Study the effects of yadnya fumes on s ox and nox levels in the surrounding e...Pranay Abhang
Yadnya is a ritual of offerings accompanied by chanting of Vedic mantras derived from the practice in Vedic times. Due to Yadnya fumes and overall process it affects environmental elements, hence its effects on oxides of sulphur and nitrogen were studied as they are the major air pollutants. Effects of Agnihotra Yadnya, Shrisukta Yadnya and somyag Yadnya were studied by collecting surrounding air using handy sampler. SOx and NOx levels before Yadnya, during Yadnya and after Yadnya were calculated and compared from collected air. As per our results, SOx levels decreases up to 10 times (almost reduces to 90%) that of initial levels due to all three Yadnyas. NOx levels increases 10 -20 % that of initial levels, but at the end of all Yadnyas NOx level reduces that to initial. Hence by performing Yadnya SOx and NOx pollution can be controlled.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
— The study comprises estimate of wet deposited nitrogenous compounds in Assam (India). Deposition has been estimated from a survey works (2010-11) at urban and peri-urban areas of Assam. Air samples were collected by clinical syringe (10 cm 3) for Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO 2 : NOx) and reduced Nitrogen (NH 3 , NH 4 + : NHy). The samples were diffused into 10 cm 3 each of distilled water and 0.1N HCl respectively for estimation of mean concentration of weighted hydrogen (µeql-1), quantity of elemental nitrogen (N) or nitrate (NO 3-1) and ammonium (NH 4 +) ions expressed in mg l-1 or kg ha-1 y-1. The measured concentrations of the nitrogenous compounds were interpolated with a properly used Kriging Technique on a 1km x 1km grid covering districts characterised by varying congestions of population, vehicular transport and of industrial evidences. There were many fold variations of these air quality parameters among the major sites and locations of the pollutants e.g. nitrogen deposited through aerosol of its oxides ranged from 6.0-38 kg ha-1 yr-1 , whereas nitrogen accumulation from the reduced aerosol was 7-24 kg ha-1 yr-1. Tissue nitrogen in some indicator plant species (e.g.Pinus longifolia, Ficus benjamina), collected from the square grids of polluted areas was also elevated. Thus, the hypothesis that the Northeast India, especially Assam is also facing with enrichment of nitrogenous pollution due to anthropogenic activities, mass vehicular and industrial growth, was tested.
Study the effects of yadnya fumes on s ox and nox levels in the surrounding e...Pranay Abhang
Yadnya is a ritual of offerings accompanied by chanting of Vedic mantras derived from the practice in Vedic times. Due to Yadnya fumes and overall process it affects environmental elements, hence its effects on oxides of sulphur and nitrogen were studied as they are the major air pollutants. Effects of Agnihotra Yadnya, Shrisukta Yadnya and somyag Yadnya were studied by collecting surrounding air using handy sampler. SOx and NOx levels before Yadnya, during Yadnya and after Yadnya were calculated and compared from collected air. As per our results, SOx levels decreases up to 10 times (almost reduces to 90%) that of initial levels due to all three Yadnyas. NOx levels increases 10 -20 % that of initial levels, but at the end of all Yadnyas NOx level reduces that to initial. Hence by performing Yadnya SOx and NOx pollution can be controlled.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
— The study comprises estimate of wet deposited nitrogenous compounds in Assam (India). Deposition has been estimated from a survey works (2010-11) at urban and peri-urban areas of Assam. Air samples were collected by clinical syringe (10 cm 3) for Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO 2 : NOx) and reduced Nitrogen (NH 3 , NH 4 + : NHy). The samples were diffused into 10 cm 3 each of distilled water and 0.1N HCl respectively for estimation of mean concentration of weighted hydrogen (µeql-1), quantity of elemental nitrogen (N) or nitrate (NO 3-1) and ammonium (NH 4 +) ions expressed in mg l-1 or kg ha-1 y-1. The measured concentrations of the nitrogenous compounds were interpolated with a properly used Kriging Technique on a 1km x 1km grid covering districts characterised by varying congestions of population, vehicular transport and of industrial evidences. There were many fold variations of these air quality parameters among the major sites and locations of the pollutants e.g. nitrogen deposited through aerosol of its oxides ranged from 6.0-38 kg ha-1 yr-1 , whereas nitrogen accumulation from the reduced aerosol was 7-24 kg ha-1 yr-1. Tissue nitrogen in some indicator plant species (e.g.Pinus longifolia, Ficus benjamina), collected from the square grids of polluted areas was also elevated. Thus, the hypothesis that the Northeast India, especially Assam is also facing with enrichment of nitrogenous pollution due to anthropogenic activities, mass vehicular and industrial growth, was tested.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Activated carbon was prepared from lignocellulosic
material (Eucalyptus Globulus labill seed) by
chemical activation with ZnCl2 at two different concentrations
(10 and 25 % m/v) named ACS25 and ACS10. The
textural characteristics of the activated carbons (ACs) were
determined by N2 adsorption isotherms; these exhibit
B.E.T. surface areas of 250 and 300 m2 g-1 for ACS25 and
ACS10, respectively, with micropore volume contents of
0.140 and 0.125 cm3 g-1 in the same order. In addition, the
FTIR and Boehm methods were conducted for the chemical
characterisation of ACs, where many groups with basic
character were found, which favours the adsorption of
phenols. The prepared carbonaceous adsorbents were used
in the adsorption of wide pollutants monosubstituted phenol
derivatives: phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol.
The effect of temperature on the thermodynamics, kinetic
and equilibrium of phenols adsorption on ACs was thoroughly
examined. The adsorption kinetics adjusted properly
for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. However, the
Elovich model (chemisorption) confirms that phenols
adsorption did not occur via the sharing of electrons
between the phenolic ring and basal plane of ACs because
is not properly adjusted, so the process is given by
physisorption. The thermodynamic parameters [i.e. Gibbs
free energy change (DG), enthalpy change (DH) and
entropy change (DS)] were also evaluated.
Water spray geoengineering to clean air pollution for mitigating severe haze ...CLEEN_Ltd
CLEEN's MMEA program organised an international seminar on cleaner air - Outdoor and indoor air quality together with Zhejiang University and assistant organizer Insigma group.
This is one of the keynote presentations in the seminar.
More info in www.mmea.fi
The cleantech field is expanding rapidly and Finnish companies are committed to working for a better environment in the fields of energy efficiency, air quality and monitoring. The world-class Cleantech know-how from Finland and the cooperation with Chinese partners and the results were highlighted in the MMEA seminar. Some of the leading Finnish cleantech companies together with Finnish and Chinese research institutions were present at the event. The seminars focused on cooperation between Finland and China concerning indoor and outdoor air quality and solutions to make them better.
Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because every individual person breaths approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg of air daily. The main pollutants contribute by automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Pollutant removal from combustion gas in both SI&CI is one of the most widely known environmental applications of activated carbons. In order to guarantee the successful removal of contaminants and pollutants on activated carbons, the developments of new adsorbents has been increasing in the last few years. This paper is a systematic study of cleaning SI&CI engine of CO, SO2, NO2 Using activated carbon filter. The combustion gases were qualitative and quantitative analyzed by gas chromatography. The use of this simple method is a valuable alternative to meet emission standards in developing countries. It was demonstrated that the agricultural wastes studied here are a feasible alternative for reducing pollutants in SI & CI engine.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS Rabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
environmental chemistry
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Activated carbon was prepared from lignocellulosic
material (Eucalyptus Globulus labill seed) by
chemical activation with ZnCl2 at two different concentrations
(10 and 25 % m/v) named ACS25 and ACS10. The
textural characteristics of the activated carbons (ACs) were
determined by N2 adsorption isotherms; these exhibit
B.E.T. surface areas of 250 and 300 m2 g-1 for ACS25 and
ACS10, respectively, with micropore volume contents of
0.140 and 0.125 cm3 g-1 in the same order. In addition, the
FTIR and Boehm methods were conducted for the chemical
characterisation of ACs, where many groups with basic
character were found, which favours the adsorption of
phenols. The prepared carbonaceous adsorbents were used
in the adsorption of wide pollutants monosubstituted phenol
derivatives: phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol.
The effect of temperature on the thermodynamics, kinetic
and equilibrium of phenols adsorption on ACs was thoroughly
examined. The adsorption kinetics adjusted properly
for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. However, the
Elovich model (chemisorption) confirms that phenols
adsorption did not occur via the sharing of electrons
between the phenolic ring and basal plane of ACs because
is not properly adjusted, so the process is given by
physisorption. The thermodynamic parameters [i.e. Gibbs
free energy change (DG), enthalpy change (DH) and
entropy change (DS)] were also evaluated.
Water spray geoengineering to clean air pollution for mitigating severe haze ...CLEEN_Ltd
CLEEN's MMEA program organised an international seminar on cleaner air - Outdoor and indoor air quality together with Zhejiang University and assistant organizer Insigma group.
This is one of the keynote presentations in the seminar.
More info in www.mmea.fi
The cleantech field is expanding rapidly and Finnish companies are committed to working for a better environment in the fields of energy efficiency, air quality and monitoring. The world-class Cleantech know-how from Finland and the cooperation with Chinese partners and the results were highlighted in the MMEA seminar. Some of the leading Finnish cleantech companies together with Finnish and Chinese research institutions were present at the event. The seminars focused on cooperation between Finland and China concerning indoor and outdoor air quality and solutions to make them better.
Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because every individual person breaths approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg of air daily. The main pollutants contribute by automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Pollutant removal from combustion gas in both SI&CI is one of the most widely known environmental applications of activated carbons. In order to guarantee the successful removal of contaminants and pollutants on activated carbons, the developments of new adsorbents has been increasing in the last few years. This paper is a systematic study of cleaning SI&CI engine of CO, SO2, NO2 Using activated carbon filter. The combustion gases were qualitative and quantitative analyzed by gas chromatography. The use of this simple method is a valuable alternative to meet emission standards in developing countries. It was demonstrated that the agricultural wastes studied here are a feasible alternative for reducing pollutants in SI & CI engine.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS Rabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
environmental chemistry
Pollution is a global topic on which many scientists are working day in day out to find newer techniques to reduce it. Major pollutants include dust, effluent, harmful gases, etc. which cause major problems to the Earth’s health. One such pollutant found in the surrounding is the VOC. - ( Uploaded by - Sangram Nandawaekar.)
Similar to Current PM2.5 Research by Roeland Jansen (20)
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Introduction in PM2.5 measurements in
Urban China
Roeland Jansen
PhD Student, Fudan University
Green Drinks China, Suzhou, June 13 2012
3. My presentation
• Introduction in PM2.5
• Why people talk about it?
• How to characterize PM2.5?
• Where PM2.5 comes from and where it goes?
• Why some days are nice and most days or not so nice?
• What can we do with our measurements?
• My current work: PM2.5 chemical composition
related to reduced visibility in Hangzhou
7. Effect on humans
• Most harmful for:
• Elderly,
• Children (0-7 years) and
• People with Asthma
• People with heart disease
• Most harmful are the trace elements (=heavy metals) which
are inside PM2.5
• Don’t do any physical activities with high PM, don’t go
running. Instead go after a rain period or period with strong
wind.
8. Effect on the Environment
• Dry deposition: gravity, wind, buildings, trees
• Wet deposition: rain, snow, etc.
10. What does PM look like?
Aerodynamic diameter “dp”
PM10 dp ≤ 10 μm (about 1/6 of a human hair)
PM2.5 dp ≤ 2.5 μm (about 1/24 of a human hair)
Expressed in μg/m3
d = 1 cm
I = 1 cm3
Inside are up to
10000 particles
This means that every breath you
take contains about 5000000
particles
11. What does PM look like?
Reprinted from Fu et al., 2012
12. Names and standards
• PM = particulate matter
• PM = Aerosols = Particles = solid/liquid
dispersed in the atmosphere
• Standard comes from Ministry of
Environmental Protection (MEP) and is
• Annual Average = 35 μg/m3 (2010 BJ: 75 and SH: 50)1
• Compare Annual Average set by USA MEP is 15 μg/m3
1 Ministry of Environmental Protection and Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center
13. Where does PM2.5 come from?
The “Natural” sources
Sea: NaCl
Desert:
SiO2 (=sand)
Vulcano:
Sulfate
Calcium
Aluminium
14. Where does PM2.5 come from?
The human or “Anthropogenic” sources (=harmful)
NOx
SO2
VOC
OH
NH3
16. Nice day!
That’s why some days
are nice and most are
not so nice!
Not so nice day!
Reprinted from Jacob
17. Where does PM2.5 go?
• Dry deposition: gravity, wind, buildings, trees
• Wet deposition: rain, snow, etc.
• Chemical conversion by oxidation
• Transport in the Environment
18. Transport in the Environment
Picture taken at 278 km height Reprinted from NASA (Science vol. 300: 1103-1104, 1996)
25. Economics and relation with the
Environment
• Increase in Energy needs is supplied by Coal
factories:
• Burning Coal is a major contribution to Air Pollution
• 70% of the Energy in China is from Coal
• Every 7 to 10 days a new Coal factory opens
• 30% of the world (2003)
• Increase in traffic
• Increase in Agriculture
• All have a big impact on the environment
26. Why China is/was so bad?
• Lack of Environmental awareness for decades;
• Low efficiency of Coal factories;
• Economic growth more important than the
Environment;
• But things are changing…
28. Filter
PM2.5
MassConc= Mass before- Mass after
Inlet (Mass 24hr-Mass t0) / airflow
Eg:
3020 ug – 1100 ug / 1 m3/hr
= 80 ug/m3
Collected aerosol
mass M on filter
(eg 24 hrs)
Flow
contr Air
ol Pump
30. Filter
PM2.5
Inlet
Collected aerosol
mass M on filter
(eg 24 hrs)
Flow
contr Air
ol Pump
31. Filter
PM2.5
Very Harmful!!
Inlet
Collected aerosol
mass M on filter
(eg 24 hrs)
General composition
Flow
contr Air
ol Pump
32. Measurements in Beijing
• Since 1998 measurements of PM2.5 increase of
3 – 4 % per year.
• Scientists estimate that 50% comes from
automobile exhaust.
• 30 stations at the end of this year
• Each station costs about 80.000 – 380.000 RMB
• Data available for public
33. Towards a solution?
• Beijing is planting trees between the 5th and 6th ring road
(about 13.000 hectare);
• Improve fuel oil quality and lower the amount of sulfur in
gasoline
• Control of dust in construction sites;
• Recycle 150.000 cars this year;
• Coal-fired boilers replaced with cleaner energy heating
• "It is estimated to take at least 10 years for Beijing to meet
the upcoming national standards under the PM2.5 gauge”
Hao Jiming, director of the Institute of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering at Tsinghua University.
37. Inorganics in aerosols and related trace gasses
•Inorganics in Aerosols •Trace gasses
NH4+ NH3
Na+ HNO2
K+ HNO3
Ca2+ HCl
Mg2+ SO2
Cl-
NO3- • 1 hour results
SO42- • 1 m3/hr sample flow
• Analyze with ion chromatography
38. What can we do with the MARGA data?
• Use the data to study secondary aerosol (de)formation.
•Inorganic: mainly NH3 with HNO3 and H2SO4
• Use the data to study visibility changes like haze/fog events.
•By hygroscopic properties related to chemical composition
• Trace biomass burning using K+
• Improve models