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Naresh - Findings on Particulate Matter
1. Findings on Particulate Matter
Naresh Badhwar & Abhijit Pathak
Central Pollution Control Board
Ministry of Environment & Forests
New Delhi
Email: naresh.cpcb@nic.in
Website: http://www.cpcb.nic.in
Presentation in Workshop on Some Recent Advances in the Field of Air Quality Management held at
Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi on 23rd Sept. 2007.
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2. National Air Quality Monitoring
Programme
• 339 operating stations in in 126 cities/towns covering 25 states
and 4 UTs
• Objectives
To determine status and trends of ambient air quality
To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality
standards are violated
To Identify Non-attainment cities
To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for
developing preventive and corrective measures
• The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-
hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling
for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to
have 104 observations in a year.
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3. Regular Monitoring of SO2, NO2, RSPM, SPM
Additional Monitoring of Ammonia, CO, Ozone, PM2.5, BTX, PAHs in
Delhi and other selected cities
Data Dissemination
Data is available on a daily basis in Environmental Data Bank
software on CPCB website. (http://cpcbedb.nic.in)
Data of 3 continuous stations and 1 mobile van is available
on a real time basis on CPCB website. (http://www.cpcb.nic.in)
Reports on Status and Trends are published.
Utilisation of Data
• Non-attainment cities are identified and concerned SPCBs/PCCs
formulate action plans to control air pollution.
• Reviewing NAAQS
• Epidemiological Studies
• Policy Levels Decision making at Central and State Govt. level,
replying to Parliament Questions etc
• Research Institutes like IITs etc use in their research work
• MSc, MTech, PhD students in their thesis work
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4. ARABIAN SEA
Cities under National Air Quality
Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
Lucknow
Vishakhapatnam
CHATTISGARH
Gulbarga
Mysore
Bangalore
KERALA
Palakkad
Thiruvananthapuram
Kottayam
Kozhikode
Kochi
Kolhapur
Pune
Vasco
GOA
Panjim
Lote
Hassan
Mangalore
KARNATAKA
Dharwad
Belgaum
Hubli
Solapur
Solem
Coimbatore
Madurai
TAMIL NADU
Tirupati
Hyderabad
Chennai
Pondicherry
ANDHRA PRADESH
Kurnool
Vijayavada
GUJARAT
Rajkot
Jamnagar
ParwanooShimlaJalandhar
Nagda
Naya Nangal
Hissar
Yamuna Nagar
Chandigarh
Aurangabad
Alwar
DELHI
Fridabad
HARYANA
MAHARASHTRA
PUNJAB
Ankaleshwar
DADAR NAGAR
HAVELI
Vadodara
Mumbai
Surat
Diu
Daman
Tarapur
Silwasa
Thane
Vapi
Nasik
Ujjain
Udaipur
Indore
RAJASTHAN
Jodhpur
Jaipur
Kota
Ludhiana
Chandrapur
Nagpur
MADHYA PRADESH
I N D I A
Bhopal
Bhilai
Jabalpur
Firozabad
Ghaziabad
Paonta Sahib
Kala Amb
Dehradun
UTTARANCHAL
UTTAR PRADESH
Noida
Gwalior
Agra
Gajraula
Khanna
Kanpur
Jammu
JAMMU & KASHMIR
HIMACHAL
PRADESHDamtal
BAY OF BENGAL
MANIPUR
MIZORAM
WEST BENGAL
Asansol
Howrah
Haldia
Kolkata
Gangtok
Behrampur
Angul
Sambalpur
Raurkela
Jamshedpur
Bhubaneshwar
ORISSA
JHARKHAND
Ranchi
Rayagada
Raipur
Anpara
Bilaspur
Talcher
Cuttack
Dhanbad
Jharia
BIHAR
Patna
Durgapur TRIPURA
Guwahati
SIKKIM
MEGHALYA
Shillong
ASSAM
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
NAGALAND
Dimapur
N
Ahmadabad
Tuticorin
Mormugao
AizwalSagar
Satna
Bongiagaon
Sindri
Singrauli
Varanasi
Baddi
Ambarnath
Legend
• - Cities under NAMP
(Not to scale)
Navi Mumbai
Meerut
Khurja
Jhansi
Ramagundum
Patencheru
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11. 0
20
40
60
80
100
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
%ofCities(Res.Areas) Low Moderate High Critical
0
20
40
60
80
100
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
%ofCities(Res.Areas)
Low Moderate High Critical
SO2
NO2
Percentage of Cities (Res. Areas) with Low, Moderate,
High and Critical levels of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM.
0
20
40
60
80
100
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
%ofCities(Res.Areas)
Low Moderate High Critical
RSPM
0
20
40
60
80
100
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
%ofCities(Res.Areas)
Low Moderate High Critical
SPM
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12. 0
10
20
30
40
50
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Concentration(µg/m
3
) 90% of Sites have concentrations below this line
10% of Sites have concentrations below this line
Average
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Concentration(µg/m
3
)
90% of Sites have concentrations below this line
10% of Sites have concentrations below this line
Average
SO2 NO2
0
75
150
225
300
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Concentration(µg/m
3
)
90% of Sites have concentrations below this line
10% of Sites have concentrations below this line
Average
0
150
300
450
600
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Concentration(µg/m
3
)
90% of Sites have concentrations below this line
10% of Sites have concentrations below this line
Average
RSPM SPM
National Mean Concentration of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM
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13. PM2.5/PM10 Ratios at ITO ( Jan & Feb 2007)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
3/1/2007
7/1/2007
13-01-07
18-01-07
23-01-07
28-01-07
1/2/2007
7/2/2007
12/2/2007
16-02-07
20-02-07
24-02-07
28-02-07
PM2.5/PM10 Average = 0.59
PM2.5/PM10 Ratios at ITO
( March & April 2007)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1/3/2007
7/3/2007
15-03-07
21-03-07
27-03-07
4/4/2007
10/4/2007
17-04-07
23-04-07
29-04-07
5/5/2007
11/5/2007
17-05-07
23-05-07
29-05-07
PM2.5/PM10
Average = 0.48
Correlation between PM10 and PM2.5
( Jan & Feb 2007 at ITO)
R2
= 0.6176
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 200 400 600 800
PM10
PM2.5
Correlation between PM10 and PM2.5
( March & April 2007 at ITO)
R2
= 0.292
0
50
100
150
200
0 100 200 300 400 500
PM10PM2.5
Correlation between PM10 and PM2 5. at ITO in Delhi.
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14. Correlation between CO and PM2.5 during
April 2007 at ITO
R
2
= 0.5751
0
50
100
150
200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
CO (µg/m3
)
PM2.5(µg/m3
)
Correlation between CO and PM2.5 during
Jan 2007 at ITO
R2
= 0.7096
0
100
200
300
400
0 2000 4000 6000
CO (µg/m3
)
PM2.5(µg/m
3
)
Correlation between NO2 and PM2.5
during Jan 2007 at ITO
R2
= 0.8562
0
100
200
300
400
0 100 200 300
NO2 (µg/m3
)
PM2.5(µg/m3
)
Correlation between CO and NO2 during
April 2007 at ITO
R2
= 0.7057
0
50
100
150
200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
CO (µg/m3
)
NO2(µg/m
3
)
Correlation between CO and PM2.5, PM10 and NO2
at ITO in Delhi.
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15. Review of NAMP
Review of data generated for last more than 15 years
was carried out
Initial Results show
There has been no violation of NAAQS (Annual
average and 24 hourly avg) of SO2 at 77% of the
monitoring stations since these stations were started
There has been no violation of NAAQS ( Annual
average and 24 hourly avg.) of NO2 at 62% of the
monitoring stations since these stations were started.
These results are being updated based on latest
data. ECRD.IN
16. Analysis of Organic Carbon (OC) and
Elemental carbon (EC)
Organic Carbon and Elemental carbon in
RSPM were analyzed using OC/EC analyzers
in CPCB lab.
Elemental carbon –
Black carbon’’ or ‘‘graphitic carbon’’, has a
chemical structure similar to impure graphite
EC is generated by the combustion of
carbon-containing fuels
Motor vehicles contributed much EC to the
urban atmosphere
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17. Organic Carbon
Mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenates, (Formed by
combustion and secondary organic aerosol (SOA)
formation)
Emitted as primary particles directly from sources,
but secondary organics can also be formed in the
atmosphere from the low vapor pressure products of
atmospheric chemical reactions
Sources -gasoline-powered vehicles, diesel-powered
vehicles, wood burning, and soil-related emission
sources such as road dust etc
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21. Correlation between PM10 and OC at ITO in January 2007
y = 0.1119x - 10.225
R2
= 0.7022
0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
PM10 in µg/m3
OCinµg/m3
Correlation between PM10 and EC at ITO in January 2007
y = 0.0952x - 10.057
R2
= 0.6284
0
20
40
60
80
100
200 300 400 500 600
PM10 in µg/m3
ECinµg/m3
Correlation between PM10 and TC at ITO in January
2007
y = 0.2071x - 20.282
R2
= 0.697
0
20
40
60
80
100
200 300 400 500 600
PM10 in µg/m3
TCinµg/m3
Correlation between OC and EC at ITO in January 2007
y = 0.821x - 0.2948
R2
= 0.8336
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Organic Carbon (OC) in µg/m3
ElementalCarbon
(EC)inµg/m3
Correlation between OC, EC, TC and PM10.
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23. Composition of PM10 at ITO
Sodium
0.11%
Others
58.58%
Sulphate
10.60%
Chloride
1.53%
Elemental Carbon
6.05%
Organic Carbon
9.40%
Calcium
0.89%
Ammonium
4.70%
Potassium
0.51%
Magnesium
0.10%
Nitrate
7.53%
Composition of PM10 at Siri Fort
Nitrate
9.85%
Magnesium
0.05%
Potassium
1.37%
Ammonium
8.90%
Calcium
0.57%
Organic Carbon
13.46%
Elemental Carbon
10.07%
Chloride
7.57%
Sulphate
8.38%Others
39.60%
Sodium
0.18%
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24. Findings
Trends
A decreasing trend has been observed in ambient sulphur dioxide
levels in many cities like Delhi, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Lucknow,
Mumbai etc.
The decreasing trend in ambient SO2 levels is may be due to
various interventions that have taken place such as reduction of
sulphur in diesel, use of cleaner fuel such as CNG in Delhi and
Mumbai etc.
This finding is corroborated by decrease in National mean
Concentration of sulphur dioxide over the years and increase in
percentage of cities with low levels of SO2.
No definite trend has been observed in ambient nitrogen dioxide
and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter. In some cities
ambient NO2 and RSPM levels are decreasing whereas in some
cities the trend is fluctuating.
Although various interventions have taken place to mitigate
ambient NO2 and RSPM levels but at the same time number of
vehicles have increased exponentially. The vehicles are one of the
major sources of NO2 and RSPM. ECRD.IN
25. Correlation
PM10 and PM2.5 composition changes from winter to
summer season. (PM10 and PM2.5 are highly correlated in
winter and they are not correlated in summer months)
Ratio of PM2.5/ PM10 decreases in summer months as
compared to winter months indicating that particulate mass
in the range of 2.5 to 10 micrometer mainly coming from
natural dust and hazy conditions constitute most of PM10 in
summer months.
High correlation of CO with PM2.5 and NO2 with PM2.5
indicates that PM2.5 is mainly contributed by vehicles in
winter months at ITO.
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26. OC & EC
OC is higher than EC at all the locations (Possibility of
secondary organic carbon formation).
The OC/EC ratio is 2.7 for coal-combustion sample and 1.1
for motor vehicle sample (Watson et al., 2001), and 9.0 for
biomass burning (Cachier et al., 1989).
At BSZ Marg (ITO), OC/EC ratio was observed as 1.3 and
1.4. Thus the predominant sources is vehicles at ITO which
is evident as it being a traffic intersection area.
At Shahdara, Ashok Vihar and Nizamuddin, OC/EC ratios
more than 2 were observed indicating that RSPM is
contributed by sources other than vehicles such as
biomass burning etc.
Low carbonaceous fraction were observed in summer
months. Carbonaceous fraction during winter months was
higher. This indicates that natural dust from hazy
conditions constitute most of RSPM in summer
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