Gametogenesis
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Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells undergo meiosis and differentiation to form gametes. Primordial germ cells migrate to the developing gonads, where they differentiate into male or female gametes. In females, primordial germ cells become oogonia then oocytes through oogenesis. In males, they become spermatogonia and undergo spermatogenesis to become spermatozoa. Both processes involve mitosis, meiosis, and cellular changes to produce haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Fertilization restores the diploid number through the union of male and female gametes.
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2) Both males and females undergo meiosis to produce gametes (sperm and eggs, respectively) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Fertilization restores the full chromosome number.
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This document discusses human embryology and fetal development. It defines key terms like gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, ovulation, fertilization, zygote, morula, blastocyst, and implantation. It then provides details about oogenesis, the development of a mature ovum from the primitive germ cells. It also discusses spermatogenesis, the development of spermatids into mature spermatozoa. Finally, it describes the processes of fertilization, including the approximation and fusion of the gametes to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
Embryology Lecture 2 oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process by which ovaries produce ovum. It begins before birth as primordial germ cells migrate to the ovaries and develop into primary oocytes through mitosis and meiosis. At birth, oocytes arrest in prophase I. Upon puberty, selected follicles mature through primary, secondary, and preovulatory stages, with the oocyte completing the first meiotic division just before ovulation releases a secondary oocyte. If fertilized, meiosis II is completed, but the oocyte degenerates within a day if not fertilized.
Embryology full note2
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm, forming a single-celled zygote. Through processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth and rearrangement over 9 months, the zygote develops into a baby.
2) Development is divided into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods, with major developmental changes occurring during embryonic, fetal, infant and childhood stages.
3) Both male and female gametes are produced through meiosis within the ovaries and testes, respectively, reducing the chromosome count so that fertilization restores the normal diploid number.
GAMETOGENESIS.pptx
Gametogenesis is the process by which haploid gametes are formed from diploid germ cells through cell division and maturation. It occurs in four phases: primordial germ cell formation, mitotic proliferation, meiosis, and gamete maturation. In males (spermatogenesis), it occurs in the testes and produces sperm through spermatogonial mitosis and spermatocyte meiosis. In females (oogenesis), it occurs in the ovaries and arrests at two points during meiotic prophase I to produce ova.
Gametogenesis seminar
1. Gametogenesis is the process by which primordial germ cells mature into functional gametes through meiosis and cellular differentiation. In females, primordial germ cells become oogonia then enter meiosis to become primary oocytes, while in males they become gonocytes then spermatogonia.
2. Primordial germ cells form early in development and migrate to the developing gonads, inducing their formation. In the gonads, germ cells proliferate then enter gender-specific meiotic and developmental pathways.
3. Differences between male and female gametogenesis include the timing and location of meiosis. In females, oocytes arrest in prophase I until ovulation, while in males
Oogenesis slideshare
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes, or oocytes, are formed in the ovaries. It begins during fetal development with the formation of primordial follicles containing primary oocytes arrested in prophase I of meiosis. At puberty, one oocyte is selected each month to complete the first meiotic division and become a secondary oocyte, while the remaining oocytes degenerate. If fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte and its first polar body degenerate, while a new cohort of follicles begins to develop for the next menstrual cycle. Oogenesis takes many years to complete, from fetal development through the female reproductive years, making it more susceptible to chromosomal abnormalities than spermatogenesis.
Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
1. Implantation begins 6 days after fertilization when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial epithelium. By day 7, it is implanted in the endometrium and derives nourishment from the eroded endometrium.
2. By day 10, the blastocyst is completely buried within the functional layer of the endometrium. The endometrium is now called the decidua.
3. The decidua supports the development of the placenta and fetus through fetomaternal circulation until birth.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY-2.pptx
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a single cell called a zygote. This begins the process of embryonic development.
- Cleavage involves rapid cell divisions of the zygote over the first few days, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.
- By day 4, the morula has further developed into a blastocyst containing an inner cell mass that will form the embryo and outer trophoblast cells that will develop into the placenta. Around day 6, the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall.
Embryonic development and Gametogenesis.pptx
Gametogenesis is the process of developing male and female gametes. Oogenesis involves the development of oocytes from primordial germ cells into a mature ovum over several weeks. It involves mitosis, meiosis, and maturation. Spermatogenesis is the process where spermatogonia develop into spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules over approximately 61 days, involving mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. The mature ovum and spermatozoon are specialized for fertilization.
Fundamentals and basics of reproduction.pptx
This document discusses the physiology of ovulation, menstruation, fertilization, and implantation. It provides details on:
1) Gametogenesis and oogenesis - the development of eggs and sperm through meiotic cell division.
2) The hormonal causes of ovulation, including the LH and FSH surges near midcycle.
3) The process of fertilization, including sperm migration in the fallopian tubes and penetration of the egg.
4) Early embryonic development from the zygote to morula and blastocyst stages over 5 days, and implantation in the uterine wall.
Human developmental Biology
Giving overview of human embryonic development including spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, extraembryonic layers and pregnancy
Ovary & Oogenesis.pptx
Oogenesis is the process by which ova (female gametes) are produced in the ovaries. It begins with primordial germ cells that migrate to the gonads and become oogonia. During fetal development, oogonia undergo mitosis and some become arrested in prophase I of meiosis to become primary oocytes. By birth, around 700,000 primary oocytes are present in the ovaries. At puberty, a few primary oocytes resume meiosis each month to become secondary oocytes. The secondary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division to form another cell and the first polar body. If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division to form the ovum and second polar
Conception and Placental Development
This document summarizes key aspects of human conception, placental development, and fetal circulation. It describes how fertilization occurs through the union of an egg and sperm, forming a zygote. Implantation in the uterus follows cell division. The placenta then develops from the chorion and decidua, establishing the maternal-fetal interface through which nutrients and waste are exchanged. The umbilical arteries and veins connect the developing fetus and placenta in a circuit that allows for gas and nutrient transfer between mother and fetus without blood mixing.
4_Oogenesis gametogenesis lectureeeee.pdf
This document describes the process of oogenesis, or ovogenesis, which is the formation of mature female egg cells (oocytes) from primordial germ cells. It discusses that primordial germ cells originate in the epiblast and migrate to the gonads prenatally. During fetal development, the primordial germ cells undergo mitosis and differentiate into oogonia and then primary oocytes. At birth, around 1 million primary oocytes remain in each ovary, arrested in the first meiotic prophase. Around puberty, a few primary oocytes resume meiosis each month under hormonal control, developing into secondary oocytes and potentially mature eggs.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process of developing mature gametes (eggs and sperm) through oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males. Oogenesis involves the development of primary oocytes from germ cells, which undergo meiosis to form one secondary oocyte and the first polar body. Upon fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis to form the ovum and second polar body. Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia differentiating into spermatocytes and then spermatids through meiosis, which undergo maturation to form spermatozoa. Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoon fuses with an ovum in the fallopian tube, restoring the diplo
Ovulation, fertilization, implantation (1 st week
The document discusses the processes of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. It explains that ovulation is triggered by hormones like LH and FSH, leading to the release of an egg. If fertilization by sperm occurs, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst over a week. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus by attaching to the endometrial lining with the help of hormonal changes brought on by the corpus luteum.
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Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
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Gametogenesis
- 1. Gametogenesis Themba Hospital FCOG(SA) Part 1 Tutorials By Dr N.E Manana
- 2. Primordial germ cells • Fertilization occurs from Male and Female gametes which are derived from PGCs • PGCs are formed in the Epiblast in the second week, and move to the wall of the yolk sac • During the forth week they begin to migrate from the yolk sac toward the developing gonad • Where they arrive by the end of the fifth week, increasing in number during their migration and after arriving at the gonads via Mitosis • In preparation for fertilization, germ cells undergo Meiosis (Gametogenesis) and cytodifferentiation
- 3. Chromosome theory • In somatic cells, chromosomes appear as 23 homologous pairs to form the diploid number of 46. • There are 22 pairs of matching chromosomes, the autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes. • Thus, each gamete contains a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, and the union of the gametes at fertilization restores the diploid number of 46
- 4. Mitosis • Mitosis is the process whereby one cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
- 5. Meiosis • Meiosis is the cell division that takes place in the germ cells to generate male and female gametes
- 6. Polar Bodies
- 7. Oogenesis • The process whereby oogonia differentiate into mature oocytes • Once the PGCs have arrived in the gonad the start to differentiate according to genetic gender • By the end of the 3rd month they are arranged in clusters surrounded by a layer of flat epithelial cells known as follicular cells originating from the surface epithelial cells covering the ovary • Majority continue through mitosis but some arrest at Prophase meiosis 1 and form primary oocytes • By the fifth month the number of germ cells reach their peak (7mill), thereafter cell death begins (Atresia of oogonia and primary oocytes)
- 9. Oogenesis • By the 7th month majority of oogonia have degenerated and all surviving primary oocytes have entered Prophase of M1 and are surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells (Primordial follicle)
- 10. Maturation of Oocytes Continues at Puberty • Near the time of birth they enter the diplotene stage, a resting stage during prophase that is characterized by a lacy network of chromatin • This arrested state is produced by oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) • Primary oocytes at birth is estimated to vary from 600,000 to 800,000 • Approximately 40,000 are present by the beginning of puberty, and fewer than 500 will be ovulated
- 11. Follicle development • At puberty a pool of growing follicles is established, 15 to 20 follicles are selected from the pool to begin to mature • In a normal cycle only one follicle will reach the mature vesicular of Graafian Follicle stage which only lasts for 37hrs prior to ovulation • Surrounding follicular cells change from flat to cuboidal and proliferate to produce a stratified epithelium of granulosa cells (Primary follicle) • The basement membrane separating them from the stroma is called the Theca folliculi • Granulosa cells and the oocyte secrete a layer of glycoproteins on the surface of the oocyte (Zona pellucida)
- 13. Follicle development • Cells of the Theca folliculi organize into an inner layer of secretory cells and an outer fibrous capsule (Theca interna and Theca externa) • Antrum appears in between the granulosa cells • The granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte remain intact and form the cumulus oophorus • A surge in LH induces the preovulatory growth phase, Meiosis 1 is completed resulting in 2 unequal daughter cells • The cell arrest in meisosis2 metaphase, 3hrs before ovulation, which only completes through fertilisation, otherwise the cell degenerates 24hrs after ovulation • The polar body may undergo a second division
- 15. Spermatogenesis • Spermatogenesis, which begins at puberty, includes all of the events by which spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa • At birth, germ cells in the male infant can be recognized in the sex cords of the testis as large, pale cells surrounded by supporting cells (Sertoli cells) • Before puberty, the sex cords acquire a lumen and become the seminiferous tubules • At about the same time, PGCs give rise to spermatogonial stem cells • At regular intervals, cells emerge from this stem cell population to form type A spermatogonia,
- 16. Spermatogenesis • Type A cells undergo a limited number of mitotic divisions to form clones of cells. The last cell division produces type B spermatogonia • Which then divide to form primary spermatocytes • Then enter a prolonged prophase (22 days) followed by rapid completion of meiosis I and formation of secondary spermatocytes • During the second meiotic division, these cells immediately begin to form haploid spermatids • Spermatogonia and spermatids remain embedded in deep recesses of Sertoli cells throughout their development
- 18. Spermiogenesis • When fully formed, spermatozoa enter the lumen of seminiferous tubules. • From there, they are pushed toward the epididymis by contractile elements in the wall of the seminiferous tubules The series of changes resulting in the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa is spermiogenesis (1) Formation of the acrosome (2) Condensation of the nucleus (3) Formation of neck, middle piece, and tail (4) Shedding of most of the cytoplasm
- 19. Spermiogenesis
- 20. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Humans have approximately 23,000 genes on 46 chromosomes
- The approximately 30 to 40 crossovers (one or two per chromosome) with each meiotic I division are most frequent between genes that are far apart on a chromosome.
- Spermatogenesis is regulated by LH production by the pituitary gland. LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells and stimulates testosterone production, which in turn binds to Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- In humans, the time required for a spermatogonium to develop into a mature spermatozoon is approximately 74 days, and approximately 300 million sperm cells are produced daily