and concentrations of ions like sulfate and phosphate. The study aims to understand how environmental conditions shape vegetation structure and composition across the ecotone.
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
This document examines the correlation between dry density and porosity of rocks from the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. Rock samples were collected from locations between Grahamstown and Queenstown. Dry density was determined using buoyancy and porosity was calculated from particle and dry densities. Average dry densities ranged from 2.5258-2.7723 cm-3 and porosities ranged from 0.4931-3.3095%. A high correlation was found between dry density and porosity, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9491-0.9982. This correlation should be considered for engineering design related to the Karoo Supergroup rocks, such as casing selection for shale gas fracturing.
1. American Journal of Earth Sciences
2015; 2(6): 236-241
Published online January 5, 2016 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ajes)
ISSN: 2381-4624 (Print); ISSN: 2381-4632 (Online)
Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environment
of the Gedaref Formation, Eastern Sudan
Abdulrhman F. I. Osman1
, Anas Ibrahim1
, Yousif Abuobida1
, Ali A. M. Eisawi2
, Madibbo Alhadi2
,
Omer Mukhtar2
, Abdelrhim A. El Tijani2
1
Department of Development, Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC), Khartoum, Sudan
2
Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Email address
afibrahim@gnpoc.com (A. F. I. Osman)
To cite this article
Abdulrhman F. I. Osman, Anas Ibrahim, Yousif Abuobida, Ali A. M. Eisawi, Madibbo Alhadi, Omer Mukhtar, Abdelrhim A. El Tijani.
Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environment of the Gedaref Formation, Eastern Sudan. American Journal of Earth Sciences.
Vol. 2, No. 6, 2015, pp. 236-241.
Abstract
Based on field investigation of twenty eight vertical and lateral sedimentary profiles in the Gedaref area, nine sedimentary
facies have been identified based on lithofacies analysis. The identified sedimentary facies are named: matrix-supported
massive conglomerate (Gmm), trough cross-bedded sandstone (St), planner cross-bedded sandstone (Sp), ripple
cross-lamination sandstone (Sr), horizontal-bedded sandstone (Sh), massive sandstone (Sm), laminated sandstone and
mudstone (Fl), massive mudstone (Fsm) and paleosol (P). These facies are grouped into three sedimentary facies associations:
FA1consists: Sp, Sm, Sh ± (Fsm, St, P and Fl) representing sandy fluvial channel; FA2 include: Sm, Gmm, St ± (Fsm and Sh)
representing sandy point bars and FA3 consists: Fsm, Fl ± (St and Sh) representing lake deposits. These associations indicate
that the studied sediments have been deposited under fluvial conditions (multi braided and meandering channels) in Wad Hari
and Rumeila respectively, shifted into lacustrine settings at Magareef and Rashed areas towards the basin center. Paleo-current
data indicate that the source area was located southeast of the study area.
Keywords
Gedaref Formation, Sedimentary Facies, Fluvial, Lacustrine, Sudan
1. Introduction
According to Ruxton (1956) the Gedaref Formation
consists of conglomerate, sandstones, sandy mudstones and
mudstones. Constitute a sequence of interbedded sandstones
and mudstones laid down in braided river environment
(Bussert, 1998; Wipki et al., 1993). Whiteman (1971)
proposed the name Gedaref Formation to describe the under
formed sedimentary sequence exposed in the Gedaref area.
The type locality of the Gedaref Formation is represented by
outcrops along the Atbara River valley within the area
situated between lat. 13º 30ʹ 00ʺ- 14º 00ʹ 00ʺN, and long. 35º
48ʹ 00ʺ- 36º 00ʹ 00ʺ E (Fig. 1).
A Middle to Late Jurassic age for the formation was
proposed based on lithological correlation with Adigrat
Sandstone Formation in Ethiopia (Whiteman, op. cit.).
Bussert (1998) carried out sedimentological investigation on
the intracratonic basins in north Sudan and surrounding areas.
He concluded that the depositional environments were
dominated by multiple braided channels, bars and floodplain.
Conclusive evidence about the dating of Gedaref Formation
came from Eisawi and Schrank (2009) who proposed a
Maastrichtian age for the Gedaref Formation based on
pollen/spore assemblages recovered from shallow borehole
near the Gedaref town.
The study area represents one of the potential targets for
hydrocarbon exploration in the country. Therefore,
understanding of the sedimentological and
paleo-environmental evolution of the basin is important for
hydrocarbon exploration in the area. This study attempts to
throw light on the depositional history of the exposed part of
the Gedaref Formation.
2. American Journal of Earth Sciences 2015; 2(6): 236-241 237
2. Regional Geology and Tectonic
Setting
The Gedaref area has been widely studied by several
geologists: (e.g.: Ahmed, 1968; Whiteman, 1971; Chialvo,
1975, Kröner, 1985; Eisawi and Schrank, 2009 and Eisawi et
al., 2011).
The geology of the Gedaref region is composed of
crystalline basement rocks; which is cropped out in the
northern and south western parts of the study area (Fig. 2),
namely Umm Sagatta, Qala En Nahal and Es-Subagh areas
(Eljah, 2008 and Elubid, 2012).
Fig. 1. A map showing the location of the studied profiles in the study area.
Fig. 2. Regional geological map of Gedaref region.
The Gedaref Formation rests unconformably on the
basement rocks and overlain and/or intruded by basaltic
rocks. Whiteman (1971) dated the basaltic dykes depend on
Potassium Argon date of 33 x 106
years (Oligocene). The
succession is overlain in some areas by the Umm Ruwaba
Formation. The Kerib Formation. The Kerib Formation and
black cotton soil of Quaternary age form the youngest unit in
the study area.
The Umm Ruwaba Formation consists of unconsolidated
deposits; exposed in the southwestern part of the study area
(Fig. 2). The unit was deposited in fluvial and/or lacustrine
environment (Whiteman, 1971). Masdar (1991) defined
Kerib Formation as sloping land, in which both topsoil and
subsoil have been removed to expose a surface of abundant
calcium carbonate concretions (Fadul, et al., 1999). Based on
fossils encountered within the Kerib Formation; the age of
3. 238 Abdulrhman F. I. Osman et al.: Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environment of the Gedaref Formation, Eastern Sudan
the unit is dating to the early Pleistocene (Chialvo, 1975).
The Gedaref basin as the case of the other rift basins in
Sudan and South Sudan, has been formed due to reactivation
of the Central African Shear Zone (CASZ), which is a
northeast-southwest- trending lineaments, formed in the Late
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time. The basin is filled by
continental deposited of Late Cretaceous- Quaternary age.
(Almond, 1984 and Adam, 1987).
According to Almond (1984) the structure of the Gedaref
basin is interpreted as a northwest-trending faulted syncline.
3. Materials and Methods
The fieldwork was concerned with the sedimentary
outcrops in the study area.
Twenty eight vertical and lateral sedimentary sections have
been examined and described in order to identify the vertical
and lateral changes in sedimentary facies. Eight vertical
sections have been carefully selected from different locations
to represent the study area. Ninety six paleo-current
directions have been measured to determine the general
paleo-current direction and the source area.
Depend on concepts of the lithofacies analysis; studied
profiles have been described in details and interpreted.
Change of the grains size, sedimentary structures and other
physical characteristics are considered to identify the
different sedimentary facies and interpret the depositional
environments. The identified sedimentary facies are grouped
into sedimentary facies associations that occur together and
are considered to be environmentally related.
Computer software programs are also used to explain and
interpret the information obtained from the field studies.
These programs include CorelDraw X5 (for profiles drawing
and final layout of the studied profiles) and Rose Diagram
(for plot of paleo-current measurements).
4. Sedimentary Facies Description
and Interpretation
4.1. Matrix-Supported Massive Conglomerate
(Gmm)
This facies is characterized by moderately sorted and
well-rounded grains conglomerate, including cobble chert in
places (Plate I. (A)). The thickness of this facies is 8.4m;
found in Al Hammra (P12). The facies abundances are 3.66%
(Fig. 3). This facies is interpreted as sand bar with a multi
braided channels (Fig. 5).
4.2. Trough Cross-Bedded Sandstone (St)
This facies is composed mainly of fine-to medium-grained
sandstone, pebbly in places. Mud clasts and argillaceous
cements are dominant. The sandstone grains are moderately
to well sorted and well- to sub-rounded, partly bioturbated
(Plate I. (B)). The thickness of this facies is 30.61m;
maximum thickness in J. Kasamor (P9), it represents 8.79%
of the facies identified within the studied profiles (Fig. 3).
This facies is a result of 3-D dunes migration in a lower flow
regime, normally association with a multi braided channels
(Fig. 5).
4.3. Planner Cross-Bedded Sandstone (Sp)
This facies is composed of sandstone pebbles and mud
clasts, fine to coarse grain size of sandstone,
moderately-sorted and sub-angular-to well- rounded in shape,
partly bioturbated. Kaolinite is the dominant cementing
material (Plate I. (C)). The thickness of this facies is 37.4m.
This facies is common in Rumeila profile, J. Kasamor and J.
Areeda; P8, P9 and P15; respectively. It represents 22.9% of
the facies identified within the studied profiles (Fig. 3). This
facies result of a 2-D dunes, interpreted as braided channels
deposits (Fig. 5).
Fig. 3. Relative sedimentary facies abundance in the study area expressed in
percentage.
4.4. Ripple Cross-Lamination Sandstone (Sr)
This facies is composed mainly of fine-to very fine-grains
sandstone, well-sorted and rounded -to well-rounded grains
shape. The dominant cementing materials are kaolinite (Plate I.
(D)). This facies is rare abundance. It represents 2.04% of the
facies identified within the studied profiles (Fig. 3), the total
thickness is 5.5m; commonly in Wad Hari Profiles (P18). This
facies formed in a lower flow regime; it is interpreted as sand
bar (Fig. 5).
4.5. Horizontal Bedded Sandstone (Sh)
This facies is composed mainly of fine-to medium-grains
sandstone, rounded- to well- rounded and well-to
moderately-sorted (Plate I. (E)). The facies attains a total
thickness of 6.05m in the studied profiles which represents in
Rumeila (P8) and Wad Hari (P18) profiles. Abundance of this
facies is 4.02% (Fig. 3). Horizontal bedded sandstones was
deposited in an upper flow regime, interpreted as sand bar (Fig.
5).
4. American Journal of Earth Sciences 2015; 2(6): 236-241 239
Fig. 4. Rose Diagram showing the paleo-current directions in the study area.
4.6. Massive Sandstone (Sm)
This facies is composed mainly of medium- to
coarse-grains sandstone, moderately- to poorly-sorted, well
rounded to angular. The dominant cementing materials are
silica and kaolinite. The grains are graded fining upward,
mud clasts and pebbly sand also observed (Plate I. (F)). The
total thickness of this facies is 56.2m in the studied profiles;
rise up to 6m in J. Kasamor (P9). It represents 16.97% of the
facies identified within the studied profiles (Fig. 3). The
massive sandstone is a result of rabid sedimentation;
therefore no structure recorded, where interpreted as sand bar
(Fig. 5).
4.7. Laminated Sandstone and Mudstone (Fl)
This facies is composed of fine-to medium grain-sand and
claystone (Plate I. (G)). The thickness of this faceis is 4.7m,
exposed in Al Hammra area (P12). This facies was deposited
in an over bank and floodplains (Fig. 5). It represents 2.0% of
the facies identified within the studied profiles (Fig. 3).
4.8. Massive Mudstone (Fsm)
This facies is the most dominant sedimentary facies with a
thickness of 71.1m, it is brecciated and ferrugenated massive
siltstone. This facies is dominant at Rashed area (P25) and
Magareef area (P20); with thick layers intercalated by thin
fine- to medium-grained sandstone in places (Plate I. (H)).
This facies is characterized by white and reddish to brown
color; it could be interpreted as lake deposits, deposited in a
reducing and/or oxidizing environments (Fig. 5). It is
abundance 38.6% of the facies identified within the studied
profiles (Fig. 3).
4.9. Paleosol Facies (P)
This facies is found in J. Kasamor (P9), composed mainly
of silt size to fine-sand size, characterized by violet color and
moderately induration (Plate I. (I)). The total thickness is
16m; it represents 0.94% of the facies identified within the
studied profiles (Fig. 3). This facies is a result of stabilizing
landscape for length episodes (Fig. 5).
Plate I. List of sedimentary facies recognized in the Gedaref Formation.
A. Matrix supported conglomerate (Gmm), north of Rumeila village; NE
Gedaref town,
B. Map view of trough cross-bedded sandstone (Sp), J. Kasamor; N of
Gedaref town,
C. Planner cross-bedded sandstone (St), north of Rumeila village; NE
Gedaref town,
D. Rippled cross-lamination sandstone (Sr), Wad Hari area; SE Gedaref
town,
E. Horizontal- bedded sandstone (Sh), Atbara River area; E Gedaref town,
F. Massive sandstone (Sm), J.Kasamor; N of Gedaref town,
G. Laminated sandstone and siltstone (Fl), Al Hammra area; S Gedaref town,
H. Massive siltstone (Fsm), north of Magareef village; NE Gedaref town and
I. Paleosol in J. Kasamor, N of Gedaref town.
5. Facies Association
These facies associations have been recognized based on
the sedimentary facies identified in the study area, which is
include:
Facies Association (FA1)
This association is composed of Sp, Sm, Sh ± (Fsm, St, P
and Fl). The association interpreted as deposits of sandy
fluvial channel. FA1 indicate that the sediments have been
deposited under fluvial conditions (multi braided channels).
Facies Association (FA2)
This Facies association consists of Sm, Gmm, St ± (Sr,
Fsm and Sh) and it is interpreted to be deposits under
5. 240 Abdulrhman F. I. Osman et al.: Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environment of the Gedaref Formation, Eastern Sudan
meandering river system.
Facies Association (FA3)
This association consist of Fsm, Fl ± (Sr and Sh) facies,
which are identified in different locations and they
interpreted as deposits of lacustrine environment.
Fig. 5. Interpretation of the studied sedimentary profiles, Gedaref area.
Table 1. Sedimentary facies in the Gedaref area (modified after Miall, 1996).
Facies
Code
Facies
Sedimentary
Structures
Interpretation
Gmm
Matrix-supported,
massive gravel
Weak grading
Plastic debris flow (high-
strength-viscous)
St
Sand, fine to very
coarse, may be
pebbly
Solitary or
grouped trough
cross-beds
Sinuous-crested and
linguoid (3-D) dunes
Sp
Sand, fine to very
coarse, may be
pebbly
Solitary or
grouped planar
cross-beds
Transverse and linguiod
bed forms
(2-D dunes)
Sr
Sand, fine to very
coarse
Ripple
cross-lamination
Ripple (lower flow
regime)
Sh
Sand, fine to very
coarse, may be
pebbly
Horizontal
lamination parting
or streaming
lineation
Plane-bed flow (critical
flow)
Sm
Sand, fine to
coarse
Massive, or faint
lamination
Sediment-gravity flow
deposits
Fl Sand, silt, mud
Fine lamination,
very small ripples
Overbank, abandoned
channels
Fsm Silt, mud Massive
Back swamp or
abandoned channel
deposits
P
Paleosol carbonate
(calcite, siderite )
Pedogenic
features: nodules,
filaments
Soil with chemical
precipitation
6. Paleo-Current Data Analysis
Ninety six paleo-current measurements have been
measured in the study area from different vertical and lateral
sections. Most of paleo-current measurements noted in the
studied profiles indicate a general northwest direction (Fig. 4).
Eisawi et al. (2011) mentioned the paleo-current directions in
Umm Khanjer and Al Hammra is due northwest. According to
paleo-current data the source area was located southeast of the
study area (probably Ethiopia region).
7. Summary and Conclusion
Based on lithofacies analysis; nine sedimentary facies have
been identified within the outcropping part of the Gedaref
Formation, eastern Sudan. These facies are grouped into
three sedimentary facies associations: (FA1); Sp, Sm, Sh ±
(Fsm, St, P and Fl); (FA2); Sm, Gmm, St ± (Fsm and Sh) and
Fsm, Fl ± (Sr and Sh). These sedimentary facies associations
are indicate that the studied sediments have been laid down
under fluvial channels, sandy point bars and lakes;
respectively. The Sp, Sm, St and Sh sedimentary facies are
dominated in eastern and southeastern sections in the Gedaref
area (Wad Hari and Areeda profiles). Therefore; interpreted
as multi-channel low-sinuosity (braided channels) with sand
bars, it thought to be proximal braided-plains or near source
area and shifted into single-channel high sinuosity
(meandering channels) in Atbara River and Al Rumeila
sections.
Massive mudstone (Fsm) and laminated sandstone and
mudstone (Fl) sedimentary facies mainly dominated in the
western and southwestern part of the study area (Umm
Khanjer and Al Hammra profiles), which represent overbank
6. American Journal of Earth Sciences 2015; 2(6): 236-241 241
and floodplain. Shifted into lacustrine settings at Magareef
and Rashed areas towards the basin center; it signify
approximately the distal of the fluvial system.
Paleo-current measurements have confirmed the above
interpretations. The output of Rose Diagram indicate that the
general paleo-current direction toward northwest. Therefore;
the source area was located to the southeast of the study area
(probably Ethiopia).
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Al Neelain University for
financial support during the field trip. Special thank go to the
staff of Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals. We are extremely
grateful to Mr. Mohamed Mahmoud, Mr. Mohamed Al fatih
and Mr. Mohamed Khidir for their unlimited help during the
field trip.
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