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Digestive system master honors2016
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- 2. What isdigestion? What happens to food after you swallow it? How does your digestive system work? What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? What are the organs of the digestive system? (in order) How does each digestive system organ relate to each other? What are accessory organs? How do they contribute to the digestive system? What role do enzymes play in digestion? What is a nutrient? How does your body get the necessary nutrients it needs to survive. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 3. How canthe digestive system be negatively affected? What are some disorders that effect the digestive system? 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 4. Nutrition Roughage Ingestion Digestion -mechanical and chemical Egestion – defacation, feces! Absorption Tract Alimentary Canal Mouth ◦ Teeth ◦ Tongue ◦ Saliva Esophagus Peristalsis Epiglottis Stomach ◦ Cardiac and pyloric sphincter ◦ Hydrochloric acid Small Intestine ◦ Villi ◦ Microvilli ◦ Lacteal Large Intestine ◦ Colon ◦ Rectum Gall Bladder Liver Pancreas Appendix 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 5. Nutrient –substances in foods that the human body can digest. ◦ Uses for metabolism Roughage – “dietary fiber” indigestible material that passes through the digestive system Needed for proper digestive muscle function. Proper “elimination” of food wastes. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 6. What arethe four organic molecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids MUST BE DIGESTED TO BE ABSORBED AND USED BY THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM! 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 8. What arethe three inorganic molecule that you take in as part of food? Water Vitamins Minerals Are small molecules that can be absorbed without needing to be digested! 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 9. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham Essential Vitaminsand Minerals
- 10. What areenzymes? How do they work? Enzymes are proteins that lower the energy of activation and allow chemical reactions to occur within living organisms. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 12. What isdigestion? Breaking food down into smaller molecules. This can be done by physically pounding the molecules, or chemically breaking the molecules apart. What is the medical term for anything digestive? ◦ GASTRO – Greek Origin What sort of molecules help with chemical digestion? ◦ Enzymes Which reaction is involved in digestion, hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis? ◦ Hydrolysis 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 13. What isthe difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion? Intracellular digestion occurs within the cell. It occurs in most plants and protists Extracellular digestion occurs outside of the cell. Occurs in animals and fungi Comparative digestion in different animals… 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 18. 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion(enzymatic hydrolysis) 3. Absorption 4. Assimilation 5. Egestion 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 19. Physical digestion– caused by movement Chemical Digestion – enzymes, water, acids Accessory glands: ◦ Salivary glands ◦ Pancreas ◦ Liver ◦ Gallbladder 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 24. Organs Includes: ◦Tongue – mixes/moves chewed food ◦ Teeth – breaks food down ◦ Enzymes: Salivary Amylase – begins digestion of polysaccharides (starch). ◦ Chewed and swallowed food: Bolus 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 29. Tract –the continuous tube from the esophagus to rectum (alimentary canal) Pharynx – begins digestive tract ◦ Receives air from the nasal cavities and food from the mouth ◦ Epiglottis – prevents food from moving into the trachea ◦ Swallowing A reflex action Soft palate closes off the nasopharynx Trachea moves up causing the epiglottis to cover the glottis 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 31. Muscular tube…connectsmouth to stomach. (epiglottis) PERISTALSIS – (rhythmic) muscular movement of food thru the digestive tract after swallowing. No chemical action. No digestion. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 33. J –shaped muscular organ. Thick walled Chemical and physical digestion Sphincter – cardiac and pyloric Stores food Begins protein digestion. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 35. Stomach lining: ◦Secretes mucous (pyloric gland) Contains Gastric Glands: ◦ Secretes HCl – activates pepsin; kills bacteria. ◦ Secretes Pepsin (gastric protease) begins protein digestion. Stomach processes food in 2-6 hours Semisolid food: chyme. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 36. Small diameter….6.5meters long Some physical; mostly chemical digestion. Receives secretions from the liver/ gall bladder and pancreas. 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Absorption of nutrients begins in the lining of the small intestine. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 38. When foodis present: ◦ Peristalsis occurs to: Squeeze chyme through the small intestine Mix chyme and enzymes physical digestion Speed up absorption – allows digested nutrients to contact inner SI wall. Duodenum – most chemical digestion Pancreas – secretes liquid to neutralize acidic chyme. (duct) 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 40. Protein – Trypsin (pancreas) continues protein digestion. Peptidase (small intestine) completes protein digestion Fat – Bile – (liver) not an enzyme. Breaks down large fat molecules – emulsify – increase surface area for enzyme action Lipase – (pancreas) digests fats. Carbohydrates Amylase (pancreas) continues starch digestion Maltase, lactase, sucrase (small intestine) completes carbohydrate digestion (into glucose). 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 42. Wall ofthe small intestine has circular folds with fingerlike projections, called VILLI. The epithelial cells of each villus have extensions called microvilli. Function: ◦ increase the small intestine's surface area for nutrient absorption. Each Villus blood vessels ( amino acid, glucose, vitamin, mineral absorption) Lacteals ( fat absorption) 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 44. Occurs atthe cell level Nutrients converted into the substances the body needs to survive…. ◦ Glucose – ATP ◦ Amino Acids – Protein ◦ Fats – Cell Membranes 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 45. Larger diameter…shortertube (1.5m) Main Sections: Colon and Rectum No Digestion! Functions: ◦ Reabsorbs water. ◦ Absorption of some vitamins from intestinal bacteria (K and B) ◦ Elimination (egestion) of Waste (Feces) 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 48. Largest gland inthe body – 4 “lobes” Functions: ◦ Filters blood of “poisons” ◦ Maintains blood glucose levels (glycogen) ◦ Produces bile 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 50. Attached toliver. Stores bile 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 51. Produces enzymesand hormones Enzymes for all major food groups Enzymes travel to Sm. Intestine through ducts. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 53. Constipation –condition by which feces is eliminated infrequently and with difficulty. Excess removal of water Slow peristalsis Diarrhea – occurs when too little water is removed Often associated with infection Can result in severe dehydration 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 54. Open soreson the interior wall of the digestive tract. Usually in the stomach or small intestine. Usually associated with the over-production of gastric juices. 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 55. Infection ofthe appendix Sometimes caused by a small blockage of feces which causes a bacteria buildup. An infected appendix that bursts can be fatal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
- 56. Small, hard particlesof cholesterol that block the bile duct (in the gall bladder.) 02/05/18 17:39cottingham
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- 58. The Wallof the Digestive Tract ◦ Muscularis- Two layers of smooth muscle Longitudinal, outer layer runs along length of gut Circular, inner layer encircles tube ◦ Serosa and Mucosa Serosa - A thin membrane lining the digestive tract – outer Mucosa – lines inner digestive tract – secrete mucus 02/05/18 17:39cottingham