The kidneys perform several important functions:
1) They excrete wastes and toxins from the blood in the form of urine, removing substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
2) They help regulate blood pressure, pH, ion composition, glucose levels, and fluid balance by filtering the blood and adjusting urine output.
3) The kidneys also produce hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol that influence red blood cell production and calcium absorption.
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
وظائف الكلى
Función del riñón
Funzione renale
Функция почек
Fonction rénale
Nierenfunktion
كلية الطب
جامعة ابن سينا للعلوم الطبية والصيدلانية
College of medicine
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine.[
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. OVERVIEW OF KIDNEY FUNCTIONS
Excretion of wastes and other foreign
substances.
Regulation of blood ionic composition.
Regulation of blood pH.
Production of hormones.
Regulation of blood pressure.
Regulation of blood volume.
Maintenance of blood osmolarity.
Regulation of blood glucose level.
4.
5. EXCRETION OF WASTES AND OTHER FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES
By forming urine, the kidneys help excrete wastes-
substances that have no useful function in the body.
Some wastes excreted in urine result from metabolic
reactions in the body. These include:
Ammonia and urea from deamination of amino acids.
Bilirubin from the catabolism of haemoglobin.
Creatinine from the breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscle
fibres.
Uric acid from the catabolism of nucleic acids.
Other wastes include foreign substances from the diet,
such as drugs and environmental toxins.
6.
7. REGULATION OF BLOOD IONIC
COMPOSITION AND PH
The kidney can correct any imbalances by:
Removing excess acid (hydrogen ion) or bases (bicarbonate)
in the urine and
Restoring the bicarbonate concentration in the blood to
normal.
The kidney cells produce a constant amount of
hydrogen ion and bicarbonate because of their own
cellular metabolism (production of carbon dioxide).
8. Whether the kidney removes hydrogen ions or
bicarbonate ions in the urine depends upon the
amount of bicarbonate filtered in the glomerulus from
the blood relative to the amount of hydrogen ions
secreted by the kidney cells.
If the amount of filtered bicarbonate is greater than the
amount of secreted hydrogen ions, then bicarbonate
will be lost in the urine.
Likewise, If the amount of secreted hydrogen ion is
greater than the amount of filtered bicarbonate, then
hydrogen ions will be lost in the urine (i.e. acidic urine).
9.
10. PRODUCTION OF HORMONES
The human kidney secretes two
hormones:
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Clacitriol (1,25[OH]2 Vitamin D3
Erythropoietin
Glycoprotein.
It acts on the bone marrow to increase
the production of red blood cells.
Stimuli such as bleeding or moving to
high altitudes (where oxygen is scarcer)
trigger the release of EPO.
People with failing kidneys; dialysis.
Without a source of EPO, these patients
suffer from anaemia.
Recombinant EPO.
Athletes urine.
11. CALCITRIOL
Calcitriol is 1,25[OH]2 Vitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D. It
is derived from
calciferol (vitamin D3) which is synthesized in skin exposed to the
ultraviolet rays of the sun
precursors ("vitamin D") ingested in the diet.
Calciferol in the blood is converted into the active vitamin in two
steps:
calciferol is converted in the liver into 25[OH] vitamin D3
this is carried to the kidneys where it is converted into calcitriol. This
final step is promoted by the parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Calcitriol acts on
the cells of the intestine to promote the absorption of calcium and
phosphate from food
bone to mobilize calcium from the bone to the blood
13. RENIN
One of the functions of the kidney is to monitor blood pressure and
take corrective action if it should drop. The kidney does this by
secreting the proteolytic enzyme renin.
Renin acts on angiotensinogen, a plasma peptide, splitting off a
fragment containing 10 amino acids called angiotensin I.
angiotensin I is cleaved by a peptidase secreted by blood vessels
called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) — producing
angiotensin II, which contains 8 amino acids.
Angiotensin II
constricts the walls of arterioles closing down capillary beds;
stimulates the proximal tubules in the kidney to reabsorb sodium
ions;
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone
causes the kidneys to reclaim still more sodium and thus water.
increases the strength of the heartbeat;
stimulates the pituitary to release the vasopressin .
All of these actions lead to an increase in blood pressure.
15. MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD
OSMOLARITY
By separately regulating loss of water and
loss of solutes in the urine, the kidneys
maintain a relatively constant blood
osmolarity close to 300 milliosmoles per
litre.
16. REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
LEVEL
Like the liver, the kidneys can use the
amino acid glutamine in gluconeogenesis,
the synthesis of new glucose molecules.
They can then release glucose into the
blood to help maintain a normal blood
glucose level.
