The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of the digestive system, depending on their function.
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule.
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
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The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
Muscle movement plays an important role in day to day life where the contraction and relaxation of muscle is significant. The current slide has been developed with the focus on different phases during muscle contraction and the physiological change involved on it.
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule.
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
Give your like & share with other nursing students.
The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
Muscle movement plays an important role in day to day life where the contraction and relaxation of muscle is significant. The current slide has been developed with the focus on different phases during muscle contraction and the physiological change involved on it.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM anatomy and physiology of Bsc nursing pdf/pptx NS crown
This is PDF anatomy and physiology the book of Bsc nursing.
This is provide better sentence formation to understand the Anatomy and physiology. It's easy to read during your exams day. In this , the language used its very good and understandable.
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system
It is defined as “the process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to systemic circulation.”
Absorption can also be defined as “the process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to the site of measurement i.e.plasma
Thus both the rate & the extent of drug absorption are important.
The oral route of drug administration is the most common for systemically acting drugs & therefore more emphasis will be given to gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of drugs .
Digestive system
a) Anatomy and physiology of GIT
b) Anatomy and functions of accessory glands of GIT
c) Digestion and absorption
d) Disorders of GIT (definitions only)
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders (gastroparesis [delayed gastric emptying due to partial paralysis of the stomach muscles], constipation, and diarrhea), and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a class of analgesic medication that reduces pain, fever and inflammation. Since most episodes of back pain involve inflammation, NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen are often an effective treatment option.
Body fluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living humans. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body. Human blood, body fluids, and other body tissues are widely recognised as vehicles for the transmission of human disease.
Human Anatomy and Physiology are the branches of biology that concerns with forms (structures) and functions of human body. ANATOMY- Study of structure of whole body and individual parts (organs) and their correlation with each other.
The new corona virus is a respiratory virus which spreads primarily through droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose. To protect yourself, clean your hands frequently with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water.
oint: The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body parts to move. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage.
The lymph node is a small bean-shaped object which factors in the body's immune system. Lymph nodes clean out substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain white blood cells that are the body's defense when fighting off ailments. There are many lymph nodes found throughout the body.
Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of any living thing. Each cell is a small container of chemicals and water wrapped in a membrane. There are 100 trillion cells in a human, and each contains all of the genetic information necessary to manufacture a human being.
Air pollution is terrible for our children. Every single scientist, every single doctor will tell you the same thing: Air pollution damages our children's brains, their hearts, and their lungs.
Water is very important. But some peoples can’t understand the importance of water. Who are very rich but they are poor without a water. So let’s give a message’SAVE WATER TO SAVE LIFE’
The reproductive system is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and, in females, the carrying of a fetus. Both male and female reproductive systems have organs called gonads that produce gametes.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
BASIC STRUCTURE
The gastrointestinal tract is a muscular tube lined by a
special layer of cells, called epithelium.
The contents of the tube are considered external to the
body and are in continuity with the outside world at the
mouth and the anus.
Although each section of the tract has specialised
functions, the entire tract has a similar basic structure
with regional variations.
5. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
The wall is divided into four layers as follows:
MUCOSA
The innermost layer of the digestive tract has specialised
epithelial cells supported by an underlying connective tissue
layer called the lamina propria.
The lamina propria contains blood vessels, nerves,
lymphoid tissue and glands that support the mucosa.
Depending on its function, the epithelium may be simple (a
single layer) or stratified (multiple layers).
Areas such as the mouth and oesophagus are covered by
a stratified squamous (flat) epithelium so they can survive
the wear and tear of passing food. Simple columnar (tall) or
glandular epithelium lines the stomach and intestines to aid
secretion and absorption.
The inner lining is constantly shed and replaced, making it
one of the most rapidly dividing areas of the body! Beneath
the lamina propria is the muscularis mucosa. This comprises
layers of smooth muscle which can contract to change the
shape of the lumen.
6. Layers of Tissue Within the Mucosa
Since the mucosa is the innermost layer within the GI
tract, it surrounds an open space known as the lumen.
Food, mucus, and digestive juices pass through the
lumen, and the mucosa comes in direct contact with
digested food (chyme).
The mucosa is made up of three layers:
The epithelium is the innermost layer and it is
responsible for most digestive, absorptive, and secretory
processes.
The lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue that is
unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue.
The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth
muscle and its function is still under debate.
7. The mucosae (singular: mucosa) are highly specialized
in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract in order to deal
with different digestive tract conditions. The most
variation is seen in the epithelium tissue layer of the
mucosa.
In the esophagus, the epithelium is stratified,
squamous, and non-keratinizing, for protective purposes.
In the stomach. the epithelium is simple columnar, and
is organized into gastric pits and glands to deal with
secretion.
In the small intestine, the epithelium (particularly the
ileum) is specialized for absorption, with villi and
microvilli increasing surface area.
JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
8. SUBMUCOSA
The submucosa surrounds the muscularis mucosa and
consists of fat, fibrous connective tissue and larger
vessels and nerves.
At its outer margin there is a specialized nerve plexus
called the submucosal plexus or Meissner plexus.
This supplies the mucosa and submucosa.
The Muscularis
The muscularis in the stomach differs from that of other
GI organs in that it has three layers of muscle instead of
two.
Under these muscle layers is the adventitia—layers of
connective tissue that are continuous with the omenta.
JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
9. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
This smooth muscle layer has inner circular and outer
longitudinal layers of muscle fibres separated by the
myenteric plexus or Auerbach plexus.
Neural innervations control the contraction of these
muscles and hence the mechanical breakdown and
peristalsis of the food within the lumen.
10. The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of
connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics,
and nerves that branch into the mucosa and muscularis
externa. It contains Meissner’s plexus, an enteric nervous
plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis
externa.
In the gastrointestinal tract, the submucosa is the layer
of dense irregular connective tissue or loose connective
tissue that supports the mucosa. It also joins the mucosa
to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running
circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle).
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves (all
supplying the mucosa) will run through here. Tiny
parasympathetic ganglia are scattered around forming
the submucosal plexus (or Meissner’s plexus) where
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons create synapses
with the postganglionic nerve fibers that supply the
muscularis mucosae. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
11. Muscularis
The muscularis is responsible for the segmental
contractions and peristaltic movements in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of four
layers of tissue, known as tunics. Each layer has different
structures and functions. From the inside out they are
called the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and
serosa.
JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
12. Structure of the Muscularis Externa
The muscularis externa is responsible for segmental
contractions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract. These
muscles cause food to move and churn together with
digestive enzymes down the GI tract. The muscularis
externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal
outer muscular layer. It should not be confused with a thin
layer of muscle known as the muscularis mucosa, which lies
within the submucosa, a layer of tissue adjacent to the
muscularis externa.
The muscularis mucosa is made up of smooth muscle, and
is most prominent in the stomach.
Within the muscularis externa, the circular muscle layer
prevents food from traveling backward, while the
longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly
longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are
helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical
with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a
much shallower pitch. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
14. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called
peristalsis. Between the two muscle layers is the
myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus, which controls
peristalsis.
Peristaltic activity is regulated by these nerve cells, and
the rate of peristalsis can be modulated by the rest of the
autonomic nervous system.
The thickness of muscularis externa varies in each part
of the tract. In the colon, for example, the muscularis
externa is much thicker because the feces are large and
heavy, and require more force to push along.
The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into
three discontinuous longitudinal bands known as tiniae
coli (bands of the colon).
This is one of the three features helping to distinguish
between the large and small intestine.
JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
15. Occasionally in the large intestine (two to three times a
day), there will be mass contraction of certain segments,
moving a lot of feces along. This is generally when one
gets the urge to defecate.
The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the
inner circular layer: the pyloric sphincter. Alone among
the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscularis
externa. This is the inner oblique layer, and helps churn
the chyme in the stomach
JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
16. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
SEROSA/MESENTERY
The outer layer of the GIT is formed by fat and another
layer of epithelial cells called mesothelium.
The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the
abdomen and chest, including the stomach.
This layer of visceral peritoneum invests the organ to a
varying extent depending on the particular segment of
the organ and its mesenteric attachments.
17. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
The Serous Membrane
In anatomy, the serous membrane (or serosa) is a
smooth membrane that consists of a thin connective
tissue layer and a thin layer of cells that secrete serous
fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body
cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a
lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle
movements.
Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective
tissue layer that binds together structures rather than
reduces friction between them.
18. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory
epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath.
The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a
single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (simple
squamous epithelium) that produce the lubricating serous
fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus.
These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective
tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood
vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and
also serves as the binding layer that allows the whole
serous membrane to adhere to organs and other
structures.
For the heart, the surrounding serous membranes
include: the outer, inner, parietal pericardium, and
visceral pericardium (epicardium). Other parts of the
body may also have specific names for these structures.
For example, the serosa of the uterus is called the
perimetrium.
19. JNVU PHARMACY, JODHPUR
The pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart), pleural
cavity (surrounding the lungs) and peritoneal cavity
(surrounding most organs of the abdomen) are the three
serous cavities within the human body. While serous
membranes have a lubricative role to play in all three
cavities, in the pleural cavity it has a greater role to play
in the function of breathing.
The serous cavities are formed from the intraembryonic
coelom and are basically an empty space within the body
surrounded by a serous membrane. Early in embryonic
life, visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and
invaginate into the bag-like coelom.
Therefore each organ becomes surrounded by a serous
membrane—they do not lie within the serous cavity. The
layer in contact with the organ is known as the visceral
layer, while the parietal layer is in contact with the body
wall.