Quality air is a scarce resource and Delhi has the worst air quality as per WHO study. Magneto Environmental Grouppe gives some respite by improving indoor air quality through its latest air purification technology.
Quality air is a scarce resource and Delhi has the worst air quality as per WHO study. Magneto Environmental Grouppe gives some respite by improving indoor air quality through its latest air purification technology.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Air pollution control laws and regulations and Air Pollution Control Philosop...Umay Habiba
Introduction of air pollution, its causes and effects, and the price that we are paying because of this air pollution. Air Pollution Control laws and regulations, purpose of laws and regulations, US air pollution laws and regulations, US clean air act, and Air pollution control philosophies.
4 philosophies of air pollution control
1. Emission Standard Philosophy
2. Air Quality Standard Philosophy
3. Emission Taxes Philosophy
4. Cost-Benefit Standards Philosophy
Air pollution and climate change, DelhiSachin Kumar
Relationship between the Air pollution and Climate change and what are various policies adopted by the GoI and Delhi government to tackle the improve the air quality or mitigate the air pollution in our Capital.
the presentation is all about Delhi air pollution
it include:
1. history of pollution
2. causes
3. some of the numerical example to show pollution situation initiative taken by the government to control the measures
Quantification of rate of air pollution by means ofIJARBEST JOURNAL
To develop efficient strategies for pollution control, it is essential to assess
both the costs of control and the benefits that may result. These benefits will often include
improvements in public health, including reductions in both morbidity and premature
mortality. Until recently, there has been little guidance about how to calculate the benefits
of air pollution controls and how to use those estimates to assign priorities to different air
pollution control strategies. In this work, a method is described for quantifying the benefits
of reduced ambient concentrations of pollutants (such as ozone and particulate matter)
typically found in urban areas worldwide. The method applies the data on Jakara, Indonesia,
an area characterized by little wind, high population density (8 million people), congested
roads, and ambient air pollution. The magnitude of the benefits of pollution control depends
on the level of air pollution, the expected effects on health of the pollutants (dose-response),
the size of the population affected, and the economic value of these effects. In the case of
Jakarta, the methodology suggests that reducing exposure to lead and nitrogen dioxide
should also be a high priority. An important consequence of ambient lead pollution is a
reduction in learning abilities for children, measured as I.Q. loss. Apart from that, reducing
the proportion of respirable particles can reduce the amount of illness and premature
mortality.
This powerpoint presentation covers the Air Pollution, its causes , effects, mitigation measures, etc.
It also contains the Delhi Smog and its cause and steps taken to ensure better air quality
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Air pollution control laws and regulations and Air Pollution Control Philosop...Umay Habiba
Introduction of air pollution, its causes and effects, and the price that we are paying because of this air pollution. Air Pollution Control laws and regulations, purpose of laws and regulations, US air pollution laws and regulations, US clean air act, and Air pollution control philosophies.
4 philosophies of air pollution control
1. Emission Standard Philosophy
2. Air Quality Standard Philosophy
3. Emission Taxes Philosophy
4. Cost-Benefit Standards Philosophy
Air pollution and climate change, DelhiSachin Kumar
Relationship between the Air pollution and Climate change and what are various policies adopted by the GoI and Delhi government to tackle the improve the air quality or mitigate the air pollution in our Capital.
the presentation is all about Delhi air pollution
it include:
1. history of pollution
2. causes
3. some of the numerical example to show pollution situation initiative taken by the government to control the measures
Quantification of rate of air pollution by means ofIJARBEST JOURNAL
To develop efficient strategies for pollution control, it is essential to assess
both the costs of control and the benefits that may result. These benefits will often include
improvements in public health, including reductions in both morbidity and premature
mortality. Until recently, there has been little guidance about how to calculate the benefits
of air pollution controls and how to use those estimates to assign priorities to different air
pollution control strategies. In this work, a method is described for quantifying the benefits
of reduced ambient concentrations of pollutants (such as ozone and particulate matter)
typically found in urban areas worldwide. The method applies the data on Jakara, Indonesia,
an area characterized by little wind, high population density (8 million people), congested
roads, and ambient air pollution. The magnitude of the benefits of pollution control depends
on the level of air pollution, the expected effects on health of the pollutants (dose-response),
the size of the population affected, and the economic value of these effects. In the case of
Jakarta, the methodology suggests that reducing exposure to lead and nitrogen dioxide
should also be a high priority. An important consequence of ambient lead pollution is a
reduction in learning abilities for children, measured as I.Q. loss. Apart from that, reducing
the proportion of respirable particles can reduce the amount of illness and premature
mortality.
This powerpoint presentation covers the Air Pollution, its causes , effects, mitigation measures, etc.
It also contains the Delhi Smog and its cause and steps taken to ensure better air quality
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
Health Effects and Burden of Air Pollution: in Global and Nepal's PerspectiveYadav Joshi
Air pollution is a serious public health issue in Nepal where a total of 33,000 deaths annually occur due to air pollution. The indoor, outdoor and transboundary forms of air pollution are major causes of a burden to public health. In Kathmandu valley, PAHCs are major threats mostly in children. Due to lack of available health and AAQ related database, it is difficult to establish the relationships on adverse health effects of air pollution in Nepal
The government must provide opportunities to environmental health researchers and academicians in research. South Asian countries must integrate to solve the air pollution-related health issues. As an environmental epidemiologist, I am eagerly looking forward to joining the researchers who are working in this area.
Related links:
http://kutniti.com/index.php/2015/09/20/air-pollution-a-migraine-for-south-asia/
http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-25/nepals-air-quality-is-worst-in-the-world-epi-report.html
https://danwatch.dk/en/undersoegelse/massive-pollution-at-carlsberg-brewery-in-nepal/
http://janatapostdaily.com/news-details/1046/2018-02-07
http://kutniti.com/index.php/2015/07/08/adverse-health-consequences-of-climate-change-south-asian-perspective/
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
Air pollution : Definition and sources (automobiles,industries,domestic sources and miscellaneous)
this presentation also useful for #school level presentation
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Delhi air pollution. Dr Aninda Debnath ( MD, AIIMS )
1. Delhi air pollution and its control
measures
Dr Aninda Debnath
Centre for Community Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi
2. Ambient air
(outdoor)
pollution
Indoor
Air pollution
Air pollution
“Air pollutant” - Any solid,
liquid or gaseous substance
present in the atmosphere in
such concentration as may be
or tend to be injurious to
human beings or other living
creatures or plants or
property or environment
“Air pollution” - The
presence in the atmosphere of
any air pollutant
Ref - THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
3. Dr Aninda Debnath
Type of air
pollutants
Primary air pollutants: Emitted
directly from any emission source
in the atmosphere
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2),carbon monoxide
(CO), lead (Pb), ammonia (NH3),et
Secondary air pollutants: Formed
by the reactions between primary
air pollutants and normal
atmospheric constituents
• ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) etc
4. Dr Aninda Debnath
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen
Dioxide(NOX), Ozone(O3), Carbon
Monoxide(CO),etc.
Gaseous air pollutants:
Pollutants which are in the
form of gas
• PM10: less than 10 μm in diameter.
• PM2.5: less than 2.5 μm in
diameter.
• PM1.0: less than 1 μm in diameter.
Particulate air pollutants:
Microscopic solid or liquid
matter suspended in the
earth’s atmosphere. There
are various subtypes of
particulate matter:
6. Dr Aninda Debnath
WHO Air quality guidelines - 2005
Pollutant Limit Source Health Effect
Fine particulate
matter (PM2.5)
10 μg/m3 annual mean
25 μg/m3 24-hour mean
household combustion of polluting fuels
on open fires or traditional stoves for
cooking, heating and lighting
o acute lower respiratory infections
o cardiovascular disease
o chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
o lung cancer
Coarse particulate
matter (PM10)
20 μg/m3 annual mean
50 μg/m3 24-hour mean
Ozone (O3) at the
ground level
100 μg/m3
8-hour mean
Reaction with sunlight (photochemical
reaction) of pollutants such as nitrogen
oxides (NOx) from vehicle and industry
emissions and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) emitted by vehicles,
solvents and industry
o Damages cell lining of Respiratory
system
o breathing problems
o trigger asthma
o reduce lung function and cause
lung diseases
7. Dr Aninda Debnath
WHO Air quality guidelines - 2005
Pollutant Limit Source Health Effect
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
- form an important
fraction of PM2.5,
40 μg/m3 annual mean
200 μg/m3 1-hour mean
o combustion processes (heating,
power generation, and engines in
vehicles and ships)
o Formed by oxidation of NO
o symptoms of bronchitis in asthmatic children increase
o Reduced lung function growth
o Precursor of ozone formation
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
- colourless gas with a
sharp odour
20 μg/m3 24-hour mean
500 μg/m3 10-minute mean
o burning of fossil fuels (coal and
oil)
o smelting of mineral ores that
contain sulfur
o Inflammation of the respiratory tract causes coughing, mucus
secretion,
o aggravation of asthma
o chronic bronchitis
o makes people more prone to infections of the respiratory tract
o causes irritation of the eyes
o Hospital admissions for cardiac disease and mortality increase
on days with higher SO2 levels
o SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid = acid rain
9. Dr Aninda Debnath
Possible mechanistic effects of air pollution on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Newby DE, Mannucci PM, Tell GS, Baccarelli AA, Brook RD, Donaldson K, Forastiere F, Franchini M, Franco OH, Graham I, Hoek G. Expert position paper on air pollution and
cardiovascular disease. European heart journal. 2015 Jan 7;36(2):83-93.
10. Dr Aninda Debnath
PM2.5 in the pathogenesis of lung cancer
Li R, Zhou R, Zhang J. Function of PM2. 5 in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Oncology letters. 2018 May 1;15(5):7506-14.
11. Dr Aninda Debnath
Proposed relationship between air pollution exposure and interstitial lung disease (ILD)
Johannson KA, Balmes JR, Collard HR. Air pollution exposure: a novel environmental risk factor for interstitial lung disease?. Chest.
2015 Apr 1;147(4):1161-7.
12. Dr Aninda Debnath
Reason for Delhi Air Pollution
Vehicular pollution
As per the Economic Survey of
Delhi 2016-17,
The total number of motor vehicles
= 97.05 lakh (9.94% Increase),
Excessive usage of cars and motor
cycles are the pertinent causes for
rising vehicular pollution load.
This leads to rising NO2 as well as
particulate matter concentration.
Particulate matter (PM10 and
PM2.5) emanates especially from
the vehicular exhausts; particularly
diesel vehicles
14. Dr Aninda Debnath
Stubble burning
The share of stubble burning in Delhi's pollution can range from 1% to
42%, depending on wind speed and direction
Environment ministry report says the average contribution has grown
from 10% in 2019 to 15% in 2020.
Farmers burn stubble twice a year - in summer and at the onset of
winter. The first time they do it, the warm breeze disperses it quickly.
But the second time, in September or October, plummeting
temperatures and low wind speed spread the smoke far and wide.
15. Dr Aninda Debnath
Meteorological
issues
Delhi, being a land-locked territory, is unable to
dilute its emission using the moderating effects of
sea; the opportunity availed by other metropolitan
cities, such as Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai.
Surrounded by the regions of varied climate
• In its west, there is Great Indian desert (Thar desert) of
Rajasthan
• In the north and east direction there are cool hilly regions.
• In its south, there are central hot plains.
Thus, Delhi is located in the subtropical belt with
extremely scorching summers, moderate rainfall,
and chilling winters.
16. Dr Aninda Debnath
Delhi Winters
The winters are dominated by cold, dry air, and ground based inversion with low wind conditions
Which are responsible for increasing concentration of pollutants
High concentration of pollutants is trapped close to earth’s surface because a layer of warm air acts as a lid on
top of this layer
Moreover, dense smog formation during winter months has also been witnessed in Delhi, the reason of which
is vehicular pollution as well as the prevailing meteorological conditions in the months of December and
January.
17. Dr Aninda Debnath
Energy and
Resources Institute
(TERI) and the
Automotive
Research
Association of India
released a report in
2018
In one approach, the team collected particulate samples at
20 locations—9 in the city and 11 in neighboring states
(NCR)
During one winter and one summer in 2016–17.
They categorized their compositions into species like ions,
metals, and carbon compounds, and then used computer
simulations to trace them to sources like transportation
exhaust, power plant emissions, road dust, and diesel
generators.
The other approach involved starting with various sources of
particulates in the National Capital Region, as well as
pollutants transported from outside, and then using
meteorological and chemical modeling to simulate how they
would disperse and react.
18. Dr Aninda Debnath
Both
approaches
show
that,
• In the winter,
• Vehicles are responsible for about 30% of
Delhi’s PM2.5pollution.
• Industries, including power plants,
contribute about 30%
• Burning of biomass in kitchens and
agricultural fields results in 14–23%
• and dust kicked up by vehicles and from
the region’s unchecked construction boom
contributes another 17%.
• During the summer, the transportation sector’s
share of particulate pollution goes down
considerably while that of dust doubles.
https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Exec-summary.pdf
19. Dr Aninda Debnath
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
• Nationwide Programme for ambient air quality, Implemented by CPCB
• Network of 683 stations in 300 cities/town
• 4 air pollutants are monitored –SO2, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5
• Monitoring of meteorological parameters - wind speed and direction, relative
humidity and temperature was also integrated with the monitoring of air quality
• Monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours
• 4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants
• 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter
• frequency of twice a week (to have 104 observations in a year)
• Co-ordinates with for support and uniformity – State PCB, Pollution Control
Committees, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) –
Nagpur, other agencies
Central Pollution Control Board - http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/airpollution/monetoring.htm
20. Dr Aninda Debnath
National Air
Quality Index
(AQI)
Launched in 2014 under “Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan” by
Environment Ministry – IIT-Kanpur (technical)
Transforms complex air quality data of various
pollutants into a single number (index value),
nomenclature and colour
composed of 8 pollutants - PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2,
CO, O3, NH3, and Pb
Minimum – 3 pollutants needed (One should be
PM10/ PM2.5) and 16 hours of data
21. Dr Aninda Debnath
AQI
• 6 category
• Based on the
measured
ambient
concentrations of
a pollutant, sub-
index is
calculated, which
is a linear function
of concentration
24. Dr Aninda Debnath
System of Air
Quality and
Weather Fore
casting And R
esearch
(SAFAR)
Developed by Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology, Pune, along with ESSO partner
institutions namely India Meteorological
Department (IMD) and National Centre for
Medium Range Weather Forecasting
(NCMRWF)
Objective - To increase awareness among
general public regarding the air quality in their
city well in advance so that appropriate
mitigation measures and systematic action can
be taken up for betterment of air quality and
related health issues
27. Dr Aninda Debnath
Air Quality Monitoring Station - Lodhi Road
• Pollutants tested – PM10, PM 2.5, PM 1, NOX (NO+
NO2), CO, CO2, O3, Black Carbon, Benzene, Xylene,
Toulene
• Air sample enters through a pipe every 15
minutes(flow rate – 67.5 rpm) and is distributed into
different chambers to check for various pollutants
• monitored at about 3 m height
• Each chamber contains filter tape for trapping a
particular pollutant
• Mass of pollutant collected
• Air Quality Index value which is displayed at the
display screens at 29 locations in Delhi
28. Dr Aninda Debnath
IMD Delhi – Ozone Lab
• Ozonesonde - lightweight
balloon-borne instrument
with a meteorological
radiosonde; released once in
every 15 days for vertical
profile of Ozone
Dobson’s Manual Spectrophotometer
Ozonesonde
29. Dr Aninda Debnath
STEPS
Reduce AIR
POLLUTION
VEHICLES
•Regulations
•BS4- BS6 Switch
•Incentives on Electrical Vehicles
•Odd – even
•Light on – Engine off
Stubble burning
•Bio-decomposer for stubble buring
•Happy seeder
Factories
•Closer of the factories
Specific smog related actions
•Smog towers
•Anti Smog Guns
Fines
Other steps
•Increasing the carbon sink
•SAFAR and SAMEER app
30. Dr Aninda Debnath
Vehicular
pollution
Control
Major source for - CO and oxides of nitrogen, Hydrocarbons, O3, PM
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas constituted committee on Auto
fuel Policy – Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
• Compulsory switch to CNG/LPG in highly polluted cities is being considered
• Use of ethanol (2-3%) blended petrol and biodiesel – for emission control
• Standards for quality of fuel – unleaded petrol, Sulphur reduction in diesel (10ppm),
Benzene reduction
• Checking adulteration of fuel
• Upgradation of 2 stroke engines to 4 strokes in two wheelers
• Improvement of public transport system
• Optimisation of traffic flow and improvement in traffic management
Emission standards for vehicles – Bharat stage
Phasing out of grossly polluting vehicles
Technology - high air fuel ratio (less CO and hydrocarbon) and
catalytic reactors (CO -> CO2 and nitrogen oxides to Nitrogen)
31. Dr Aninda Debnath
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate
• As per the Central Motor Vehicles
Act, 1989, it is mandatory
Vehicle Prescribed
Std CO
Prescribed Std
hydrocarbon
2 and 3
wheeler
3.5 % 4500 PPM
4
wheelers
0.3% 200 PPM
32. Dr Aninda Debnath
Bharat stage
Emission
Standard
Reference
Year of
Introduction
India 2000 EURO 1 2000
Bharat Stage II
(BS2)
EURO 2 2005
Bharat Stage III
(BS3)
EURO 3 2010
Bharat Stage IV
(BS4)
EURO 4 2017
Bharat Stage V
(BS5)
EURO 5 To be skipped
Bharat Stage VI
(BS6)
EURO 6 2020
Fuel Type Pollutant Gases BS6 (BSVI) BS4 (BSIV)
Petrol
Passenger
Vehicle
Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx) Limit
<60mg> <80mg>
Particulate
Matter (PM)
Limit
<4.5mg/km -
Sulphur, total,
max
10 mg/kg 50 mg/kg
Diesel
Passenger
Vehicle
Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx) Limit
<80mg> <250mg>
Particulate
Matter (PM)
Limit
<4.5mg/km <25mg>
HC + NOx 170mg/km <300mg>
Sulphur, total,
max
10 mg/kg 50 mg/kg
Implementation by CPCB under Ministry
of Environment, Forest and Climate
change
33. Dr Aninda Debnath
EV Policy
Replacement of the existing auto rickshaws and State-run
buses with e-autos and e-buses respectively.
Increasing road tax for fuel-based vehicles.
It has a ‘scrapping incentive’ for those people who want to
make the switchThe government will also offer low-interest
rate loans to people interested in buying commercial EVs.
The policy also offers subsidies and road tax and registration
fee waivers, for EVs bought in the capital.
•At present, road tax ranges from 4% to 10% of the cost of the vehicle, while
the registration fee could cost up to Rs. 3,000.
•In addition, a subsidy of Rs. 5,000 per kWh of the battery capacity up to Rs.
30,000 will be given on the purchase of each EV.
•For the first 1,000 e-cars or electric four-wheelers, a subsidy of Rs. 10,000
per kWh will be given, capped at Rs. 1,50,000 per vehicle.
34. Dr Aninda Debnath
Odd -even
• China, France, Italy, Mexico already adopted it
• Reduction in road congestion
• Slight drop in pollution levels
• These restrictions on cars have been followed up with measures to
boost public transport, including more buses and increased frequency
of metros.
35. Dr Aninda Debnath
Red Light On,
Gaadi Off
It has been seen that we often do not switch off
our vehicle engines while waiting at traffic
signals. That is called idling.
The ‘’ campaign will aim to bring a behavioural
change in that regard. It will help reduce air
pollution
Around 10 million vehicles are registered in Delhi.
Even if one million of them actively follow the
campaign, experts suggest that it can reduce
PM10 emissions by 1.5 tonnes a year and PM2.5
emissions by 0.4 tonnes a year
36. Dr Aninda Debnath
Stubble burning
The Happy Seeder offers the
means of drilling wheat into rice
stubble without burning,
eliminating air pollution and loss
of nutrients and organic carbon
due to burning
Another potential game-changer, a
bio-decomposer developed and tested
by the PUSA Institute. The solution can
be sprayed on the fields after
harvesting to turn the hard stubble
and straw into manure. The solution
will be provided to the farmers of
Delhi and sprayed on their farmlands
by the Delhi government, without the
farmers having to bear the cost of the
same.
37. Dr Aninda Debnath
Closer of
factories
• Since thermal energy is one of the most
polluting sources of energy, the Delhi
government has also shut down two thermal
plants in the city and has also appealed to
the other states to shut down 11 thermal
power plants around Delhi which continue
to be one of the major causes of pollution.
38. Dr Aninda Debnath
Specific SMOG related action
• The towers are designed to suck in polluted air, which passes
through multiple layers of filters before being released back into
the environment.
• On 3 January, Delhi’s first smog tower came up at the Lajpat
Nagar Central Market.
• In November 2019, an expert panel estimated that Delhi will
need a total of 213 anti-smog towers to battle the pollution
crisis.
Smog towers
• Anti-smog guns have been deployed at large construction sites
amid rising pollution levels in the national capital.
• The anti-smog gun sprays nebulised water droplets into the air
through high-pressure propellers, which help dust particles
settle down
• Over 10 anti-smog guns have been installed for dust control.
Anti-smog guns
39. Dr Aninda Debnath
Fine
Fine of 20 lakhs for violating dust control norms (CPCB)
50 lakhs for not following dust pollution control norms as NCRTV construction sites (CPCB)
Construction sites and levy heavy fines if they are found to be violating anti-pollution
guidelines, which include such rules as covering trucks that carry construction material,
protective gear from workers, and a licence from the Delhi Pollution Control Committee.
40. Dr Aninda Debnath
Other actions
Increasing carbon Sink
The tree transplantation policy of the Delhi government mandates 80% of the
trees affected by construction and development activities must be
transplanted, along with 80% out of them surviving after a year.
This is in addition to the mandatory requirement of planting 10 saplings in case
one tree is cut for construction purposes, which has helped increase the green
cover in Delhi.
41. Dr Aninda Debnath
SAFAR and
SAMEER APP
Real time monitoring
of AQI Status
Forecasting
Public advisory
42. Dr Aninda Debnath
GRAP
• GRAP has been successful in doing
two things that had not been done
before creating a step-by-step plan
for the entire Delhi-NCR region, and
getting on board several agencies: all
pollution control boards, industrial
area authorities, municipal
corporations, regional officials of the
India Meteorological Department,
and others
Air Pollution Act (Prevention and Control of Pollution) - Introduced - 1981 , revision – 1987
Published - 1987
Revised - 1997
New Update - 2020
PM2.5 induces oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation through microRNA dysregulation and DNA methylation in lung cancer. Tumor microenvironment alteration is also detected in PM2.5‑induced inflammatory cells. PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5.
Proposed mechanisms by which air pollution exposure could trigger the development of ILD in a genetically susceptible individual. Via oxidative stress, infl ammation, and telomere shortening, air pollution may also result in acute exacerbation and/or disease progression in an individual with established ILD. ILD 5 interstitial lung disease.
Objectives of NAMP
To determine status and trends of ambient air quality;
To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated,
To Identify Non-attainment Cities
To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures;
To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated
India uses the National Air Quality Index (AQI), Canada uses the Air Quality Health Index, Singapore uses the Pollutant Standards Index and Malaysia uses the Air Pollution Index.
India started it late bcoz there was less awareness and the programme for air quality was started bit late in India (1984).
12 parameters monitoring can be started– PM10, PM2.5, NO2 , SO2 , CO, O3 , NH3 , Pb, Ni, As, Benzo(a)pyrene, and Benzene