The document describes the vario EL cube, a new benchmark in CHNS+O+Cl analysis. It is a compact elemental analyzer that provides high performance while maintaining small size. It can simultaneously analyze carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the optional analysis of oxygen and chlorine. The vario EL cube has a modular design for flexibility, stability of results, and ease of use, including for difficult sample matrices like fluorinated compounds. It features an 80 position autosampler, patented blank-free ball valve injector, reliable furnace system with 10 year warranty, powerful gas separation columns, and software for intuitive operation and data export.
The webinar addresses all operators of a vario MAX N/CN cube. We pay attention to frequently asked questions regarding maintenance, method optimization and instrument parameters. Furthermore, we talk about typical sample matrices that can cause problems during the analysis and assist you to solve them.
WATER
In 1981, the 34th Word Health Assembly in a resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element for “primary health care” which is the key to the attainment of “Health for All by the year 2000 AD.”
More recently, Millennium Development Goals included safe water and sanitation in the attainable goals.
In 1990, more than 1 billion people in developing world lacked access to safe drinking water and nearly 2 billion lacked an adequate system for disposing off their excreta.
POTABLE WATER
Also called as “Safe and Wholesome Water”
Defined as water that is
Free from pathogenic agents
Free from harmful chemical substances
Pleasant to taste, i.e., free from colour and odour; and
Usable for domestic purposes
Uses of water
Domestic use
Public purposes
Industrial purposes
Agricultural purposes
Power production
Carrying away wastes
Sources of Water
Rain
Surface water
Impounding reservoirs
Rivers and streams
Tanks, ponds and lakes
Sea water
Ground water
Shallow wells
Deep wells
Springs
WATER PURIFICATION
Storage
Filtration
Chlorination
Storage
a) Physical Action
b) Chemical Action
c) Biological Action
Filtration
98 – 99% of the bacteria are removed by filtration apart from other impurities.
Two types of filters are in use
The Biologic or Slow sand filters
Rapid or Mechanical filters
1. Slow Sand or Biologic Filters
Elements:
Supernatant (raw) water
A bed of graded sand
An under drainage system
A system of filter control values
Supernatant (raw) water
Depth – 1 – 1.5 metres
A bed of graded sand
Vital layer
Slimy growth covering the surface of the sand bed
“Schmutzdecke/ Zoogleal/ Biological layer”
Consists of thread like algae, plankton, diatoms and bacteria.
It extends 2-3 cms into the top portion of the sand bed.
Formation of vital layer - “Ripening” of the filter.
It is the “Heart” of the slow sand filter.
It removes organic matter,
Holds back bacteria
Oxidizes ammonical nitrogen into nitrates and
Helps in yielding bacteria free water.
An under drainage system
Filter box – Open rectangular box of 2.5 – 4 meters deep
A system of filter control values
To maintain a constant rate of filtration
Venturi meter – measure the bed resistance or loss of head
2) Rapid/Mechanical filters
Steps involved
Coagulation
Rapid mixing
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Filter bed:
Each unit of filter bed has surface of about 80 to 90 sq. feet
Sand is the filtering medium.
Back washing
Rapid sand filters require frequent washing either daily or weekly depending upon the loss of head.
Washing is accomplished by reversing the flow of water through sand bed which is called “Backwashing”.
Helps in dislodging the impurities and cleaning up the sand bed.
Time - 15 to 20 minutes
Chlorination:
Chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria but has no effect on spores and certain viruses except in high doses.
It oxidizes Fe, Mn and HS;
It destroys taste and odour-producing constituents
It controls algae and slime organism
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
The webinar addresses all operators of a vario MAX N/CN cube. We pay attention to frequently asked questions regarding maintenance, method optimization and instrument parameters. Furthermore, we talk about typical sample matrices that can cause problems during the analysis and assist you to solve them.
WATER
In 1981, the 34th Word Health Assembly in a resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element for “primary health care” which is the key to the attainment of “Health for All by the year 2000 AD.”
More recently, Millennium Development Goals included safe water and sanitation in the attainable goals.
In 1990, more than 1 billion people in developing world lacked access to safe drinking water and nearly 2 billion lacked an adequate system for disposing off their excreta.
POTABLE WATER
Also called as “Safe and Wholesome Water”
Defined as water that is
Free from pathogenic agents
Free from harmful chemical substances
Pleasant to taste, i.e., free from colour and odour; and
Usable for domestic purposes
Uses of water
Domestic use
Public purposes
Industrial purposes
Agricultural purposes
Power production
Carrying away wastes
Sources of Water
Rain
Surface water
Impounding reservoirs
Rivers and streams
Tanks, ponds and lakes
Sea water
Ground water
Shallow wells
Deep wells
Springs
WATER PURIFICATION
Storage
Filtration
Chlorination
Storage
a) Physical Action
b) Chemical Action
c) Biological Action
Filtration
98 – 99% of the bacteria are removed by filtration apart from other impurities.
Two types of filters are in use
The Biologic or Slow sand filters
Rapid or Mechanical filters
1. Slow Sand or Biologic Filters
Elements:
Supernatant (raw) water
A bed of graded sand
An under drainage system
A system of filter control values
Supernatant (raw) water
Depth – 1 – 1.5 metres
A bed of graded sand
Vital layer
Slimy growth covering the surface of the sand bed
“Schmutzdecke/ Zoogleal/ Biological layer”
Consists of thread like algae, plankton, diatoms and bacteria.
It extends 2-3 cms into the top portion of the sand bed.
Formation of vital layer - “Ripening” of the filter.
It is the “Heart” of the slow sand filter.
It removes organic matter,
Holds back bacteria
Oxidizes ammonical nitrogen into nitrates and
Helps in yielding bacteria free water.
An under drainage system
Filter box – Open rectangular box of 2.5 – 4 meters deep
A system of filter control values
To maintain a constant rate of filtration
Venturi meter – measure the bed resistance or loss of head
2) Rapid/Mechanical filters
Steps involved
Coagulation
Rapid mixing
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Filter bed:
Each unit of filter bed has surface of about 80 to 90 sq. feet
Sand is the filtering medium.
Back washing
Rapid sand filters require frequent washing either daily or weekly depending upon the loss of head.
Washing is accomplished by reversing the flow of water through sand bed which is called “Backwashing”.
Helps in dislodging the impurities and cleaning up the sand bed.
Time - 15 to 20 minutes
Chlorination:
Chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria but has no effect on spores and certain viruses except in high doses.
It oxidizes Fe, Mn and HS;
It destroys taste and odour-producing constituents
It controls algae and slime organism
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam. Thermal energy released by combustion of fuel is used to make steam at the desired temperature and pressure.
The steam produced is used for:
(i) Producing mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or steam turbine.
(ii) Heating the residential and industrial buildings
(iii) Performing certain processes in the sugar mills, chemical and textile industries.
The company stands tall as an Exporter and Supplier of Liquid Turbine Flow Meters in New Delhi. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters, offered by the company, are known for their corrosion resistant properties and superior quality. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters provide hassle-free performance and high durability. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are demanded in various sectors
Details For Liquid Turbine Flow Meters
Rotational speed proportional to the velocity of the fluid
Truly represents the volume of the fluid flowing through the line
Exceptional performance
Corrosion resistant and highly durable
Specifications
Size 4"~20"
Temperature 20C~120C
Output 4~20mA DC and Pulse(Standard)
Accuracy +/-1.0%
Connection Screwed or Flange
Power Supply AC 85~230V, 50/60Hz or DC 24V or Battery (3 year)
Operating Temperature -20 ~ 120 Deg C
Ambient Temperature -20 ~ 50 Deg C
Accuracy ±1.0 %, ±± 0.5%
Output Signal 4~20mA DC and Pulse (Standard)
Display L C D 2 Line x12 character (Rate Flow /Total Flow)
Service Clear Liquid, Gases ,Air, solvent.
Flange Screwed and Flange (As per standard)
Enclosure IP67,IP65
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Introduction to Temperature Measurement and Calibration Presented by Fluke Ca...Transcat
Temperature is one of the most commonly measured physical parameters. This webinar will cover the best devices to use in temperature measurement and when to calibrate.
he Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meter is a comparatively new concept. In India, nobody was manufacturing it with indigenous technology. Even today, it is mostly imported from the US or some other European countries.
Right from the beginning, Manas has worked on the strategy of developing and manufacturing the technology products in India. This was the main reason for going after the development of the Thermal Mass Flow Meter.
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
The EC900 offers unsurpassed accuracy, reliability and flexibility
under the most demanding on-line operating conditions. Systech Illinois has long been recognised worldwide as a leader in oxygen analysis. Utilising a variety of specially engineered electrochemical fuel cells, the EC900 Oxygen Analysers are designed to monitor oxygen within most industrial gases and atmospheres.
The analysis of chlorine has become more and more important in the recent years. The use of substitute fuel in cement plants, brickyards and other industries with high demand for energy requires easy, low maintenance chlorine analysis.
Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam. Thermal energy released by combustion of fuel is used to make steam at the desired temperature and pressure.
The steam produced is used for:
(i) Producing mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or steam turbine.
(ii) Heating the residential and industrial buildings
(iii) Performing certain processes in the sugar mills, chemical and textile industries.
The company stands tall as an Exporter and Supplier of Liquid Turbine Flow Meters in New Delhi. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters, offered by the company, are known for their corrosion resistant properties and superior quality. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters provide hassle-free performance and high durability. The Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are demanded in various sectors
Details For Liquid Turbine Flow Meters
Rotational speed proportional to the velocity of the fluid
Truly represents the volume of the fluid flowing through the line
Exceptional performance
Corrosion resistant and highly durable
Specifications
Size 4"~20"
Temperature 20C~120C
Output 4~20mA DC and Pulse(Standard)
Accuracy +/-1.0%
Connection Screwed or Flange
Power Supply AC 85~230V, 50/60Hz or DC 24V or Battery (3 year)
Operating Temperature -20 ~ 120 Deg C
Ambient Temperature -20 ~ 50 Deg C
Accuracy ±1.0 %, ±± 0.5%
Output Signal 4~20mA DC and Pulse (Standard)
Display L C D 2 Line x12 character (Rate Flow /Total Flow)
Service Clear Liquid, Gases ,Air, solvent.
Flange Screwed and Flange (As per standard)
Enclosure IP67,IP65
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Introduction to Temperature Measurement and Calibration Presented by Fluke Ca...Transcat
Temperature is one of the most commonly measured physical parameters. This webinar will cover the best devices to use in temperature measurement and when to calibrate.
he Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meter is a comparatively new concept. In India, nobody was manufacturing it with indigenous technology. Even today, it is mostly imported from the US or some other European countries.
Right from the beginning, Manas has worked on the strategy of developing and manufacturing the technology products in India. This was the main reason for going after the development of the Thermal Mass Flow Meter.
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
The EC900 offers unsurpassed accuracy, reliability and flexibility
under the most demanding on-line operating conditions. Systech Illinois has long been recognised worldwide as a leader in oxygen analysis. Utilising a variety of specially engineered electrochemical fuel cells, the EC900 Oxygen Analysers are designed to monitor oxygen within most industrial gases and atmospheres.
The analysis of chlorine has become more and more important in the recent years. The use of substitute fuel in cement plants, brickyards and other industries with high demand for energy requires easy, low maintenance chlorine analysis.
More and more stack testers are turning to sorbent trap sampling to measure mercury emissions from a variety of industrial sources. New sorbent traps and protocols are also being developed to measure compounds like ammonia and hydrogen chloride. This presentation provides an overview of CleanAir's array of options for stack emission testing using sorbent traps...from purely manual no-frills samplers to a fully automated monitoring system.
Modular systems for precision oxygen analysis
of packaging film barriers. Systech Illinois 8000 Series analysers offer the widest measurement range in the market.
The 542 is a versatile, programmable gas
analyser, based on the principles of
thermal conductivity, capable of measuring
almost any combination of gases; hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, argon, nitrogen and many others.
4. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 4
vario EL cube characteristics I
simultaneous CHNS analysis and O, Cl option,
optimized for micro samples and semi-macro applications
unique method for combustion gas separation using the established
purge&trap technology for widest dynamic range and best gas
separation – again setting standards.
Software controlled option to use Argon as carrier gas instead of
Helium (on request)
5. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 5
vario EL cube characteristics II
optional IR detector for 2 ppm sulfur sensitivity
special precautions for fluorine containing samples
fully automatic analysis with 80 position sampler and
blank-free ball valve injector
Windows® software with 21 CFR Part 11 compliance
oxygen excess proof thermistor TCD for < 100 ppm to 100%
detection
more than 1 year stability of calibration,
10 years furnace warranty
6. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 6
vario EL cube –
following 100 years of experience
vario EL cube replaces the
successful vario EL III in the
line of vario elemental
analyzers in the ELEMENTAR
instrument portfolio.
It is based on the „cube“
platform which has proven
ist capabilities in the already
established vario MICRO
cube.
7. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 7
vario EL cube
Although being a universal CHNOS analyzer, special attention is
paid to:
Highest flexibility due to modular design
Stability of the instrument and analytical results
easy to use
The analysis of difficult sample matrices, e.g. fluorinated
compounds
9. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 9
80 position autosampler
large - 80 positions
blank-free
reliable – easy cleaning
easy reload during operation
single- or continuous operation
10. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 10
Patented Ball valve
inherent blank-free system
reliable function
keeps air out of the system
very long lasting operation
easy maintenance
11. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 11
Reliable furnace system
high-temperature furnace for continuous
operation up to 1200°C
low voltage concept for reliability and
safety
easy access for tube exchange
10 year warranty
12. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 12
Reaction tubes
high quality quartz reaction tubes
long lifetime and long service intervals
alternatively smaller tubes possible for special
applications (IRMS)
13. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 13
Clamp connections for easy maintenance and
reliable function
closed open
14. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 14
Purge & trap gas separation
dynamic purge & trap columns
powerful gas separation,
guarantees baseline separation for
all sample types
very long lifetime
15. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 15
Purge & trap technology: largest dynamic
range with guaranteed baseline separation
unique method for combustion
gas separation
Easy to use
Powerful separation
H2O
N2
CO2
SO2
17. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 17
The thermal conductivity detector is setting
standards in reliability and stability
own development
undestructible thermistor TCD
insensitive to oxygen intrusion
low noise baseline
for < 100 ppm to 100% detection
18. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 18
Infrared detector (optional)
2 ppm S detection
specific CO detection in O pyrolysis
analysis
accurate S determination in
fluorinated samples
19. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 19
Software
intuitive interface
easy editing
view graph during analysis
great export functionality
21CFR part11/LIMS/GLP
conformity
Windows XP/Vista/7
integrated Help-function
20. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 20
Advanced electronics concept
easy maintenance
fully digitalized
up-to-date electronics
industry standard micro-processor
small space requirements
allows remote service via internet or
modem
21. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 21
Advanced electronics concept
old electronics (vario EL III) new electronics
(vario EL cube)
22. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 22
Automated leak check
fully automated
takes less than 10 minutes, saves
valuable time
23. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 23
Easy maintenance, further optimized
one focus of the development was the
simplification of the maintenance
only one electronic board
software update via internet
Easy 5 side access in spite of smaller
size
24. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 24
no detector drift - the calibration lasts for months or years
no gas splitting - the whole sample volume is analyzed
optimized for micro and semi-macro measurements
special precautions for fluorine containing samples
vario EL cube features
25. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 25
vario EL cube features II
low cost per analysis due to low consumables requirements
and robust design
short and self-optimizing analysis time
Helium or Argon carrier gas (on request)
10 year warranty on the furnace system
26. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 26
Facts that did not change
reliable systems „Made in Germany“
outstanding service
professional handling of your inquiries
with “24 hour response“
support from our application laboratory
our friendly, cooperative atmosphere
27. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 27
Specifications
Combustion temperature 850°C – 1200°C
Operating modes: CHNS, CHN, CN, N, S, O (Cl option)
IR detectors available for sensitive S,
O or Cl measurement
Precision < 0.1% abs
(2 mg test substance, sulfanilamide)
Self optimizing analysis time 10 min in CHNS mode
7 min in CHN mode
Carrier gas Helium, alternatively Argon
28. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 28
Specifications II
Sample weight: up to 1 g mineral sample
up to 50 mg organic sample
Detection range: C: 0 to 40 mg abs. (or 100%)
N: 0 to 15 mg abs. (or 100%)
H: 0 to 3 mg abs. (or 100%)
S: 0 to 6 mg abs. (or 100%)
Detection limit < 100 ppm
2 ppm for S with IR detector
Autosampler 80 positions, alternatively 120 positions
29. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 29
Options
IR detectors for high performance
analysis of
Sulfur
Oxygen
Chlorine (patent pending)
IRMS coupling
manual gas/liquid injection
liquid autosampler VLS
more detectors possible on request
30. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 30
sample (N= 6, approx. 1 mg) N [%] C [%] H [%] S [%]
sulfanilic acid (theory) 8.09 41.61 4.07 18.51
Mean (6 samples) 8.14 41.54 4.01 18.51
std. dev. abs [%] 0.019 0.03 0.01 0.006
delta (deviation from theory) 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.002
The vario EL cube is optimized for the analysis of fine chemicals
with small sample sizes.
Applications: Fine chemicals
31. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 31
Applications: no deterioration of the analyzer
performance from fluorinated samples
sample (N=6; ca. 2mg) N [%]
± S abs.
C [%]
± S abs.
H [%]
± S abs.
S [%]
± S abs.
sulfanilamide 16.29
± 0.29
42.08
± 0.09
4.67
± 0.01
18.68
± 0.06
N-F-dibenzolsulfonimide 4.47
± 0.01
45.62
± 0.08
3.19
± 0.01
20.32
± 0.1
fluorbenzoic acid ------- 60.13
± 0.18
3.62
± 0.02
------
N-F-dibenzolsulfonimide 4.46
± 0.01
45.65
± 0.07
3.20
± 0.01
20.20
± 0.2
Trifluor-acetanilide 7.36
± 0.05
50.62
± 0.32
3.27
± 0.02
-------
sulfanilamide 16.27
± 0.01
42.00
± 0.05
4.68
± 0.02
18.54
± 0.21
The samples were analyzed in one sequence.
32. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 32
Applications: chlorinated samples
Sample (ca. 2mg) N [%] C [%] H [%] S [%]
benzylcysteine.HCl 6.838 52.978 6.856 15.195
" 6.794 52.938 6.864 15.506
" 6.823 53.041 6.844 15.549
" 6.839 52.928 6.851 15.518
Mean 6.819 52.969 6.853 15.524
SD abs [%] 0.03 0.063 0.010 0.022
SD rel [%] 0.330 0.118 0.150 0.143
diff. from theory [%] -0.07 -0.06 +0.03 +0.10
33. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 33
How to select within the vario family:
Micro or Macro Analyzer
Main distinguishing feature is the amount of organically
bound carbon to be analyzed in one sample.
Absolute carbon detection range:
0 – 7 mg vario MICRO cube
0 – 40 mg vario EL cube
0 – 100 mg vario MACRO cube
0 – 200 (400) mg vario MAX
34. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 34
How to select within the vario family II
Sample handling and injection (1)
Samples are wrapped in a Sn or Ag foil or liquids sealed in
capsules. Then loaded in a carousel magazine and moved
by gravity into the combustion zone.
Analyzers: vario MICRO cube
vario EL cube
vario MACRO cube
35. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 35
How to select within the vario family II
Sample handling and injection (2)
Samples (liquids or solids) are filled in an open and
reusable crucible (steel or ceramic) and moved by a robot
arm into the combustion zone.
After combustion the crucible with
the remaining ash (minerals)
is automatically removed.
Analyzer: vario MAX
36. H
C
S O
N
date: April 2008 page 36
How to select within the vario family III
Sample handling and injection (3)
Samples (liquids or gases) are injected directly into
the combustion zone by means of an automatic or
manual syringe.
Analyzers:vario EL liquid injection
vario TRACE liquid injection