The document discusses pharmacogenetics, which is the study of how genetic factors affect individual responses to drugs. It begins by defining pharmacogenetics and explaining why it is important. Then it outlines the goals of pharmacogenetics, which include maximizing drug efficacy and minimizing toxicity. It also discusses how genetic variations like single nucleotide polymorphisms can impact how individuals metabolize and respond to certain drugs. The document notes the roles of pharmacogenetics in drug development, clinical practice, and precision medicine. It concludes by stating that pharmacogenetics has potential to optimize drug therapy and enable more personalized treatment approaches.

1. Presented by
Maan Singh
M.Pharm(Pharmaceutics)
(Dept. of Pharmaceutical Science)
BBAU Lucknow
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CONTENT
 Introduction
 Why is pharmacogenetics a good approach ?
 Goals of Pharmacogenetics
 How does genetic variation affect drug effect?
 Major drugs ineffective for many
 Advantages of pharmacogenetics
 Limitations Of Pharmacogenetics
 Role of Pharmacogenetics in Pharmaceutical Industry
 Roles of Pharmacists
 Pharmacogentics Labelling
 What is to come for future application?
 Hope For The Future
 Conclusion
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
PHARMACOGENETICS = Pharma and genetics
 Pharma the Greek word i.e. PHARMACON, related to
Drugs.
Genetics related to genes / genome
 The study of the genetic basis for variation in drug
response
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4.  The word ‘pharmacogenetics’ was first coined by Vogel of
Heidelberg, in 1959
 Defined as the science of determining the genetic differences
on metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses
to drugs
 Pharmacogenetics is generally referred to study or
investigation of genetic variations leading to varied
responses to pharmaceutical products
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Conti..

5. Why is pharmacogenetics a good approach ?
 Drugs can be dangerous.
 Drugs are expensive.
 Genetics provide a priori information
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6. Goals of Pharmacogenetics:-
 Maximize drug efficacy
 Predicts patient
 Minimize drug toxicity
 Aid in new drug development
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7. Polymorphism :- A polymorphism is a variation in the DNA
sequence that is present at an allele frequency of 1% or greater
in a population.
Genetic Variant:
 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
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8. SNPs
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is a variation in a single
nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each
variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population
(e.g. >1%).
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9. How does genetic variation affect drug effect?
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10.  5 % hospital admissions
 10% hospitalized patients experience them
 106,000 deaths and 2.2 million serious events
caused by adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in
the US each year (Lazarou 1998)
 4th – 6th leading cause of death in the US for
hospitalized patients
 May lead to drug being withdrawn from the
market
Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
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12.  Women have better response to serotonin reuptake inhibitor
antidepressants (SSRIs)
 Some anti-anxiety medications have better effect on men
than women.
 Narcotic pain relievers
 Beta-adrenergic blocking agent
 Angiotensin II inhibitor
 Combined treatment with hydralazine + isosorbine
EXAMPLES
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13. Pharmacogenetics and Drug Development:-
 The major determinants of success of a new drug compound,
 viz safety and efficacy,
 have become more predictable, with the advent of
pharmacogenetics.
 Pharmacogenetics can identify new targets
 Pharmacogenetics may identify subsets of patients who will
have a very high or a very low likelihood of responding to an
agent.
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14. Advantages of pharmacogenetics:-
 To predict a patient’s response to drugs.
 To develop “customized” prescriptions.
 To minimize or eliminate adverse events.
 To improve efficacy and patient compliance.
 To improve rational drug development.
 Pharmacogenetic test need only be conducted once during the
life time.
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15. Limitations Of Pharmacogenetics
Complex targeting due to multiple gene
involvement
 Difficult and time consuming to identify small
variations in genes
 Interaction with other drugs and environment
to be determined
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16. Pharmacogenetics has a threefold role in the
pharmaceutical industry including…
 Studying drug metabolism and pharmacological effects
 Predicting genetically determined adverse reactions (ADRs)
 Drug discovery and development and as an aid to planning
clinical trials
Role of Pharmacogenetics in Pharmaceutical Industry
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17.  Pharmacogenetic discoveries to patient care
 Pharmacogenetics in clinical practice
 To provide individualized pharmaceutical care
Roles of Pharmacists
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18. • PG data can be included in the
following label sections:
 Indications and Usage
 Dosage and Administration
 Contraindications
Pharmacogentics Labelling
 Warnings and Precautions
 Adverse Reactions
 Drug Interactions
 Use in Specific Populations
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19.  More genotypic analysis and evaluations
What is to come for future application?
 In future all pharmacists, not just those involved in a
clinical or research setting,will probably need to understand
pharmacogenetic information for better drug selection.
 Investigation of multiple enzyme and
transporters and receptors
 Each patient’s history, physical condition, and gender, must
be considered when prescribing drugs.
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20. Patient
gets sick
Patient goes to
Dr.
Dr. checks the
symptoms
Dr. performs various tests
(Blood, urine, biopsy,
bone marrow, saliva,
stool, hair. Etc.)
Dr. Determines causes
of sickness
Based on Patient’s genes,
Dr. prescribes appropriate
drugs
Patient’s gets
better 20

21. CONCLUSION
 The potential utility of pharmacogenetics
to optimize drug therapy is great.
 Advantage They need only be conducted once
during an individual's lifetime.
 With continued incorporation of pharmacogenetics
into clinical trials, the important genes and
polymorphisms will be identified.
 Refinement of dosing in the context of drug
interactions and disease influences.
 More precise ‘personalised’ therapeutics for several
drugs and disorders.
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22. 1. The pharmacological basis of Therapeutics ,goodman &
gilman,12th edition,2011,page 145-165.
2. Rang & dale’s pharmacology,7th edition,2012,page 132-137.
3. Methods in molecular biology,vol 448,pharmacogenomics in
drug Discovery & development,gary Hardiman,page 21-29.
REFERENCES;
4. S.N. Enrico Mini; Pharmacogenitics:Implementing
personalised medicine; Department of pharmacology,
University of florence, florence, Italy. 2009, page no. 17-24
5. Patil Jagadevappa; Pharmacogenetics and
Pharmacogenomics: A Brief Introduction; Volume 3rd; VT’s
Shivajirao S Jondhle College of Pharmacy, Asangaon, Dist.
Thane-421 601, Maharashtra, India, 2015
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23. Thank You for
your Attention
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