GI Tract –Part 1
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 5) Histology of Digestive Tract 6) Salivary glands 7) to 19) –Functions of Liver 21) Five Secretions & Five Movements 25) Functions of Salivary Gland 33) Functions of Gastric secretions 43) Functions of Pancreatic Sectretions 53) Intestinal Juice –Enzymes 54) Functions of Large Intestine 58) Deglutition
• 65) Mastication 73) Movements of Stomach 80) Enteric Nervous system 90) Movements of small Intestine 102) Defecation Reflex 109) Stool
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Sharir Kriya Instuments By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande –
Sharir Kriya ( Ayurvedic Physiology) is Basic subject of First BAMS ( Ayurvedic Graduation).This PPT is very useful as a Teaching Aid for Ayurvedic Teachers & useful Assets for Learning to Ayurveda students.PPT covers all Important Instruments like Microscopes, Stethascope ,BP Apparatus,Haemocytometer,Neubaur’s chamber,Tunning fork,Clinical Hammer,Urinometer,Hepende’s caliper to measure skin fold thickness,ECG Machine,Thermometer,Nasal Speculum,ESR Tubes & Stands,Ryle’s tube,Autoscope,Vaginal Speculum,Proctoscope,Tonometer etc.Another interesting part is you will get Introduction to useful Books & web site Links of Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande .Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Nervous System Part 1 – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 2 May 16
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 1 & Part B. Physiology of Nervous System .It is divided into 3 parts .This Part 1 includes , Introduction of Nervous System ,Different parts of the Brain & their Funcyions , Cranial Nerves & their functions , Comparison of Sympathetic & Parasympathetic System ,What is Reflex, What is Synapse, Difference in UMN & LMN ,Cortico Spinal Tract ,Auditory Pathway
Paper 1 – Part A – PPT Set 3 –Introduction to Tri-Dosha .
• This PPT Set is in Marathi ( Maharashtra State Language) .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains Dosha - General description of Tridosha. Inter relationship between Ritu-Dosha-Rasa-Guna ,Biological rhythms of Tridosha on the basis of day-night-age-season & food intake ,Role of Dosha in the formation of Prakriti of an individual & in maintaining of health , Prakrit & Vaikruta Dosha
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• Please Download,Share & be follower of this account.
snayu are rope like fibrous structures which help to binds together the mamsa, asthi & medas in joints & different structures of the body and maintain the body postures by providing weight carrying capacity.
Rakta Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 4 March 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rakta Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rakta - Sthana or site iii) Rakta -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rakta -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rakta ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rakta Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rakta Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rakta Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rakta Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rakta Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rakta -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rakta -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rakta Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rakta Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Rasa Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 11 Feb 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rasa Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rasa - Sthana or site iii) Rasa -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rasa -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rasa ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rasa Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rasa Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rasa Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rasa Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rasa Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rasa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rasa -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rasa Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rasa Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Sharir Kriya Instuments By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande –
Sharir Kriya ( Ayurvedic Physiology) is Basic subject of First BAMS ( Ayurvedic Graduation).This PPT is very useful as a Teaching Aid for Ayurvedic Teachers & useful Assets for Learning to Ayurveda students.PPT covers all Important Instruments like Microscopes, Stethascope ,BP Apparatus,Haemocytometer,Neubaur’s chamber,Tunning fork,Clinical Hammer,Urinometer,Hepende’s caliper to measure skin fold thickness,ECG Machine,Thermometer,Nasal Speculum,ESR Tubes & Stands,Ryle’s tube,Autoscope,Vaginal Speculum,Proctoscope,Tonometer etc.Another interesting part is you will get Introduction to useful Books & web site Links of Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande .Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Nervous System Part 1 – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 2 May 16
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 1 & Part B. Physiology of Nervous System .It is divided into 3 parts .This Part 1 includes , Introduction of Nervous System ,Different parts of the Brain & their Funcyions , Cranial Nerves & their functions , Comparison of Sympathetic & Parasympathetic System ,What is Reflex, What is Synapse, Difference in UMN & LMN ,Cortico Spinal Tract ,Auditory Pathway
Paper 1 – Part A – PPT Set 3 –Introduction to Tri-Dosha .
• This PPT Set is in Marathi ( Maharashtra State Language) .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains Dosha - General description of Tridosha. Inter relationship between Ritu-Dosha-Rasa-Guna ,Biological rhythms of Tridosha on the basis of day-night-age-season & food intake ,Role of Dosha in the formation of Prakriti of an individual & in maintaining of health , Prakrit & Vaikruta Dosha
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• Please Download,Share & be follower of this account.
snayu are rope like fibrous structures which help to binds together the mamsa, asthi & medas in joints & different structures of the body and maintain the body postures by providing weight carrying capacity.
Rakta Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 4 March 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rakta Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rakta - Sthana or site iii) Rakta -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rakta -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rakta ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rakta Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rakta Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rakta Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rakta Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rakta Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rakta -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rakta -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rakta Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rakta Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Rasa Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 11 Feb 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rasa Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rasa - Sthana or site iii) Rasa -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rasa -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rasa ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rasa Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rasa Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rasa Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rasa Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rasa Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rasa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rasa -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rasa Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rasa Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Meda Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 6 July 2018
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Meda Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Meda Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Meda - Sthana or site iii) Meda -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Meda -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Meda ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Meda Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Meda Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Meda Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Meda Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Meda Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Mansa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Meda -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Meda Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Meda Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Homeostasis,cell physiology -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpanderajendra deshpande
Paper 1 – Part B – PPT Set 1 – Homeostasis & Cell Physiology
• This PPT Set is inEnglish .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains 1) Definition & mechanisms of maintenance of homeostasis 2) Cell physiology 3) Membrane physiology 4) Transportation of various substances across cell membrane
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
There is a description regarding the Shareera definition, synonyms, shadanga shareera, difference between shareera, shaareera and shareeri, shava chedana vidhi and mahatva, definition of purusha, different types of purusha.
Dhatu Introduction – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 31 Oct 16
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Etymology of word Dhatu , derivation, definition of Dhatu , general introduction of term Dhatu ,Concept of Kala, Concept of Srotas ,Dhatu Poshan Kal , different theories related to Dhatuposhana (Dhatuposhana Nyaya)
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of each Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Sthana or site iii) Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Paper 1 – Part A – PPT Set 8 –Prakruti
This PPT Set is in Marathi ( Maharashtra State Language) .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains Deha - Prakriti : Vyutpatti, Nirukti, various definitions & synonyms for the term ‘Prakriti’ ,Intra-uterine & extra-uterine factors influencing Deha-Prakriti , classification & characteristic features of each kind of Deha-Prakriti , Manasa - Prakriti : Introduction & types of Manasa- Prakriti
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• Please Download,Share & be follower of this account.
pramana sharira is a method of measurement of body & parts of body in Ayurveda as well as ancient time period. anjali pramana is the tools and techniques of measurement of volume where as angula pramana is used for length and dimensions of body and its anga pratayana (organs & parts).
Paper 1 – Part A – PPT Set 7 – Shatkriya kala
• This PPT Set is in Marathi ( Maharashtra State Language) .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains Concept of Kriya Kala ,6 Stages of Pathogenesis 1)Chaya 2) Prakop 3) Prasar 4) Stansamshrya 5) Vyakti 6) Bhed
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• Please Download,Share & be follower of this account.
Dhatu Sarata Examination Practical – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya Practical . This PPT is very useful to Teachers & Students ,to teach & learn respectively ,the Practical of Dhatu Sarata Examination .First Basic Oral questions are discussed like what is Dhatu Sarata ? Types of Dhatu Sarata ? Importance of Dhatu Sarata Examination? Then further as per University Journal proforma ,how each Dhatu can be examined for Sarata by Darshan ( Inspection) ,Sparshan ( Palpation) ,Prashna ( Interrogation or History Taking) is explained .This is followed by showing Journal pages ,should be written is shown .Lastly ,what advice we can give for Heena or Madhyam sara Dhatu is given .
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Kriya Sharir Syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
Pitta Dosa- one of the main physical dosa according to Ayurvedic system of medicine.
This physiological entity in normal state is responsible for normal digestion, blood physiology, Neural physiology etc.
Dhatu Sarata
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
This PPT has following Imp Contents – Concept of Health ,Bioenergy + Body Tissues- Supporters and pillars of our body.+ Healthy & Disease state , To keep fit –Functions of each Dhatu
What is Dhatu Sarata ? ,What is the Importance of Sarata Examination ,Importance of Saravan Dhatu ,Types of Dhatu Sarata ? ,Practical Utility of Dhatu Sarata ,Dashavidha Pariksha What is meaning of word- Sara ? ,Advice for Heena Dhatu Sarata Clinical Features of Each Dhatu Sarata ,Diction
visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Meda Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 6 July 2018
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Meda Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Meda Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Meda - Sthana or site iii) Meda -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Meda -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Meda ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Meda Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Meda Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Meda Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Meda Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Meda Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Mansa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Meda -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Meda Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Meda Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Homeostasis,cell physiology -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpanderajendra deshpande
Paper 1 – Part B – PPT Set 1 – Homeostasis & Cell Physiology
• This PPT Set is inEnglish .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains 1) Definition & mechanisms of maintenance of homeostasis 2) Cell physiology 3) Membrane physiology 4) Transportation of various substances across cell membrane
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
There is a description regarding the Shareera definition, synonyms, shadanga shareera, difference between shareera, shaareera and shareeri, shava chedana vidhi and mahatva, definition of purusha, different types of purusha.
Dhatu Introduction – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 31 Oct 16
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Etymology of word Dhatu , derivation, definition of Dhatu , general introduction of term Dhatu ,Concept of Kala, Concept of Srotas ,Dhatu Poshan Kal , different theories related to Dhatuposhana (Dhatuposhana Nyaya)
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of each Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Sthana or site iii) Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Paper 1 – Part A – PPT Set 8 –Prakruti
This PPT Set is in Marathi ( Maharashtra State Language) .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains Deha - Prakriti : Vyutpatti, Nirukti, various definitions & synonyms for the term ‘Prakriti’ ,Intra-uterine & extra-uterine factors influencing Deha-Prakriti , classification & characteristic features of each kind of Deha-Prakriti , Manasa - Prakriti : Introduction & types of Manasa- Prakriti
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• Please Download,Share & be follower of this account.
pramana sharira is a method of measurement of body & parts of body in Ayurveda as well as ancient time period. anjali pramana is the tools and techniques of measurement of volume where as angula pramana is used for length and dimensions of body and its anga pratayana (organs & parts).
Paper 1 – Part A – PPT Set 7 – Shatkriya kala
• This PPT Set is in Marathi ( Maharashtra State Language) .Very useful for 1st BAMS ,Teachers & Students for Teaching & Learning. It contains Concept of Kriya Kala ,6 Stages of Pathogenesis 1)Chaya 2) Prakop 3) Prasar 4) Stansamshrya 5) Vyakti 6) Bhed
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• Please Download,Share & be follower of this account.
Dhatu Sarata Examination Practical – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya Practical . This PPT is very useful to Teachers & Students ,to teach & learn respectively ,the Practical of Dhatu Sarata Examination .First Basic Oral questions are discussed like what is Dhatu Sarata ? Types of Dhatu Sarata ? Importance of Dhatu Sarata Examination? Then further as per University Journal proforma ,how each Dhatu can be examined for Sarata by Darshan ( Inspection) ,Sparshan ( Palpation) ,Prashna ( Interrogation or History Taking) is explained .This is followed by showing Journal pages ,should be written is shown .Lastly ,what advice we can give for Heena or Madhyam sara Dhatu is given .
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Kriya Sharir Syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
Pitta Dosa- one of the main physical dosa according to Ayurvedic system of medicine.
This physiological entity in normal state is responsible for normal digestion, blood physiology, Neural physiology etc.
Dhatu Sarata
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
This PPT has following Imp Contents – Concept of Health ,Bioenergy + Body Tissues- Supporters and pillars of our body.+ Healthy & Disease state , To keep fit –Functions of each Dhatu
What is Dhatu Sarata ? ,What is the Importance of Sarata Examination ,Importance of Saravan Dhatu ,Types of Dhatu Sarata ? ,Practical Utility of Dhatu Sarata ,Dashavidha Pariksha What is meaning of word- Sara ? ,Advice for Heena Dhatu Sarata Clinical Features of Each Dhatu Sarata ,Diction
visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Gastrointestinal Hormones by Pandian M, Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, for MBBS...Pandian M
Classify GIT hormones
List the source and functions of different GI hormones
Explain the mechanism of action and regulation of secretion of different GI Hormones
Describe the role of GI hormones in regulation of GI functions
Explain the dysfunctions produced by alteration in secretion of GIT hormones
Endocrine Problems in GP – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT will be very useful for Medical students & New Practioners ,for rapid revisions of topic & as ready reference through their smart phones .This PPT contains 1) Diabetes Mellitus 2) Hyperthyroidism 3) Hypothyroidism or Myxopedema
• Causes, Symptoms, Investigations, Modern & Ayurvedic Treatment is given
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com M- 9226810630
Anticoagulants & Plasma
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) What is Anti Coagulant ? 2) Uses of Anti Coagulants 3) Examples of Anticoagulants –Coumerin & Heparin 4) Laboratory or in Vitro use of Anti Coagulants 5) Three Main Plasma Proteins as Albumin, Globulin & Fibrinogen 6) Properties of Plasma Proteins 7) Functions of Plasma Proteins 8) Pathology of Plasma Proteins 9) Plasmapheresis or Therapeutic Plasma Exchange
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Endocrine regulation : EEC secretes regulatory peptide or hormones that travel via blood stream to remote target organ. Ex gastrin, secretin
Paracrine regulation : regulatory peptide secreted by EEC acts on a nearby target cell by diffusion through interstitial space. Ex histamine, 5-HT
Ayurvedic Concept of Waste Products
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT is very useful for students ,teachers of 1st , 2nd , 3rd ,4th BAMS
• Also useful for Medical Practitioners
• PPT includes Medicinal plants mentioned in CCIM Syllabus
• PPT Contain --- 1) Mutra ( Urine) , 2) Purisha ( Faeces or Stool ) , 3) Sweda ( Sweat ) ,4) Rasa Mal –Kapha , 5) Rakta Mal – Pitta , 6) Mansa Mal – Kha mal , 7) Meda Mal – Sweda , 8) Asthi Mal – Kesha ,Lom ,Nakha, Smashru 9) Majja Mal – Akshi & Vit –Sneha , 10) Shukra Mal –Oja
• Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
• visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Ayurvedic Concept of Upadhatu
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT is very useful for students ,teachers of 1st , 2nd , 3rd ,4th BAMS
• Also useful for Medical Practitioners
• PPT includes Medicinal plants mentioned in CCIM Syllabus
• PPT Contain --- What is Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissues) ?,Difference in Dhatu & Upadhatu ,Stanya ( Breast Milk) ,Raj ( Menstrual Discharge) ,Sira ( Blood Vessels) ,Kandara( Tendons) ,Vasa ( Fat in Meat) ,Twacha ( Skin) ,Sandhi ( Bony Joints) ,Syayu ( Aponerosis, Sphincters ,Tendons)
•
• Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
• visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Ayurvedic Concept of Srotas
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT is very useful for students ,teachers of 1st , 2nd , 3rd ,4th BAMS
• Also useful for Medical Practitioners
• PPT includes Medicinal plants mentioned in CCIM Syllabus
• PPT Contain --- Ayurvedic Concept of Srotas ,Causes for the Pathology of Srotas ,Clinical Features of Pathological Srotas ,Treatment for Pathology in Srotas
• Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
• visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Dravyaguna PPT
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT is very useful for students ,teachers of 2nd BAMS
• Also useful for Medical Practitioners
• PPT includes Medicinal plants mentioned in CCIM Syllabus
• PPT Contain --- Latin Name ,Useful part ,Type of plant –Tree or herb or creeper ,Description of leaves ,Product Picture of Plant
• Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
• visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Stri rog & Prasuti Tantra Question Papers
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
This PPT has following Imp Contents – Final Year UG BAMS Question Papers of the Subject –Stri Rog & Prasuti Tantra .This is PDF .Download it & Save in your mobile .You can Zoon in & enlarge the image & read it .Very useful for Ayurved UG & PG students.
Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Virechan – Panchakarma
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Introduction of Virechan 2) Causes of Pitta Vitiation 3) Pitta & Rakta –Relation ( Ashraya –Ashrayi) 4) Virechan –Indications 5) Virechan – Contraindications 6) Virechan –Benefits 7) Pre Treatment of Virechan ( Purva Karma) 8) Symptoms of Optimal Snehan or Oiling 9) Virechan – Main Procedure ( Pradhan Karma) 10) Advice after Virechan 11) Post Regimen after Virechan 12) Sansarjankram ( Specific Diet Advice) 13) Symptoms of Proper Virechan ( Samyak) 14) Symptoms of Less Virechan ( Ayog) 15) Symptoms of Excess Virechan ( Ati yog) 16) Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics of Virechan Dravyas 17) Types of Virechan 18) Drug Formulations 19) Virechan in Clinical Practice Worms Burn wounds Acne Vulgaris ,Urticaria 20) Case study
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Mechanism of Respiration
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Mechanism of Respiration 2) 2 Stages of Respiration 3) Muscles of Respiration 4) Bucket Handle movement of ribs 5) Pump Handle movement of Sternum 6) Role of Expiratory Muscles 7) Role of Accessory Muscles 8) Respiration & Ayurved
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Management of Problems in Sub-types of Tri-dosha
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – Health problems & Management of Sub types of Vata,Pitta & Kapha
• 5 Subt ypes of Vata –Prana,Udan,Vyan,Saman,Apan
• 5 Sub Types of Pitta – Pachak,Ranjak,Sandhak,Bhrajak ,Alovhak
• 5 Sub types of Kapha – Kledak,Bodhak,Avalambak,Schleshak ,Tarpak
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Ayurved Propagation in Germany
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Munich ,German Visit in 2012 –By Prof.Dr.Deshpande 2) Details of Travelling 3) Photographs 4) Programme Details 5) Details of Preparation of –Dhanyak Him ; Panchakol Phanta ; Shatavari Kalpa ;Kshir Bala Taila ;Arjun Kshirpak
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Shalya Tantra(Surgery) –Part 1- B
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents –1) Sterilization
• 2) Anaesthesia 3) Positions 4) Incisions 5) Bandages
• 5) IV Fluids 6) Shock
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Shalya Tantra(Surgery) –Part 1- A
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Introduction 2) Historical IMP points 3) Abnormalities at birth 4) Instruments Like -- Kidney Tray , Scalpel & Blades Different Forceps ,Retractors ,Catheters ,Ryle’s Tube Flatus Tube ,Sigmoidoscope ,Proctoscope
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Second BAMS Question Papers –Summer 2018
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – MUHS - Question Papers of Summer 2018 .Subjects – Dravyaguna Paper 1 & 2 ;Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana –Paper 1 & 2 ; Agadtantra ;Charak Purvardha
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Mansa Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 3 July 2018
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Mansa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Mansa Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Mansa - Sthana or site iii) Mansa -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Mansa -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Mansa ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Mansa Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Mansa Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Mansa Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Mansa Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Mansa Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Mansa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Mansa -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Mansa Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Mansa Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Female reproductive system
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents
• Description of Organs of Female Reproductive System –Vagina,Cervix ,Uterus ,Fallopian Tubes ,Ovary ,
• Menstruation –Slide 54 to 66
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Male reproductive system
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – Introduction ,Penis ,Scrotum , Testis , Spermatogenesis , Spermatozoon, Epididymis , Vas deferance ,Accessory Glands , Seminal Vesicle , Prostate Gland , Bulbourethral Glans , Spermatozoa , Spermatogenesis , Seminiferous tubules , Control of Spermatogenesis , Fate of Spermatozoa, Metabolism of Spermatozoa , Fertilization of Ovum, Semen
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Pediatrics in GP
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – Basic Understanding of Paediatrics ,Normal Weight,Mile Stones, About Breast Milk ,Immunization, Marasmus, Kwashiorkor, Rickets, Pica ,Febrile Convulsions, Epilepsy,Chronic Recurrent Cough ,Bed wetting ,Causes of Crying of Baby
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Charak Samhita - ‘Chapter Sequence –Purpose’
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Purpose of this PPT -- Each Book has some idea in arranging sequence of Chapters 2) This is very Interesting to understand the purpose of sequence of Chapters in Charak Samhita 3) In this PPT Charak Samhita –Uttarardha part ,is taken which is a part of Syllabus of Third BAMS 4) Chikitsa Sthhana + Kalpa Sthana + Siddhi Sthana Chapter sequence is discussed
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Haemostasis & Blood Groups
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) What is Haemostasis ? 3 Steps in Blood Clotting 2) 13 Clotting Factors 3) Process of Blood Clotting –Intrinsic & Extrinsic Pathway 4) Blood Group --Landsteiner’s Law 5) Types of Blood Groups 6) Importance of Blood Groups
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Gastrointestinal tract part 1
1. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 12/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 1
GI Tract –Part 1
• Presented By –
• Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande (M.D in Ayurvdic
Medicine & M.D. in Ayurvedic Physiology)
• www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• mailme.drrrdeshpande@rediffmail.com
2. Contents of PPT
• 5) Histology of Digestive Tract
• 6) Salivary glands
• 7) to 19) –Functions of Liver
• 21) Five Secretions & Five Movements
• 25) Functions of Salivary Gland
• 33) Functions of Gastric secretions
• 43) Functions of Pancreatic Sectretions
2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 2
3. Contents of PPT
• 53) Intestinal Juice –Enzymes
• 54) Functions of Large Intestine
• 58) Deglutition
• 65) Mastication
• 73) Movements of Stomach
• 80) Enteric Nervous system
• 90) Movements of small Intestine
• 102) Defecation Reflex
• 109) Stool
2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 3
4. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 4
Histology of Digestive Tract
• From oesophagus onwards, the digestive tract
show 4 layers –
• 1) Serous layer (outermost)
• 2) Muscular layer consists of longitudinal &
circular muscle fibres
• 3) Sub mucous layer
• 4) Mucous layer.
5. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 5
Salivary Glands
• Salivary glands secrete saliva
• 1) Submaxillary (submandibular) glands --
open through Wharton duct at side of frenum of
tongue at the floor of the mouth
• 2) Parotid gland - open through stenson’s duct
to opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth,
• 3) Sublingual glands open through ducts of
Rivinus (10 - 12 ducts) at side of frenum of
tongue, at the floor of the mouth.
6. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 6
Functions of Liver - 1
• 1) In Connection With Blood & Circulation
• RBC formation, in foetal life
• RBC destruction in adult life
• Store house of blood & regulates blood volume
• Manufactures prothrombin & fibrinogen (
clotting factors)
• Mast cells form heparin & prevent intravascular
clotting
7. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 7
Functions of Liver -2
• 2) Related to activity of its R.E. system in
immune mechanism
• It transfers blood from portal to systemic
circulation
• Manufactures all plasma proteins
• Stores iron, haematinic factor Vit. B12 &
copper & thus helps in the formation of red cells
& haemoglobin
• Hepatic & portal circulation control
8. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 8
Functions of Liver – 3
• 3) Manufactures Bile
• Bile acids in conjugation with glycerin & taurine
form the compounds –
• Bile salts –
• Glycochloric acid &
• Taurocholic acid respectively
• Bile salts --- emulsification of fats
9. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 9
Functions of Liver -- 4
• 4) Relation With Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Converts non glucose monosaccharides into
glucose
• Converts lactic acid, pyruvic acid & glycerol
into glucose & also glycogen
• Stores carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
• Takes part in blood sugar regulation
10. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 10
Functions of Liver -- 5
• Manufactures fats from carbohydrates
etc
• Alchohol metabolism –
• The liver is the main seat of alcohol
metabolism
• The direct effect of alcohol may be
alcoholic fatty liver
11. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 11
Functions of Liver –6
• 5) Relation With Fat Metabolism
• It stores fat
• It helps in the oxidation of fat, releasing
energy in the form of A.T.P
• Site of synthesis of cholesterol from
acetate
12. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 12
Functions of Liver -- 7
• Synthesizes fats from carbohydrates &
proteins
• It is the seat of ketone body formation
• Unused free fatty acid (FFA) released
from fat depot is converted to
triglycerides & other lipids to meet energy
requirement
13. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 13
Functions of Liver -- 8
• In a carbohydrate deficiency, the fat
metabolism in the liver is increased & fat
is partially converted to glucose or
glycogen
• Fat soluble vitamins, eg. - A, D, E & K
are stored here
14. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 14
Functions of Liver -- 9
• 5) Relation With Protein Metabolism
• Synthesis of some amino acids takes place
here
• Plasma proteins are manufactured here
except immune globulin
• Main seat of urea & uric acid formation
• It is the seat of specific dynamic action of protein
• It is the seat of nitrogen metabolism
15. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 15
Functions of Liver --10
• 6) Hormone Metabolism
• Reduces the circulating adrenal cortical &
sex hormones by degradation &
conjugation
• Inactivation of insulin, glucageon, anti -
diuretic hormones (ADH) & anterior
pituitary tropic hormones etc. occur
here
16. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 16
Functions of Liver -- 11
• 7) Relation With Vitamins
• Manufactures prothrombin with the help of
vit. K
• It forms vit. A from carotene & stores vit. A &
D
• Chronic liver disease is always associated with
folic acid deficiency
17. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 17
Functions of Liver -- 12
• 8) Excretory Functions
• Certain heavy metals are temporarily
fixed by the liver cells, which are then
excreted in the bile
• Various toxins, bacteria & drugs are
excreted through bile
• Cholesterol & bile pigments are excreted
in the bile.
18. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 18
Functions of Liver - 13
• 9) Detoxicating & Protective Functions
• The liver is the site of detoxication of
different toxic substances either produced
in the body or taken along with food.
• 10) Takes Part In Heat Regulation
• The liver produces a large amount of heat
& takes part in heart regulation.
19. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 19
Complex to Simpler molecules
• In digestive system, due to action of different
enzymes & chemicals (Bile, HCL) complex
molecules break up & simpler molecules are
formed
• Carbohydrates → Glucose
• Protein → Amino acid
• Fats → Fatty acid & glycerol
29. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 29
Saliva Secretions- Phases
• a) Cephalic phase - saliva increases after
thought of food or sight of food.
• b) Oral phase - It is most important. It is due to
contact of food with Taste buds. Signals pass to
brain from these Taste buds (Gustatory
pathway)
• c) Gastric phase - Presence of food in stomach
increases salivary secretions. After eating spicy
food, saliva increases, as a protective
mechanism
36. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 36
Special Notes
• 4) Ferrous iron can only be absorbed &
this form is needed for hemoglobin
formation.
• Iron preparation is always given with
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) vitamin C keeps
iron in ferrous form.
• 5) Proteins that we eat are polypeptide
(amino acid linkage) Due to pepsin break
down of this linkage takes place
37. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 37
Special Notes
• 6) Mucin is alkaline & sticky. It forms the
buffer coat on gastric mucosa.
• In gastric mucosa rapid mitosis takes
place. Above facts prevent ulceration in
stomach (Peptic ulcer)
• 99% of ulcers occur in duodenum
because there is no protective
mechanism.
38. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 38
Special Notes
• 7) Presence of food & distention of
stomach causes afferent sensation.
Hence vagotomy is the surgical treatment
in peptic ulcer (afferent & efferent both
are cut)
• 8) In duodenum ulcers mid night pain is
common (i.e. after 2 ½ to 3 hr. after eating
pain starts. That means when food comes
in duodenum from stomach pain starts.)
39. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 39
Special Notes
• 9) HCl maintains appetite . Hence hyper
acidity patients eat frequently. In hyper
acidity patient gastric emptying time is also
shorter.
• 10) Gastric moments are affected by type
of food
• More acidic food - fast emptying time
• More carbohydrates or protein - faster emptying
time
40. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 40
Special Notes
• More fats - delayed emptying time
• (Reason - Due to fatty food CCK
hormone is stimulated. This hormone
inhibits gastrin, hence motility is
reduced.)
41. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 41
3) Pancreatic secretion
(Tubulo acinar gland)
• 1) Trypsinogen
• 2) Chymotrypsinogen
• 3) P. Amylase
• 4) P Lipase
• 5) Trypsin inhibitor
• 6) HCO3 / Na & K
44. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 44
Note
• 1) Enterokinase enzyme is present in
Duodenum (intestinal juice)
• which converts inactive enzyme
(Trypsinogen) into active form Trypsin
• 2) In pancreas, enzymes are not in active
form - Due to trypsin inhibitor. Enzymes
get activated when they come in
duodenum
45. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 45
Note
• 3) When trypsin inhibitor is absent Auto
digestion of Pancrease takes place
• This condition is called as Acute
Pancreatitis
• This case is of acute abdomen. Patient
get severe stabbing pain in the epigastric
region, referred to back. Alcohol
consumption is predisposing factor
46. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 46
4) Bile secretion
• Bile is formed in Liver
• Stored in gall - bladder
• Through the bile duct it enters into
duodenum
47. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 47
Contents of Bile
• i) Bile salts (Sodium taurocolate,
Sodium glycolate)
• ii) Bile pigments (Bilirubin & Biliverdin)
• iii) Cholesterol (ester)
• iv) HCO- 3 (Na & K)
48. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 48
Function of Bile Salt
• Emulsification of fats (Big fat molecules
are broken down into smaller particles.)
Hence surface area increases, so action of
Lipase becomes easier)
• Note - In urine examination test for Bile
salt (Sulphur test) is based on this
information.
50. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 50
Control of bile secretion
• Due to CCK hormone, Gall bladder
contraction increases
• Note - Bile does not contain any
enzyme
• 1) But still it is very necessary for fat
digestion (for action of Lipase enzyme) by
emulsification of fat
51. Bile & Gall Stones
• 2) Pathologically -
• Gall stones can cause Obstructive
jaundice
• Gall stones are common in fat, fertile,
female of forty complaining of flatulence
• (Remember as ‘ Five F’)
2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 51
52. 5) Intestinal Juice – Succus Entericus
Raw Enzyme Final Product
Maltose Maltase Glucose
Lactose Lactase Glucose
Sucrose Sucrase Glucose
Polypeptide or
Dipeptide
Erepsin Amino acid
Trigycerides Lipase FFA & Glycerol
2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 52
53. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 53
Large intestinal functions
• 1) Absorption of water, electrolytes (Cl, HCO-
3)
• 2) Colonic bacteria - They synthesize Vit. B12 &
Vit. K.
• 3) Mucous – secreted by Goblet cells .
• Mucous is lubricant & avoids friction of faecal
matter with delicate mucosa of large intestine
• Mucous is sticky .So it collects undigested
particles together & helps in formation of faeces
54. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 54
Large intestinal functions
• Mucous is alkaline .So it neutralizes acids
which are produced by bacteria in large
intestine
• 4) Movements of large intestine push
undigested food ahead into the rectum &
given out by defecation reflex
• 5) Heavy metal salts can be excreted
through large intestine ,if there is
poisoning
56. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 56
Movements of GI tract
• Deglutition
• 1) Process of swallowing of food
• 2) Phases
• i) Oral phase
• ii) Pharyngeal phase
• iii) Oesophageal phase.
57. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 57
Deglutition- i) Oral Phase
• Masticated food is mixed with saliva
• Bolus is pushed back to pharynx, by
movement of tongue
• This phase is voluntarily controlled by
muscle of tongue ---
• (Supplied by Hypoglossal nerve)
58. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 58
ii) Pharyngeal phase - Involuntary
• Events are
• a) Elevation of trachea
• b) Epiglottis falls on tracheal opening,
to close it
• c) Nasopharynx is closed by contraction of
muscle of soft palate.
59. ii) Pharyngeal phase - Involuntary
• d) Pharyngo - oesophageal sphincter
opens
•
• e) Vocal cords are approximated
•
• f) In all these events, respiration stops
temporarily (Deglutition Apnoea)
2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 59
60. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 60
Deglutition - Control
• Reflex mechanism
• Presence of food in pharynx, stimulate touch
receptors
• Afferent impulses travel via 9th, 10th & 5th
cranial nerves to the brainstem
• Deglutition centre is situated in medulla.
Efferent impulses come through 9th, 10th & 11th
cranial nerves & bring about synchronized
events of this phase
61. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 61
iii) Deglutition - Oesophageal Phase
• Involuntary phase -- 2 components
• a) Primary peristalsis - due to activity of
pacemaker at pharyngo - oesophageal centre.
• b) Secondary peristalsis - presence of food
causes distension of oesophagus. Afferent
impulses travel via Vagus nerve. From Vagus
center efferent impulses come via Vagus nerve
& increase peristalsis.
62. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 62
Deglutition
• When food reaches cardiac sphincter, it
opens by receptive relaxation
• Food enters into stomach & sphincter
closes back
• This prevents regurgitation
63. 2/15/2018 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 63
Deglutition - Pathology
• 1)Dysphagia - Difficulty in deglution
• Main cause - Cancer of oesophagus. Also
occurs in ‘Achalasia cardia - when cardiac
sphincter is not relaxing properly
• 2)Regurgitation of food from nose or into
Trachea (Causing coughing reflex)
• This can happen if nerves are damaged near
pharynx - Pharyngeal phase cannot occur in
synchronized manner (eg. Diphtheria)
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2) Mastication
• Definition - Process of grinding of food
under teeth
• Teeth functions –
• Incisors - To cut the food
• Molars & premolars - Mastication
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Function of Mastication
• Big food particles are converted to small
particles
• Surface area increases & digestive
enzymes can act better.
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Muscles of mastication
• 1) Temporalis - Originates from temporal
bone & is inserted on mandible. Fan
shaped muscle.
• 2) Masseter - Originates from maxillary
part of bone & is inserted on mandible.
• Functions - These muscles when contract
upward movement of jaw takes place
which helps in grinding
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Muscles of mastication
• 3) Medial & lateral Pterygoid - Located
on inner side of mouth. Due to these
muscles side to side movement of jaw
occurs which helps in grinding
• All these muscles are supplied by -
Mandibular branch of „Trigeminal
nerve‟
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Mastication Reflex
• This is stretch reflex
• Due to presence of food bolus in the
mouth jaw drops down. Stretch receptors
in the muscles of mastication are
stimulated
• Afferent impulses go through trigeminal
nerve - to its motor nucleus in pons
69. Mastication Reflex
• Efferent impulses again via mandibular
nerve give signals to the muscle to
contract. Jaw is elevated
• Process occurs again & again
automatically
• This process can also controlled
voluntarily, by motor cortex. We can
stop or start the act of mastication
voluntarily
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70. Mastication -- Pathology
• Injury or pain or stiffness of TM joint -
movement of mastication suffers
• In Tetanus there is a spasm of muscles of
mastication - leading to „locked jaw‟ &
mastication reflex suffers
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71. Mastication - Pathology
• If molars, premolars are in inadequate
number - i.e. in the old age → mastication
suffers
• If tongue is injured, mastication suffers
because for mastication, movements of
tongue are helpful to push the food under
teeth.
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72. 3) Movements of stomach
• 1) When food enters into stomach it
undergoesfood is stored receptive
relaxation. Then
• 2) Mixing waves & propulsive waves
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73. 3) Movements of stomach
• Mixing waves are initiated at rate of every
20 sec. & are due BER (Basic Electrical
Rhythm). This helps to mixed the food with
gastric juice.
• Then waves start moving down from
fundus to pylorus. They become powerful
which increases pressure of antral
contents.
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74. Emptying of stomach
• Antral peristalsis (Pyloric pump) &
relaxation of pyloric sphincter, releases
gastric contents to duodenum
• In stomach food is stored for 2 to 2&1/2
hrs. It is called as “Gastric emptying
time”
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75. Emptying of stomach
• It can be studied by „Barium Meal
examination -- BA swallow
• Waves of BER, become 5 to 6 times
powerful which push fluid food (Chyme)
towards pylorus. This is called „Pyloric
pump activity‟
• Emptying of stomach is proportionate to
the volume of food
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76. Factors, which modify, gastric emptying
• Stomach factors
• Food in the stomach try to hasten gastric
emptying. Stimulation of vagus
increases pyloric pump activity & also
causes relaxation of sphincter
• Hormone gastrin also has the same
effect
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77. Factors, which modify, gastric emptying
• Duodenal factors
• With feed back inhibition, distention of
duodenum stimulates local nerve
plexuses, which inhibit gastric
emptying
• Duodenal hormones like GIP & CCK - PZ
cause inhibition of gastrin & inhibit gastric
emptying
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78. Factors, which modify, gastric emptying
• Fatty food -- Delays gastric emptying.
• Chilly food, Protein food has got quick
emptying effect
• In pyloric stenosis (which is a
complication of chronic duodenal ulcer)
Gastric emptying is delayed.
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79. Enteric nervous system
• Nerve supply to Gastrointestinal Tract
• There are 2 types of Nerve supply
•
• 1) Intrinsic Nerve supply
• 2) Extrinsic Nerve supply
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80. 1) Intrinsic Nerve supply
• Enteric Nerve system is present within the
wall of Digestive tract from oesophagus to
anus
• Nerve fibers form 2 networks as
• i) Auerbach Plexus
• ii) Meissner Plexus.
• These plexuses contain stretch & chemo receptors
.Enteric Nervous system is controlled by Extrinsic
nerves.
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81. 1) Auerbach Plexus
• Called as Myenteric Nerve plexus
• It is present in between inner circular
muscle layer & outer longitudinal
muscle layer
• Main function is to regulate the
movements of GI Tract
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82. 1) Auerbach Plexus
• Some nerve fibres accelerate the
movements by secreting excitatory
neurotransmitter like Ach, Serotonin,
Substance P.
• Other fibres inhibit the GI motility by
secreting the inhibitory neurotransmitter
like vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
(VIP), Neurotensin, enkephalin
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83. 2) Meissner Nerve Plexus
• Called as sub mucous Nerve Plexus
• Present in between the muscular & sub
mucosal layer of GI Tract
• Function is to regulate secretory
functions of Digestive Tract
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84. 2) Extrinsic Nerve supply
• Both Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
divisions innervate the GI Tract
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85. Sympathetic Nerve Fibres
• Preganglionic fibres arise from lateral
horns of spinal cord between 5th
thoracic & 2nd lumber segments
• They terminate in the celiac & mesenteric
ganglia
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86. Sympathetic Nerve Fibres
• Sympathetic nerve fibres inhibit the
movements & decrease the secretions of
GI Tract
• This happens due to neurotransmitter
Noradrenaline .There is also constriction
of sphincters
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87. Parasympathetic Nerve fibres
• They pass through some of cranial & sacral
nerves
• Nerve fibres to mouth & salivary glands pass
through facial & glossopharyngeal nerves
• Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres to
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine & upper
part of large intestine pass through Vagus
nerve
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88. Parasympathetic Nerve fibres
• Preganglionic fibres to lower part of large
intestine arise from 2nd ,3rd ,4th sacral
segments & pass through Pelvic nerve
• Parasympathetic nerve fibres
accelerate the movements & increase
the secretions of GI Tract, with
Neurotransmitter Ach.
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89. Movements of small intestine
• Peristalsis - Definition
• Wave of relaxation, followed by wave of
contraction. This is the basic property of all
tubular structures
• In intestine it is more prominent due to
Myenteric plexus
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90. Types of movement
• 1) Mixing movement - Only 1 segments
contracts & relaxes (Segmental peristalsis)
• Wave is not spreading to the next segment
• Food is mixed with digestive juices
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91. Types of movement
• 2) Propulsive waves –
• Spread from one segment to another &
food is pushed ahead & ahead
• Speed = 5 to 6 hrs are required to reach
the food from duodenum to Caecum
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92. Types of movement
• 3) Rush peristalsis –
• When irritation of mucosa, high segments
contracts & large quantity of food is
pushed ahead
• Structures lined by smooth muscle
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93. Types of movement
• 4) Antiperistalsis –
• Normally wave of peristalsis - From oral to
rectal direction
• But when there is excessive irritation
(Gastro - enteritis, food poisoning,
obstruction) –
• Waves move in opposite direction,
leading to vomiting
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94. Movements of Villi
• Due to movement of sub mucosa of
intestine thin coat of muscle contract due
to presence of food & distension of small
intestine
• Villi movement help in absorption
process
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95. Role of ilio cecal valve
• It allows unidirectional movement of
food
• Contents of cecum cannot regurgitate
back
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96. Causes of Peristalsis
• 1) Role of Nerves
• i) Role of Myenteric plexus (Intrinsic
supply)
• In muscularis layer of intestine this plexus
is present. Presence of food & distention
of intestine stimulate this plexus & they
send signal to smooth muscle -increasing
movement. This is called as local reflex/
myenteric reflex.
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97. Causes of Peristalsis
• ii) Role of sympathetic &
parasympathetic nerves (Extrinsic
supply)
• Parasympathetic nerves - increases the
peristalsis.
• Sympathetic nerves - decreases
peristalsis.
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98. Causes of Peristalsis
• iii) Role of Hormones
•
• CCKPZ, Gastrin, Serotonin etc.
hormones directly act on smooth muscle &
increase peristalsis
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99. Functions of Peristalsis
• 1) Mixing of food with digestive juices.
• 2) Push the food on absorptive surfaces,
to facilitate absorption
• 3) Undigested food is pushed to large
intestine.
• 4) To increase the blood supply of
intestine.
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100. Peristalsis - Pathology
• In cholera, food poisoning - peristalsis is
stimulated excessively - which causes
loose motion & dehydration
• Postoperatively or due to
anticholinergic drug (Tab Baralgan, Tab
Spasmindon) - Movements are reduced
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101. Defecation Reflex
• Reflex of evacuation of Rectum
• Basically spinal reflex but influenced by
cortical areas
• Normally rectum is empty + external anal
sphincter is tonically closed
• When faecal matter accumulates in rectum
,wall is streached
• Stretch receptors in the wall are
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102. Defecation Reflex
• Impulses go via sensory nerves in spinal
cord & then to brain by ascending tracts
• Person is awarded of fullness of rectum
• Motor center is located in precentral
gyrus near the area of muscle thigh
• Motor signals come to spinal cord
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103. Defecation Reflex
• Then via motor nerves & parasympathetic
nerves ,signals are given to rectum ,causing
it‟s contraction
• At the same time external anal sphincter relaxes
• Abdominal muscles also contract
• Pelvic diaphragm is elevated
• This help in complete evacuation of rectum
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104. Defecation Reflex
• In child ,reflex is automatic & occurs at
spinal cord level ,because tracts are not
myelinated
• After the age of one & half year ,tracts
ate myelinated & child develops voluntary
control on defaecation
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105. Defecation Reflex
• It is habituated in every person
•
• Taking of morning tea facilitates
defaecation in many
• In Spinal cord injuries voluntary control
may be lost on the act of defaecation (
Incontinence)
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106. Faeces
• After the last stage of digestion, after
absorption of water solid or semisolid
waste part is formed which is called as
faeces
• Quantity - Roughly about 150 gm of solid
stool is passed in 24 hours.
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107. Stool - Composition
• If vegetable course cereals & cellulose are excluded
from the diet, the faeces show a fairly constant
components as follows -
• 1) Water - 65 %
• 2) Solid - 35 %
• i) Ash - 15 % (Mainly, Ca, P4, Fe)
• ii) Ether soluble substances (Fat) - 15 %
• iii) Nitrogen - 5 %
• iv) Other - Desquamated epithelial cells, bacteria,
mucous, undigested & unabsorbed food.
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108. Stool
• Reaction - Generally, neutral or acid.
• Colour - Due to the presence of Stercobilin,
derived from the bile pigments
• Odour - Mainly due to aromatic substances like
indole, skatole & also gases like H2S.
• Under normal condition about 500 cc of gas is
passed out per day.
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109. Special notes
• Cellulose serves the important purpose of
increasing the bulk of stool
• Thus stimulating the movement of large
intestine
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110. Faeces formation
• Last stage of digestion in the large
intestine
• The last stage of digestion occurs through
bacterial action & no enzymes are
secreted by the colon. Mucus is secreted
by the glands of the large intestine, but no
enzymes are secreted
• Chyme is prepared for elimination by the
action of bacteria
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111. Faeces formation
• These bacteria ferment any remaining
carbohydrates & release hydrogen, CO2 &
methane gas. These gases contribute to
flatus (Gas) in the colon
• They also convert remaining proteins to
amino acids & breakdown the amino acids
into simpler substances that is indol,
skatole, hydrogen sulphide & fatty acids
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112. Faeces formation
• Some of the Indol & Skatole is carried of
in the faeces & contributes to their odor
• The rest are absorbed & transported to the
liver where they are converted into less
toxic compounds & excreted in the urine
• Bacteria also decompose bilirubin into
simpler pigments (Stercobilinogen)
which gives faeces brown colour
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113. Absorption & faeces formation
• By the time the chyme has remained into
large intestine for 3 - 10 Hr. It becomes
solid or semisolid as a result of absorption
of water & is known as faeces.
• Chemically faeces consist of water,
inorganic salts, sloughed of epithelial
cells from the mucosa of the GI tract,
bacteria, products of bacterial
decomposition & undigested part of food.
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114. Physiology of defecation
• 1) Mass peristaltic movements push
faecal matter from sigmoid colon into the
rectum
• 2) The resulting distension of the rectal
wall stimulates pressure - sensitive
receptor initiating
• Reflex of defecation which results in
emptying of the rectum
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115. Pathology
• 1) Diarrhoea - means frequent defecation of
liquid faeces, caused by increased motility of the
intestine. Since chyme passes too quickly
through the small intestine & faeces pass too
quickly through the large intestine. There is not
enough time for absorption.
• Vomiting & diarrhoea can result in dehydration
& electrolyte imbalance.
• 2) Constipation - means infrequent or difficult
defecation
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