Haemostasis & Blood Groups By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande • This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) What is Haemostasis ? 3 Steps in Blood Clotting 2) 13 Clotting Factors 3) Process of Blood Clotting –Intrinsic & Extrinsic Pathway 4) Blood Group --Landsteiner’s Law 5) Types of Blood Groups 6) Importance of Blood Groups • Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com Phone – 922 68 10 630

1. Haemostasis & Blood Groups
• Presented By –
• Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• (M.D in Ayurvdic Medicine & M.D. in
Ayurvedic Physiology)
• www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• professordeshpande@gmail.com
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2. Haemostasis
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3. Contents of this PPT
• 1) What is Haemostasis ? 3 Steps in Blood
Clotting
• 2) 13 Clotting Factors
• 3) Process of Blood Clotting –Intrinsic &
Extrinsic Pathway
• 4) Blood Group --Landsteiner’s Law
• 5) Types of Blood Groups
• 6) Importance of Blood Groups
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4. Haemostasis
• Haemostasis means stoppage of bleeding.
• Process of clotting of blood
• It consists of following 3 steps –
• i) Vascular spasm.
• ii) Platelet plug formation.
• iii) Clotting
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5. Coagulation factors - Total = 13
• 1) Fibrinogen
• 2) Prothrombin
• 3) Thromboplastin ( Tissue Factor)
• 4) Ca++
• 5) Labile Factor or Proaccelerin
• 6) 6th factor - Not named (Presence has not
been proved)
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6. Coagulation factors - Total = 13
• 7) Proconvertin ( Stable Factor)
• 8) Anti haemophilic factor A
• 9) Christmas factor
• 10) stuart Prower Factor
• 11) Anti haemophilic factor C ( Plasma
Thromboplastin Antecedent )
• 12) Hageman factor ( Contact Factor)
• 13) Fibrin stabilizing factor.( Fibrinase)
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7. Intrinsic Pathway
• Intrinsic Pathway for the Formation of
Prothrombin Activator –
• In this pathway, the formation of prothrombin
activator is initiated by Platelets, which are
within the blood itself
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8. Extrinsic Pathway
• Extrinsic Pathway for the Formation of
Prothrombin Activator –
• In this pathway, the formation of prothrombin
activator is initiated by the tissue
Thromboplastin, which is formed from the
injured tissues.
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9. Clotting Process
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10. Applied Part
• Investigations for Haemostasis
• Normal values –
• B. T. = 2 - 3 min.
• C. T. = 4 - 9 min.
• P. T = 10 - 25 sec. (P. T. = Prothrombin Time)
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11. Why B. T. < C. T. ?
• B. T. is time interval between skin puncture
and arrest of bleeding. Bleeding is arrested
quickly by vascular spasm and platelet plug
formation.
• C. T. is interval between skin puncture and
formation of clot. Formation of clot occurs by
Multiple reactions (Enzyme cascade) and so,
it takes a longer time
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12. BT -- When High ?
• Conditions in which B. T. ↑
• Thrombocytopenic Purpura and vascular
purpura.
• Normal Thrombocyte or platelet count = 2.5
to 4. 5 laks/cmm
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13. Conditions in which C. T. ↑
• Haemophilia - Due to lack of
Antihaemophillic Globullin (Factor 8 and 11)
• Obstructive Jaundice - Because in absence of
Bile, vit. K is not absorbed from Intestine.
From vitamin k - Pro - thrombin is synthesized.
Due to deficiency of prothrombia, clotting will
be delayed.
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14. Conditions in which C. T. ↑
• Liver disease (Cirrhosis, cancer) - Due to
disturbance of Prothrombin and fibrinogen
forming functions of liver
• New born baby - Due to low prothrombin
level, during early days of life
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15. When BT ,CT is done ?
• 1) Pre Operative
• 2) When we suspect any bleeding disorders
• 3) Before Panchakarma –Leech Application for
Raktamokshan or blood letting
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16. Blood Group
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17. Blood groups
• Landsteiner’s Law
• Antibodies present in plasma is of opposite
type as that of Antigen on RBC
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18. Blood groups
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19. Blood Group Importance
• i) Before Blood transfusion → Grouping and
Cross matching of donor and Recipient
• ii) Identifying paternity
• iii) To identify criminals
• iv) In Rh – ve, pregnant lady, to avoid the
problem of Erythroblastosis foetalis.
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20. Erythroblastosis foetalis
• First one should know that anti D antibodies
do not exist naturally.
• They are produced
• a) Only by Rh – ve person
• b) When Rh +ve Blood is given to him.
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21. Erythroblastosis foetalis
• Now in Rh – ve lady, if Rh +ve baby in uterus.
At birth +ve cells of baby escape to mother.
• Mother develops anti -D antibodies
• (First baby may escape from complications).
Antibodies remain in circulation of mother.
• When next pregnancy occur and the child is
Rh+ve, then in the child’s blood Rh Antigen of
self and Rh antibodies coming through
mother’s blood, will react with each other.
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22. Erythroblastosis foetalis
• Haemolysis occurs, Jaundiced baby. If
reaction is severe, Miscarriage, Abortion also
can occur.
• In this type of High Risk Pregnancy – Anti D
Inj. is given to mother, to avoid sensitization
by foetal blood.
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23. Other Blood Groups
• LEWIS BLOOD GROUP --first found in a subject
named Mrs Lewis.
• The antigens, named Lewis antigens are
formed in the tissues, released in the body
secretions and then absorbed by the RBC
membrane.
• These antigens are also known as secretor
antigens.
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24. LEWIS BLOOD GROUP
• Presence of Lewis antigens in children create
complications like retarded growth.
• Also it can cause transfusion reactions .
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25. MNS BLOOD GROUPS
• Determined by their reactions with anti-M,
anti-N and anti-S.
• But rarely cause any problem like hemolysis
following transfusion
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26. Different Blood Group system
• Diego group
• Bombay group
• Duffy group
• Lutheran group
• P group
• Kell group
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27. What is cross matching of blood ?
• Blood is collected from donor and recipient.
Plasma and red cells are separated in each.
• Then Donor’s cells are mixed with Recipient’s
plasma (major cross).
• Recipients cells are matched with Donor’s plasma
(minor cross).
• This is called cross matching.
• If there is No Agglutination - in either of the
cases above, recipient can safely receive donor’s
blood.
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28. Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion
• 1) Agglutination of Donor’s RBC in recipients
circulation
• 2) Agglutinated cells may block certain vessels,
leading to Tissue Ischaemia
• 3) Agglutinated RBCs get haemolysed - leading
to greater breakdown of Hb and greater
formation of bile pigments - causing
“Haemolytic Jaundice”
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29. Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion
• 4) Haemolysis of RBC also causes
Haemoglobinaemia (increased amount of
circulating Hb in blood).
• This free Hb gets excreted into renal tubules,
forming Acid Haematin, which blocks renal
tubules - Anuria or renal shutdown - uraemia -
shock - unconsciousness - may be lethal (if
untreated).
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30. Distribution of Blood Group
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31. Donor & Recipient
• O Group - Universal donor
• AB Group - Universal recipient
• Why O - Universal donor ?
• Because their RBC do not carry any Antigen (so
no problem of Antigen - Antibody reaction)
• Why AB - Universal recipient ?
• Because No Antibodies in their serum.
• (So no problem of Antigen - Antibody Reaction)
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32. Susceptibility to disease
• i) Group A - Diabetes, cancer of stomach
• ii) Group O - Peptic ulcer
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33. Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• Sharing of Knowledge
• FOR
• Propagating Ayurved
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