This presentation is about how gears are manufactured.
A brief description about methods of gear manufacturing.
Scaling the methods from primitive ways of gear manufacturing to specialised meyhods like gear hobbing,rolling,by rack type shaper cutter and finally on milling machine.
This presentation is about how gears are manufactured.
A brief description about methods of gear manufacturing.
Scaling the methods from primitive ways of gear manufacturing to specialised meyhods like gear hobbing,rolling,by rack type shaper cutter and finally on milling machine.
Gear Cutting Presentation for Polytechnic College Students of Indiakichu
This presentation was made by me to supplement classroom lecture on Gear Cutting technology as part of the Machine Shop technology module for IV Semester of DME and DAE students of K Scheme. Useful for Polytechnic College Students of India.
PPT on BALL SCREW TECHNOLOGY
A ball screw uses ball bearings to eliminate the friction between the nut and screw and lead screws do not. The screw and nut on a ball screw have matching helical grooves that allow ball bearings to re-circulate in those races and are typically semi-circular in shape to accept the spherical ball bearing. Lead screws use deeper helical threads and a mating nut, which is usually made of a polymer composite or bronze.
The rolling nature of ball screws eliminates the sliding friction associated with lead
screws.
Topics Covered:
THE ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF BALL SCREWS.
BASIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEAD SCREWS VS BALL SCREWS.
PRINCIPLE OF BALL SCREW.
PARTS OF BALL SCREW.
PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING BALL SCREW.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BALL SCREWS AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES.
Ultimate guide to all professionals in manufacturing sector who has to undergo a touch process of selecting a steel supplier/ mill.
This will enable to base your decision on some of the key factors that are important for a steel mill.
Gear Cutting Presentation for Polytechnic College Students of Indiakichu
This presentation was made by me to supplement classroom lecture on Gear Cutting technology as part of the Machine Shop technology module for IV Semester of DME and DAE students of K Scheme. Useful for Polytechnic College Students of India.
PPT on BALL SCREW TECHNOLOGY
A ball screw uses ball bearings to eliminate the friction between the nut and screw and lead screws do not. The screw and nut on a ball screw have matching helical grooves that allow ball bearings to re-circulate in those races and are typically semi-circular in shape to accept the spherical ball bearing. Lead screws use deeper helical threads and a mating nut, which is usually made of a polymer composite or bronze.
The rolling nature of ball screws eliminates the sliding friction associated with lead
screws.
Topics Covered:
THE ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF BALL SCREWS.
BASIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEAD SCREWS VS BALL SCREWS.
PRINCIPLE OF BALL SCREW.
PARTS OF BALL SCREW.
PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING BALL SCREW.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BALL SCREWS AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES.
Ultimate guide to all professionals in manufacturing sector who has to undergo a touch process of selecting a steel supplier/ mill.
This will enable to base your decision on some of the key factors that are important for a steel mill.
Nalanda University an Educational Saga of the WorldRajeev Ranjan
Nalanda University is glory of Educational world. It paved the way of teaching and learning throughout the world.
Have a glance of this unique world of education.
A clear view on Shaping , slotting and planning machines kinematic scheme and their principal parts and difference between planning and shaping machine
The creator of this presentation doesn't own the copyrights of the images used. In case you have created any image(s) featured in this presentation, please get in touch with and I will be happy to attribute your work. Thanks!
Discussion Map
Gears are toothed, cylindrical wheels used for transmitting motion and power from one rotating shaft to another.
Most gear drives cause a change in the speed of the output gear relative to the input gear.
Some of the most common types of gears are spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm/worm gear sets.
Gears: definition, classification with various parameters, detail of each gears, basic and important terms used in gears, Gear trains: definition, classification, detail of each gear train, speed ration and train value of each gear train.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
3. GEAR…..
A gear is a component within a device that
transmits rotational force to another gear
or device.
In machinery, the general term “shaft”
refers to a member, usually of circular
cross-section, which supports gears,
sprockets, wheels, rotors, etc., and which is
subjected to torsion and to transverse or
axial loads acting singly or in combination.
4. Gears Purpose
Transmit rotating motion
Normally mounted on shaft
Transmits rotating motion from one
parallel shaft to another
5. Interaction
Gears and Shafts can interact three
ways
→ Shaft can drive the gear
→ Gear can drive the shaft
→ Gear can freewheel on shaft
6. SPUR GEAR
Teeth is parallel to
axis of rotation
Transmit power from
one shaft to another
parallel shaft
Used in Electric
screwdriver,
oscillating sprinkler,
windup alarm clock,
washing machine and
clothes dryer
8. Helical Gear
The teeth on helical gears are cut at an
angle to the face of the gear
This gradual engagement makes helical
gears operate much more smoothly and
quietly than spur gears
One interesting thing about helical gears is
that if the angles of the gear teeth are
correct, they can be mounted on
perpendicular shafts, adjusting the
rotation angle by 90 degrees
10. Herringbone gears
To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite
hand can be mounted side
by side, to cancel resulting
thrust forces
Herringbone gears are
mostly used on heavy
machinery.
11. Rack and pinion
Rack and pinion gears
are used to convert
rotation (From the
pinion) into linear
motion (of the rack)
A perfect example of
this is the steering
system on many cars
12. Bevel gears
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a
shaft's rotation needs to be changed
They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at
other angles as well
The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or
hypoid
locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,
printing presses, cooling towers, power plants,
steel plants, railway track inspection machines,
etc.
14. Hypoid Gears
A hypoid gear is a style of spiral bevel gear whose main
variance is that the mating gears' axes do not intersect.
15. WORM AND WORM GEAR
Worm gears are used when large gear reductions
are needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or
greater
Many worm gears have an interesting property
that no other gear set has: the worm can easily
turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
Worm gears are used widely in material
handling and transportation machinery, machine
tools, automobiles etc
17. Gear Design
Gears must have
same pitch to operate
together
Gear Pitch
→ The number of teeth
per given unit of pitch
diameter
→ To determine pitch:
divide number of teeth
by the pitch diameter
of the gear
20. Basic Gear Design
Commercially available gears are specified on drawings and are used whenever possible. Stock
gears are available in a wide range of forms and sizes. Gear design includes the selection of the
gear sizes, pitch diameter, center to center distance, size and form of the teeth, shaft diameter,
horsepower rating, speed rations, and appropriate heat treatment and materials.
In actual practice, the designer provides the detail drafter with only a few basic dimensions of the
required gears. The designer may obtain this data from actual engineering calculations or from
manufacturer's catalogs. All other dimensions needed in the construction of the working drawings are
usually worked out by the detail drafter.
23. Basic Gear Design
Diametral Pitch (P)
The diametral pitch (P) is a ratio equal to the number of teeth (N) on the gear per inch of pitch diameter (D).
Diametral Pitch (P) = Number of Teeth (N)/ Pitch Diameter (D)
Number of teeth (N)
The number of teeth (N) is the number of gear teeth on the gear or pinion.
Number of teeth (N) = Diametral Pitch (P) x Pitch Diameter (D)
Pitch Diameter (D)
The pitch diameter (D) is an imaginary circle that corresponds to the circumference of the friction gear from which the
spur gear is derived.
Pitch Diameter (D) = Number of teeth (N)/ Pitch Diameter (P)
Center to Center Distance (C to C)
The center to center distance (C to C) is the distance between the centers of the two friction wheels
C to C = (Pitch Diameter of Gear (D1) + Pitch Diameter of Pinion (D2))/2
C to C = ((D1) + (D2))/2
24. Basic Gear Design
Gear Ratio (M)
When two friction wheels of different diameter are placed together a point of the driver gear will travel the same
distance as a point of the driven gear. Therefore, the number of teeth and the speed of the gears are directly
proportional to its pitch diameter.
M1 = D1 = N1 = RPM2
M2 D2 N2 RPM1
Linear Velocity (V)
Linear velocity is the distance that a given point on the friction wheel travels during a certain time period.
Linear Velocity (V) = (pi) x Pitch Diameter of Gear (D) x RPM
26. NOMENCLATURE….
Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling
cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be
considered to replace.
Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth,
in a right section of the gear.
Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the spaces
between the teeth, in a right section of the gear.
Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle
and the addendum circle.
Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle
and the root circle.
Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one
gear and the addendum of the mating gear.
27. NOMENCLATURE….
Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying
outside the pitch surface.
Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside
the pitch surface.
Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The
thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is
the length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance between
adjacent teeth measured on the pitch circle.
Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of
one gear and the tooth space of the mating gear.
Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,
measured on the pitch circle.
N
D
Pc
π
28. NOMENCLATURE….
Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a gear unit
pitch diameter. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the
number of teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,
Where
Pd = diametral pitch
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth.
The pitch diameter is usually specified in inches or
millimeters; in the former case the module is the inverse of
diametral pitch.
m = D/N
D
N
Pd =
29. VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR
DRIVE
d = Diameter of the wheel
N =Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed
velocity ratio (n) =
2
1
1
2
1
2
d
d
N
N
==
ω
ω