Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 10th PhysicsSHIVAM RANJAN
The magnetic effect of electric current is known as electromagnetic effect. It is observed that when a compass is brought near a current carrying conductor the needle of compass gets deflected because of flow of electricity. This shows that electric current produces a magnetic effect.
In this ppt, i tried to give my best so that any one who wants to find the same gains some knowledge or material from it.
For more updates contact me at 7807907761/myrules663@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Sources of Energy, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Sources of Energy, Science, Class 10
A GOOD SOURCE OF ENERGY
FEATURES OF GOOD FUEL
FOSSIL FUELS
DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS
THERMAL POWER PLANT
HYDROPOWER PLANT
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT
BIO-MASS
CHARCOAL
COW DUNG
BIOGAS PLANT
WIND ENERGY
ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY
LIMITATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
NON - CONVENTIONAL / ALTERNATIVE SOURCES -OF ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR COOKER
SOLAR CELL
ENERGY FROM THE SEA
TIDAL ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
NUCLEAR FISSION
DISADVANTAGES OF USING NUCLEAR ENERGY
NUCLEAR FUSION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RENEWABLE AND -NONRENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Electricity Class 10 Physics Chapter Complete with FormulaeShreyaans Nahata
Hey guys!!
I give you all 'Electricity Class 10' from NCERT SCIENCE Textbook. It Contains every thing you need to study including formulas and definitions.
Please do not forget to like it if you like it!!!
based on class 10 chapter electricity.
consists of topic such as-
electric potential,electric current, resistors ,series and parallel connection, heating effect of electric current, electric power,etc.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 10th PhysicsSHIVAM RANJAN
The magnetic effect of electric current is known as electromagnetic effect. It is observed that when a compass is brought near a current carrying conductor the needle of compass gets deflected because of flow of electricity. This shows that electric current produces a magnetic effect.
In this ppt, i tried to give my best so that any one who wants to find the same gains some knowledge or material from it.
For more updates contact me at 7807907761/myrules663@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Sources of Energy, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Sources of Energy, Science, Class 10
A GOOD SOURCE OF ENERGY
FEATURES OF GOOD FUEL
FOSSIL FUELS
DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS
THERMAL POWER PLANT
HYDROPOWER PLANT
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT
BIO-MASS
CHARCOAL
COW DUNG
BIOGAS PLANT
WIND ENERGY
ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY
LIMITATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
NON - CONVENTIONAL / ALTERNATIVE SOURCES -OF ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
SOLAR COOKER
SOLAR CELL
ENERGY FROM THE SEA
TIDAL ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
NUCLEAR FISSION
DISADVANTAGES OF USING NUCLEAR ENERGY
NUCLEAR FUSION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RENEWABLE AND -NONRENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Electricity Class 10 Physics Chapter Complete with FormulaeShreyaans Nahata
Hey guys!!
I give you all 'Electricity Class 10' from NCERT SCIENCE Textbook. It Contains every thing you need to study including formulas and definitions.
Please do not forget to like it if you like it!!!
based on class 10 chapter electricity.
consists of topic such as-
electric potential,electric current, resistors ,series and parallel connection, heating effect of electric current, electric power,etc.
It is a Powerpoint Presentation based on topic "Sources Of Energy" for Class 10.
It will provide you :
1. Knowledge about this topic.
2. Help to grow your knowledge.
This is a chapter on electricity for the students of gr 10. this will make the chapter 100% easier and it is tested. for reviews browse www.anupamravi17.wix.com/outlawairbands. this is the official website of the outlaws gaming society. you will also get important gaming updates if you are an addicted gamer LOL Hope U Enjoy!!! if any doubts on this chapter just below in the comments section. Peace Stay fresh.
It is a Powerpoint Presentation based on topic "Sources Of Energy" for Class 10.
It will provide you :
1. Knowledge about this topic.
2. Help to grow your knowledge.
This is a chapter on electricity for the students of gr 10. this will make the chapter 100% easier and it is tested. for reviews browse www.anupamravi17.wix.com/outlawairbands. this is the official website of the outlaws gaming society. you will also get important gaming updates if you are an addicted gamer LOL Hope U Enjoy!!! if any doubts on this chapter just below in the comments section. Peace Stay fresh.
Current Electricity and Effects of CurrentOleepari
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity,
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors,
parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric
current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R
This PPT is made for class 10 students. It covers all the topics of CBSE curriculum. An interactive inforgraphic based demonstration for better understanding. Do ask questions for any confusion.
Current and Electricity for class 10.pdfJackHassan2
Download our comprehensive Class 10 Current and Electricity PDF guide to master the fundamentals of electrical circuits, current flow, and key concepts in this critical science topic. This PDF provides clear explanations, diagrams, and practice questions to enhance your understanding and preparation. Covering the essential curriculum, it's an invaluable resource for students aiming for excellence in their science studies.
Current and Electricity for class 10.pdfJackHassan2
Download our comprehensive Class 10 Current and Electricity PDF guide to master the fundamentals of electrical circuits, current flow, and key concepts in this critical science topic. This PDF provides clear explanations, diagrams, and practice questions to enhance your understanding and preparation. Covering the essential curriculum, it's an invaluable resource for students aiming for excellence in their science studies.
this ppt was created by me and i hope it helps to all of you out there. peace
objective : school projects
personal reference
teachers reference
i know its a bit lengthy but im 100% sure it will be helpful
plz leave a like
thxs
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. Electric Cell Battery (Group
of Cells)
Wire Joint Switch
Resistor Variable
Resistance
Ammeter Voltmeter
Circuit Diagrams
4. Definition of Charge (Q)
A fundamental property of matter creating an
external electrical field. Its SI Unit is Coulomb (C).
Classification
Charges can be positive or negative.
Properties
• Like Charges Repel
• Unlike Charges Attract
1C = Charge in 6.25 x 108
electrons
1 Electron = -1.6 x 10−19 Coulomb
Charges and Current
5. Even 1 Coulomb of Charge is huge and dangerous. It can exert a force of 9000000000N !
Did YOU KNOW?
Definition of Current (I)
The flow of charge in a conductor. Its SI Unit is Ampere (A).
How much is 1 Ampere?
1 coulomb of charge passing through a point in 1 second is
equivalent to 1 Ampere.
Charges and Current
6. 𝐼 =
𝑄
𝑡
=
𝑛𝑒
𝑡
1𝐴 =
𝑄
𝑡
=
1𝐶
1𝑆
1𝐴 = 103
𝑚𝐴 = 10𝜇𝐴
Where,
n = Number of Electrons
e = -1.6 x 10−19 C
s = Second
mA = milliampere
𝜇𝐴 = 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
7. Measures only the magnitude of current. Measures the magnitude and direction of current.
A M M E T E R G A L V A N O M E T E R
8. + -
+ -
Electricity was discovered long before the discovery of electron. Current was then
considered the movement of positive charges from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal. This belief continues after the discovery of electrons too.
Conventional Current Actual Electronic Current
But we know that current actually is the movement of negative charges (electrons)
from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.
Direction of Current
9. Electrons in a conductor move randomly
around their atoms but this does not
create current.
To create current , many electrons need
to move in a unidirectional* path. This can
be achieved by providing some energy to
the electrons to move in a specified
direction.
We call this energy ‘Voltage’ or ‘Potential
Difference’.
*For DC Current only
Voltage
10. *For DC Current only
Definition of Voltage (V)
Voltage or Potential Difference is an electromotive force
that creates and maintains electric current in a circuit.
How do we measure Voltage?
Voltage is measured in Volts with a device called the
Voltmeter.
How much is 1 Volt?
The amount of work done to move 1 coulomb of charge
between two points.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
=
1𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
= 1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
Voltage
11. Measures potential difference across two points.
Creates potential difference across the terminals of
a circuit.
V O L T M E T E R C E L L / B A T T E R Y
12.
13. According to Ohm’s Law :
V ∝ I
V = 𝐼𝑅
Ohm’s Law
The electric current flowing through a Conductor is directly proportional
to the voltage applied across its ends, provided that the physical
conditions (such as temperature) remain unchanged.
V = Voltage, I = Current
R = Constant of Proportionality
0,0
1,3
2,6
3,9
4,12
5,15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6
Voltage
(V)
Current (A)
14. Definition of Resistance (R)
The property of a conductor that slows down or
resists current flowing in a conductor.
How much is 1 Ohm (Ω) ?
If 1 volt produces a current of 1 Ampere, then it is
said to be a conductor having a resistance of 1 Ω.
Rheostat
It is a device that can provide variable resistance in
a circuit.
Resistance
15. Factors of Resistance
N A T U R E O F
M A T E R I A L
L E N G T H O F
C O N D U C T O R
A R E A O F
C O N D U C T O R
𝝆 ∝ 𝑅 L ∝ 𝑅 A ∝ 1/𝑅
Temperature is included in the nature of material (𝜌). A = 𝜋𝑟2
𝑹 =
16. Resistivity is the resistance of a conductor of 1m length and 1𝑚2
cross sectional
area. It is also known as Specific Resistance.
Conductors Resistivity (𝛀𝒎)
Silver 1.60 x 10-19
Copper 1.62 x 10–8
Aluminium 2.63 x 10-8
Tungsten 5.20 x 10-8
Nickel 6.84 x 10-8
Iron 10.0 x 10-8
Chromium 12.9 x 10-8
Mercury 94.0 x 10-8
Manganese 1.84 x 10-6
Alloys Resistivity (𝛀𝒎)
Constantan 49 x 10-6
Manganin 44 x 10-6
Nichrome 100 x 10-6
Insulators Resistivity (𝛀𝒎)
Glass 1010 – 1014
Hard Rubber 1013 – 1016
Ebonite 1015-1017
Diamond 1012-1013
Paper (Dry) 1012
Resistivity
17. –
+
In Series Circuits, Current (Volume of Water
flow) remains the same but Voltage
(Water Pressure) changes at every
component of the circuit.
= devices or bulbs
Series Circuit Analogy
Electric Circuit Water Pipeline
Electrons Water
Voltage Water Pressure
Current Water Flow
Bulbs or Other Devices Filters, hose, taps etc.
18. In Parallel Circuits, Current (Volume of
Water flow) changes at each new path
of the circuit but Voltage (Water
Pressure) remains constant.
= devices or bulbs
Parallel Circuit Analogy
Electric Circuit Water Pipeline
Electrons Water
Voltage Water Pressure
Current Water Flow
Bulbs or Other Devices Filters, hose, taps etc.
19. 1
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
=
1
𝑅1
+
1
𝑅2
+
1
𝑅3
+
1
𝑅4
+ ⋯ +
1
𝑅𝑛
Reciprocal of Total Resistance = Sum of the
reciprocals of all the individual resistances.
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 + …. + 𝑅𝑛
Total Resistance = Sum of the individual
Resistances
Combination of
Resistances
R E S I S T O R S I N
S E R I E S
R E S I S T O R S I N
P A R A L L E L
𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅2
𝑅1
20. According to Joule’s Law of Heating:
H ∝ 𝐼2
H = 𝐼2
𝑅𝑇
Joule’s Law
When an electric current passes through a conductor, heat H is
produced, which is directly proportional to the resistance R of the
conductor, the time t for which the current flows, and to the square of
the magnitude of current I.
21. Heater Microwave Oven Incandescent Bulb Electric Fuse
Heating Effects of
Electric Current
Practical Application of Heating Effect of Electric Current
• Room heaters, Hair Dryers
• Microwave Ovens
• Filaments of Incandescent Bulbs
• Electric Fuses etc.
22. Electric Power
We know, Power is the rate of energy consumption.
𝑃 =
𝐸
𝑇
=
𝑉𝑄
𝑇
= 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2
𝑅𝑇 =
𝑉2
𝑅
and, 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑇
Where,
P = Power, E = Energy, T = Time, V = Voltage, Q = Charge,
I = Current
KWh is a
commercial
energy unit
used in
Electricity Bills.
23. A Bulb with a given power, like 20W actually tells its power rating, which means that
for a given constant Voltage, the bulb consumes energy at 20W. That constant in
India is 220V. In series connection, the bulb with the lowest power rating is the
brightest whereas, in parallel connections, the bulb with the highest power rating is
the brightest.