This document discusses different types of genetic mutations including their causes and effects. It describes several kinds of mutations such as substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, and translocations. It also discusses transition, transversion, frameshift, silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. The document notes that genetic mutations can occur during DNA replication in germline or somatic cells and can be caused by errors in replication or exposure to mutagens. Mutations in germline cells may be inherited by offspring while somatic mutations usually only affect the individual cell.

1. Supervisor: Dr/Asmaa
Team leader: Fady Fayez
Presenter: Abdalla Gamal
Designer: Mohamed Ragab
Data collector: Mohamed Nady
Summarizer: Hassan

2. A genetic mutation is a
change that occurs in our
DNA code (sequence of
nucleotides).

3. Internal causes: external
causes:
1- Result from errors in
DNA replication during
cell division.
1- Exposure to mutagens
or a viral invasion.
2- Exposed to certain
chemicals or radiations.

4. deletion insertion inversion translocation

5. Deletions are mutations in which a
section of DNA is lost, or deleted.

6. Insertions are mutations in which extra base
pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.

7. occurs when a section of
DNA breaks away from a
chromosome during the
reproduction and reattaches
to the chromosome in
reversed order.

8. A change in chromosome
structure and content caused
by translocation.

9. •
Substitution
•
deletion•
insertion

10. A substitution is a mutation
that exchanges one base for
another (point mutation) or
one codon for another.

11. Transition Transversio
n
• Purine replace purine.
• Pyrimidine replace.
• Pyrimidine.
•Purine replace pyrimidine.
•Pyrimidine replace purine.

12. It is a mutation where
one nucleotide is deleted
so there is a shift in
codon transcription.

13. It is a mutation where one
nucleotide is inserted so
there is a shift in codon
transcription.

14. • When protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions
and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed.
• This usually generates truncated proteins that are useless.

15. Silent
• mutated codon codes for the same amino
acid.
• CAA (glutamine) → CAG (glutamine).
• Not dangerous.
Missense
• mutated codon codes for a different amino
acid.
• CAA (glutamine) → CCA (proline).
• May cause diseases.
Nonsense
• mutated codon is a premature stop
codon.
• CAA (glutamine) - UAA (stop).
• Usually serious.

17. • Occurs in gametes. These
mutations are especially
significant because they can
be transmitted to offspring
and every cell in the offspring
will have the mutation.
• Occurs in other cells of the body.
These mutations may have little
effect on the organism because they
are confined to just one cell and its
daughter cells. Somatic mutations
cannot be passed on to offspring.