Source: Martin van Burgh Why use a gas chromatograph Introduction GC Diagram Valves Detectors .....

1. Gas Chromatography
A practical approach
Martin van Burgh, MP Seminar, 13-03-2011

2. Why use a gas chromatograph
 Typical measurements:
 Most samples vaporize below 450º C without cracking
 Analyzer specialists and technicians are available
 Requirements are well defined
 Most separations can usually be found that eliminate
interference
 The range of detectors,
 both sensitive and selective
 Broad range of applications
 Most versatile process analyzer
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© ABB Group

3. ABB Process Gas Chromatographs
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4. Introduction
 Developed in parallel to lab GC’s – mid 1950’s
 Users partnered with lab suppliers & others
 Union Carbide - Watts Mfg in Ronceverte, WV
 Phillips Petroleum - Perkin-Elmer in Norwalk, CT
 1957
 Watts product bought by Beckman
 Greenbrier Instruments founded

1960’s Bendix Environmental and Process Instruments
Division

1970’s Combustion Engineering

1990’s ABB
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© ABB Group

5. GC Diagram
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Injection Valve
Source: Linde Gas
Column
Detector

6. Sliding Plate
Accommodates packed or
capillary columns
Automatic wear compensation
and slider tension loading
Samples up to 150 PSI and
180 C
Diaphragm
Accommodates packed or
capillary columns
Samples up to 300 PSI and
175 C
Valves
Gas Valves
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© ABB Group

7. 791 LSV
Wear Compensating Seals
Metal Surface deactivation
Samples up to 435 PSI and
200 C
Rotary Valve
High Temperature valves
available.
Samples up to 1.000 PSI and
175C
Valves
Liquid Valves
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© ABB Group

8. Type of columns
 Packed Columns
 Efficiently separates lighter gas-phase samples
(typically molecular weights less than n-hexane)
 Typical internal diameters are 1/8, 3/16, or 1/4 in
(2, 3, or 4 mm) with 1/16 in (0.7 mm) for high
speed applications
 Capillary Columns (Open Tube)
 Efficiently separate high-molecular-weight
samples which are liquids at ambient
temperature
 Typical internal diameters are 0.25 mm with an
increase in popularity of megabore (0.35-0.50
mm)
 Increased speed of analysis
 Better component resolution
 Enhanced trace measurement
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© ABB Group

9. Gas – Liquid Chromatography
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10. Seperation - Partitioning
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11. Columns
 Seperates on molweight and vapor pressure
 Smaller molecules generally have higher vapor pressure
and tend to leave the stationary phase earlier.
 Used mostly in light gas applications (C1 – C4)
Boiling point
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© ABB Group

12. Columns
Non-Polar Polar
Octane Methanol
Benzene Chloroform
Toluene Acetic Acid
Polarity
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13. Columns
 Seperates based on molecular size.
 Contains zeolites with a known pore size distribution
(sieve)
 Most known type 5A
 Most used for seperation of CO, CH4, N2, O2
 Smaller molecules go easily through the pores, where big
molecules need more time.
 Large molecules will poison the column by blocking the
pores.
Mol Sieve
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14. Columns
 Columns nowadays are a combination of different
techniques.
 Example Hayesep N, Hayesep Q, Hayesep T
 Vendors of columns market their columns based on
applications.
Overview
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15. Detectors
 Discharge Ionization Detector (DID)
 Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
 Flame Photometric Detector (FPD)
 Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
 Infrared Detector (IRD)
 Mass Spectrometer (MS)
 Photo Ionization Detector (PID)
 Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
Just a selection…
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16. Detectors
Thermal Conductivity
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© ABB Group

17.  Universal response
 Minimum detectable
quantity = ~10 ppm
 Nondestructive
 Good linearity
Detectors
Thermal Conductivity
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© ABB Group

18. Detectors
Flame Ionization Detector
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19. Detectors
Flame Ionization Detector
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© ABB Group

20.  Selective response –
organics
 Minimum detectable
quantity = ~100 ppb
 Destructive
 Good linearity and stability
Detectors
Flame Ionization Detector
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© ABB Group

21. Detectors
Flame Photometric Detector
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© ABB Group

22.  Highly sensitive, low PPM
level
 Sulfur detection only
 Built in “background sulfur
addition”
 Task dedicated
electrometer with sulfur
response linearization
 Automatic re-ignition -
standard
Detectors
Flame Photometric Detector
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© ABB Group

23. DBDID
halogenated hydrocarbons
impurities in ethylene
low levels of BTX
arsine and phosphine
ethylene oxide
ammonia
PID
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxides
alkenes
aromatics
halogenated hydrocarbons
arsine and phosphine
Detectors
Ionization Detectors
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© ABB Group

24. Oven Configuration
Simple Analysis
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© ABB Group

25. Oven Configuration
Complex Analysis
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© ABB Group

26. The PGC5000 Series Analyzer System
 PGC5000B Smart OvenTM
 Targets simple applications
with a fixed set of features
 Maximum application flexibility
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 26
PGC5000A Master Controller
Improves “Ease of Use” with a new graphics based HMI
Communication interfaces: Ethernet, OPC, MODBUS, 4-20mA
analogs, VistaNET2.0
compatible
Supports up to 4 Smart OvensTM
PGC5000C Smart OvenTM
Targets complex applications
requiring multiple detectors
Maximum application densification
28% larger oven volume

27. PGC5000A Master Controller
 10.4 inch Super VGA Graphical Driven HMI with standard keypad
and mouse touch pad
 Optimum visibility and resolution of the NEW Graphical User
Interface
 Color graphics allow for a highly visible indication of event and
status change in the analyzer system
 Allows for a highly graphical representation of each process
stream's analysis with local chromatogram overlay
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 27

28. PGC5000A Master Controller – Standard
 Single programmable common malfunction alarm
 Dry contact relay, 30 VDC, 1A
 Redundant network communication
 Ethernet (copper standard, fiber optional)
 Modbus TCP/IP (TCP/IP standard, serial optional)
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 28

29. PGC5000A Master Controller – Internal I/O
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 29
These optional I/O
modules are installed
in the SBC card cage
Additional/Extended I/O is
installed within the PGC5000A
controller up to a maximum of
4 I/O modules and up to a
maximum of 32 I/O points
depending on I/O type

30. PGC5000A Master Controller – Internal I/O
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 30
Power to the I/O controller
and bus comes from main
PGC5000A power supply
PGC5000 communication
comes from the oven
controller over copper
CAN to the I/O controller
End Module
I/O Modules
I/O Controller

31. PGC5000A Master Controller – External I/O
 When more than the maximum of 4 I/O modules inside the PGC5000A is
required, I/O can be further expanded remotely
 All components are Division 2/Zone II by design; Div 1/Zone 1 area
classification requires the enclosure to be simple Y-purged
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 31
Fiber Optic NEMA 4 Enclosure
Extended External I/O is installed
within a remote NEMA 4 enclosure up
to a maximum of 32 I/O modules and
256 I/O points depending on I/O type

32. PGC5000 Smart Oven™ Technology
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 32
Electronics
Section
Analytical Oven
Section
Flow Control Section
Designed for simple applications or for making
complex applications simple!

33. PGC5000 Smart Oven™ Technology – Standard
 1 programmable common malfunction alarm
 Dry contact relay, 30 VDC, 1A
 1 additional dry contact
 Loss of purge
 16 digital inputs
 5 VDC, 1mA
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 33
PGC5000B PGC5000C

34. PGC5000B Smart Oven™
 Solenoid Valves
 Base: 3 Air Switching Valves
 Internal analytical valve control
 Optional: 10 Air Switching Valves
 External SHS valve control
 Detectors
 One detector maximum – sTCD,
mTCD, FID, and FPD
 DTC
 3 digital temperature zones
 EPC
 5 electronic pressure zones
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 34

35. PGC5000C Smart Oven™
 Solenoid Valves
 Base: 6 Air Switching Valves
 Internal analytical valve control
 Optional: 10 Air Switching Valves
 External SHS valve control
 Detectors
 Two detectors maximum – sTCD,
mTCD, FID, and FPD
 DTC
 3 digital temperature zones
 EPC
 10 electronic pressure zones
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 35

36. Optional Stream Switching Solenoids
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 36
Additional optional stream switching
valves (shown in white) are available
up to a maximum of 10
• The 3 shown in green are the
standard analytical valve switching
solenoids for the B class oven

37. Optional External Stream Switching Solenoids
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 37
Extended, external I/O includes
remote stream switching
solenoids up to a maximum of 32
F/O CAN communication from the PGC5000 is
converted to copper CAN for communication
to I/O and remote stream switching solenoids
The extended, external I/O illustration above
represents the maximum configuration per enclosure:
32 I/O modules and 32 stream switching solenoids

38. Optional External Stream Switching Solenoids
 Used to support larger numbers of
stream solenoids
 Ambient air analyses
 Multiplexing stream applications
© ABB Group
April 14, 2016 | Slide 38
Burkert AIRLINE Solenoid Valves

39. Propylene Purity Application Single Oven
SBFV SBF
V
SEL
SBFV SBF
V
FID
TCD
methanize
r
Ref. Low
ppm H2
Ref. Low
ppm H2
Mea. %
C3H8
ppm
C0,
C02
ppm
MeO
H

40. Multiple Oven Approach
SBFV TCD
SBFV
Ref. Low
ppm H2
Meas. %
C3H8
SBFV Methanizer FID
SBFV SEL
ppm
MeOH
ppm
CO,CO2
Oven 1
Oven 2

41. Oven 1
Oven 2
Animated View

42. Application Review and quotation
 Complete Stream Data
 Undefined compounds can present interferences on
the chromatogram, possibly introducing errors into the
measured components
 Measured components with ranges
 Sample Phase
 Liquid
 Vapor
 Any known unique or special sample chemistry
 Process service description
 Special requests
 Identical applications
 Application requests
04/14/16 42

43. How ABB uses this information
 Application feasibility check
 Review of the requested measurements and ranges in
the streams’ matrices
 Determine hardware and configuration necessary for
the component separation and measurement
 Valve(s)
 Column(s)
 Detector(s)
 Determine the cycle time necessary for component
resolution
 Calculate the optimum component repeatability
 Identify any exceptions the request or alternative
solutions
04/14/16 43

44. Factory Application Set-up
 Program analyzer with the analytical method for
chromatographic separation and measurement of
components
 Verify measurements are free of potential interferences
 Program component name and ranges
 Calibrate the analyzer
 Run stability tests
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© ABB Group

45. Field Set-up
 Connect power and outputs
 Turn power and purge gases on
 Allow analyzer temperatures and purges to stabilize
 Set the column flow rates according to the analyzer data
package
 Connect analyzer to calibration samples and process
stream
 Calibrate the analyzer
 Put the process stream through the analyzer
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© ABB Group