Effect of adding titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) on structure, elastic moduli, Vickers hardness, internal friction, electrical
resistivity and thermal properties of tin-antimony-lead and tin-aluminum bearing alloys have been investigated. Elastic modulus, Vickers
hardness and thermal diffusivity of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys increased after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Internal friction, thermal
conductivity and specific heat of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys varied after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Adding titanium oxide nanoparticles
improved bearing properties, such as strengthens and internal friction of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys. The Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloy has
best properties for automotive industry. Also Sn78.5Al20(TiO2)1.5 alloy has best properties for marine applications.
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Influence of adding titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on creep behavior, structure, mechanical and thermal properties of tin-antimony-lead and tin-aluminum-antimony bearing alloys have been studied and analyzed. Stress exponent of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys decreased after adding titanium oxide. Elastic modulus of tin- antimony- lead increased after adding titanium oxide. Internal fiction of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys varied after adding titanium oxide. Microstructure of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys changed after adding titanium oxide. Strengths of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys increased after adding titanium oxide. Thermal parameters of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys varied after adding titanium oxide. The Sn97Sb51Pb1(TiO2)1 alloy has better bearing properties such as lowest internal friction, high elastic modulus and higher thermal diffusivity for industrial applications.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Influence of adding titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on creep behavior, structure, mechanical and thermal properties of tin-antimony-lead and tin-aluminum-antimony bearing alloys have been studied and analyzed. Stress exponent of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys decreased after adding titanium oxide. Elastic modulus of tin- antimony- lead increased after adding titanium oxide. Internal fiction of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys varied after adding titanium oxide. Microstructure of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys changed after adding titanium oxide. Strengths of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys increased after adding titanium oxide. Thermal parameters of tin- antimony- lead and tin- aluminum- antimony- lead alloys varied after adding titanium oxide. The Sn97Sb51Pb1(TiO2)1 alloy has better bearing properties such as lowest internal friction, high elastic modulus and higher thermal diffusivity for industrial applications.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties of Chrome Alloy Steel IDES Editor
En 31 steel is widely used for applications like ball bearings and grinding media balls. The sliding wear properties of En 31 steel has been studied in the past, however the data on abrasive wear properties of En 31 steel is limited. En 31 steel was quenched and tempered at different tempering temperatures. Metallographic and hardness studies were carried out on heat treated samples. The hardened and tempered samples were tested using two body abrasive wear testing apparatus. The abrasive medium used in the present investigation was silicon carbide paper. The effect of normal load and sliding distance on wear loss of as received and heat treated specimens tempered at different tempering temperatures was investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of EN 31 steel with different hardness was compared under different test conditions. The worn out samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope to study morphology of worn surfaces. The abrasive wear resistance exhibited an increasing trend with increase in hardness and it was rationalized in terms of microstructure and the hardness.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
In real condition the experimental study of scale on explosion resistance of reinforced concrete slab has highly expenses in conduction experiments. This analytical result of the work are overly desirable and close to the real time condition. This work indicates the obvious effect of scale on dynamic response resistance, stress strain behaviour, deflection of unilateral slab of reinforced concrete which are exposed to blast loading due to sudden explosion. To achieve this study reinforced concrete slab which were exposed to blast loading. Explosion test on this reinforced concrete slab which has different standoff distance. The slab are supported at its two ends using a suitable support condition. This work is analyze using the finite element software ABAQUS. The result of this experimental work is compared with the result obtained from the analytical result. From result the detachment in two slab of reinforced concrete both big and small is similar. The analytical behaviour of the slab is moreover same as that of the experimental behaviour
The technology behind information systems in today’s world has been embedded in nearly every aspect of our lives. Thus, the idea of securing our information systems and/or computer networks has become very paramount. Owing to the significance of computer networks in transporting the information and knowledge generated by the increased diversity and sophistication of computational machinery, it would be very imperative to engage the services of network security professionals to manage the resources that are passed through the various terminals (end points) of the these network, so as to achieve a maximum reliability of the information passed, making sure that this is achieved without creating a discrepancy between the security and usability of such network. This paper examines the various techniques involved in securely maintaining the safe states of an active computer network, its resources and the information it carries. We examined techniques of compromising an information system by breaking into the system without authorised access (Hacking), we also looked at the various phases of digital analysis of an already compromised system, and then we investigated the tools and techniques for digitally analysing a compromised system in other to bring it back to a safe state.
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
Superconductivity and Spin Density Wave (SDW) in NaFe1-xCoxAsEditor IJCATR
A model is presented utilizing a Hamiltonian with equal spin singlet and triplet pairings based on quantum field theory and
green function formalism, to show the correlation between the superconducting and spin density wave (SDW) order parameters. The
model exhibits a distinct possibility of the coexistence of superconductivity and long-range magnetic phase, which are two usually
incompatible cooperative phenomena. The work is motivated by the recent experimental evidences on high-TC superconductivity in
the FeAs-based superconductors. The theoretical results are then applied to show the coexistence of superconductivity and spin density
wave (SDW) in NaFe1-xCoxAs.
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties of Chrome Alloy Steel IDES Editor
En 31 steel is widely used for applications like ball bearings and grinding media balls. The sliding wear properties of En 31 steel has been studied in the past, however the data on abrasive wear properties of En 31 steel is limited. En 31 steel was quenched and tempered at different tempering temperatures. Metallographic and hardness studies were carried out on heat treated samples. The hardened and tempered samples were tested using two body abrasive wear testing apparatus. The abrasive medium used in the present investigation was silicon carbide paper. The effect of normal load and sliding distance on wear loss of as received and heat treated specimens tempered at different tempering temperatures was investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of EN 31 steel with different hardness was compared under different test conditions. The worn out samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope to study morphology of worn surfaces. The abrasive wear resistance exhibited an increasing trend with increase in hardness and it was rationalized in terms of microstructure and the hardness.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
In real condition the experimental study of scale on explosion resistance of reinforced concrete slab has highly expenses in conduction experiments. This analytical result of the work are overly desirable and close to the real time condition. This work indicates the obvious effect of scale on dynamic response resistance, stress strain behaviour, deflection of unilateral slab of reinforced concrete which are exposed to blast loading due to sudden explosion. To achieve this study reinforced concrete slab which were exposed to blast loading. Explosion test on this reinforced concrete slab which has different standoff distance. The slab are supported at its two ends using a suitable support condition. This work is analyze using the finite element software ABAQUS. The result of this experimental work is compared with the result obtained from the analytical result. From result the detachment in two slab of reinforced concrete both big and small is similar. The analytical behaviour of the slab is moreover same as that of the experimental behaviour
The technology behind information systems in today’s world has been embedded in nearly every aspect of our lives. Thus, the idea of securing our information systems and/or computer networks has become very paramount. Owing to the significance of computer networks in transporting the information and knowledge generated by the increased diversity and sophistication of computational machinery, it would be very imperative to engage the services of network security professionals to manage the resources that are passed through the various terminals (end points) of the these network, so as to achieve a maximum reliability of the information passed, making sure that this is achieved without creating a discrepancy between the security and usability of such network. This paper examines the various techniques involved in securely maintaining the safe states of an active computer network, its resources and the information it carries. We examined techniques of compromising an information system by breaking into the system without authorised access (Hacking), we also looked at the various phases of digital analysis of an already compromised system, and then we investigated the tools and techniques for digitally analysing a compromised system in other to bring it back to a safe state.
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
Superconductivity and Spin Density Wave (SDW) in NaFe1-xCoxAsEditor IJCATR
A model is presented utilizing a Hamiltonian with equal spin singlet and triplet pairings based on quantum field theory and
green function formalism, to show the correlation between the superconducting and spin density wave (SDW) order parameters. The
model exhibits a distinct possibility of the coexistence of superconductivity and long-range magnetic phase, which are two usually
incompatible cooperative phenomena. The work is motivated by the recent experimental evidences on high-TC superconductivity in
the FeAs-based superconductors. The theoretical results are then applied to show the coexistence of superconductivity and spin density
wave (SDW) in NaFe1-xCoxAs.
Analysis the Effect of Educational Package on Promotion of Protective Behavio...Editor IJCATR
dust phenomenon, especially in the summer, is a serious problem in Khuzestan province and has adverse effects on
health, environment and economic. Behavior change is the base for health associated risks prevention and one of the models for
behavior change in individual level is Health Belief Model. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of educational
package on promotion of protective behaviors in exposure to dust phenomenon in Ahvaz teachers by SPSS software.
Methods: This was an experimental study in which 200 teachers randomly were divided into two groups, case and control groups
[n=100, in each group]
pha test. Before the educational intervention, questionnaire was
completed by two groups and educational requirements of subjects were detected and an educational package was designed and
implemented for 4 week. The control group received no intervention. After a month the effect of educational package on study
variables was evaluated. Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software version 17, by descriptive and analytical tests.
Result: Mean age of case and control groups were 39.75±6.95 and 39.78±7.02 years, respectively. There was no significant
association between marriage and behavior, but there was a significant association between employment number of years and
behavior [p=0.03], education and behavior [p=0.03]. Based on the findings of this study there was a significant association
between the knowledge, health belief model components and behavior of the study subjects, before and after the intervention [p<
0.001].
Conclusion: designing and implementation of an educational package based on health belief model can promote the knowledge
and protective behaviors in exposure to dust particles effectively.
The method presented in this paper is beased on coupled line in the standard schiffman phase shifters structure and replace it
with lange coupler. To having a wider bandwidth, the stronger coupling is required. One way to achieve strong coupling is using of the
parallel coupled lines that this property exist in the lange coupler. So this paper discusses the design of fixed broadband phase shifter
by using the lange coupler and a novel phase shifters will be introduced according to the standard schiffman phase shifters. Finally
optimal parameters to achieve the desired performance will be shown.
Local Restoration in Metro Ethernet Networks for Multiple Link FailuresEditor IJCATR
Ethernet a popular choice for metropolitan-area networks (MAN) due to simplicity, cost effectiveness and scalability. The
Spanning-Tree based switching mechanism, which is considered to be very efficient at avoiding switching loops in LAN environment,
is a performance bottleneck in Metro network context. Handling of link failure is an important issue in metro Ethernet networks. A
link failure may result in serious service disruptions. A local restoration method for metro Ethernet with multiple spanning trees, which
aims at fast handling of single link failures in a distributed manner, have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we propose a
local restoration mechanism that uses MULTILINK algorithm for solving multiple link failures
Location Based Tracking System for Emergency ServicesEditor IJCATR
Transmitting the geo-location information of a target via wireless networks is effective when both the target and the
tracker are within Wi-Fi coverage area; the 802.11 wireless networks are not always accessible. When the target or the tracker is
unable to access Wi-Fi, it is impossible to perform location tracking. Therefore, SMS is a relatively more reliable and flexible
solution because of its widespread use. In this system, a device is equipped with a global system for mobile communications
(GSM) modem and a GPS unit. It transmits short messages containing its GPS coordinates to the server at 30-s intervals.
Although transmitting the geo-location information of a target via wireless networks is effective when both the target and the
tracker are within Wi-Fi coverage area, the 802.11 wireless networks are not always accessible. When the target or the tracker is
unable to access Wi-Fi, it is impossible to perform location tracking. In this System, a novel method called location-based
delivery (LBD), which combines the short message service (SMS) and global position system (GPS). LBD reduces the number of
short message transmissions while maintaining the location tracking accuracy within the acceptable range. The proposed
approach, LBD, consists of three primary features: Short message format, location prediction, and dynamic threshold. The
defined short message format is proprietary.
User participation in ERP Implementation: A Case-based StudyEditor IJCATR
Information Systems (IS), such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, are being developed and used in
organizations to achieve their business goals and to enhance organizational effectiveness. The effect of user participation on
successful systems development and implementation of ERP systems continues to be an area of interest to researchers. Common
understanding has been that extensive user participation is not only important, but absolutely essential to system success. Even with
this understanding of user participation as one of the critical factor in successful IS development and implementation, empirical studies
have been unable to conclusively link user participation to systems success. This paper uses a private university as a case study to
examine the role played by user participation in the implementation of an ERP system. In order to achieve its objective, this study
adopted a mixed method where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in the collection of data. The results of the
study reveal that user participation has a positive impact on the likelihood of ERP system success, user participation by choice is the
best, user participation leads to better understanding of system requirements, the more participation the more the satisfied the users are,
and participation builds support for the system during implementation. From our results we conclude that user participation in ERP
system implementation is critical for successful implementation.
Microstructure, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of penta Bi- Sn- Pb based alloys have been investigated. Matrix structure (Formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of Bi- Sn- Pb- In- X (X= Cd/or Zn) penta alloys changed with varying composition. The new penta fusible, Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10, alloy has best properties such as high density, low melting point and friendly environmental, (reduced toxicity elements Pb and Cd by 40% and 75%, compared used alloys), for shielding blocks in mega-volt radiotherapy. The melting temperature of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy is ~58 ºC and it is density is 10.117 gm/cm3. The elastic modulus of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 is 29.03 Gpa. Vickers hardness and internal friction values of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy are 9.72 Kg/mm2 and 0.085. The Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy consists of rhombohedral Bi phase, tetragonal Sn phase, face centered cubic Pb phase, hexagonal Cd phase, face centered cubic In phase, Pb7Bi3 and SnBi intermetallic compounds.
Humans communication is generally under the control of emotions and full of opinions. Emotions and their opinions plays an important role in thinking process of mind, influences the human actions too. Sentiment analysis is one of the ways to explore user’s opinion made on any social media and networking site for various commercial applications in number of fields. This paper takes into account the basis requirements of opinion mining to explore the present techniques used to developed an full fledge system. Is highlights the opportunities or deployment and research of such systems. The available tools used for building such applications have even presented with their merits and limitations.
SQL injection is the major susceptible attack in today’s era of web application which attacks the database to gain unauthorized and illicit access. It works as an intermediate between web application and database. Most of the time, well-known people fire the SQL injection, who is previously working in the organisation on the present database. Today organisation has major concern is to stop SQL injection because it is the major vulnerable attack in the database. SQLI attacks target databases that are reachable through web front. SQLI prevention technique efficiently blocked all of the attacks without generating any false positive. In this paper we present different techniques and tools which can prevent various attacks.
Neural Network Based Context Sensitive Sentiment AnalysisEditor IJCATR
Social media communication is evolving more in these days. Social networking site is being rapidly increased in recent years, which provides platform to connect people all over the world and share their interests. The conversation and the posts available in social media are unstructured in nature. So sentiment analysis will be a challenging work in this platform. These analyses are mostly performed in machine learning techniques which are less accurate than neural network methodologies. This paper is based on sentiment classification using Competitive layer neural networks and classifies the polarity of a given text whether the expressed opinion in the text is positive or negative or neutral. It determines the overall topic of the given text. Context independent sentences and implicit meaning in the text are also considered in polarity classification.
New Technique for Image Encryption Based on Choas and Change of MSBEditor IJCATR
In this paper, an algorithm for image encryption using chaotic systems and techniques to change the pixel values are proposed for
protecting digital images in an efficient and safe manner will be offered. In the proposed algorithm, the stochastic properties of chaotic
Logistic system is used. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we have implemented it in MATLAB using
parameters such as visual analysis, key space analysis, histogram analysis. Implementation results show that the proposed algorithm,
the algorithm is efficient and safe.
When observing Egypt‟s method of expansion, one can identify a clear language and distinctive pattern of urban
development. The years following 1952, marked by the privatization of agricultural land and the population boom, gave rise to a soon
to be urban „catastrophe‟. In order to fulfil the needs of the growing population, buildings were sprouting out everywhere, causing
agricultural lands to disappear under a jungle of red bricks, erasing the lines between urban and rural. This phenomenon of informal
expansion has spread across the country composing what is commonly known as Ashwa’eeyat or informal settlements. In Egypt, these
can be identified by a unified method of construction using concrete skeleton structures of concrete slabs and beams along with plain
red brick walls; an appearance that does not reflect nor shed light on the Egyptian culture or environmental requirements. The use of
bricks and concrete is due to the fact that this construction method is the most commonly used and feasible type of construction; the
material is available, the workmanship, even though it is not the most economic method. Egypt is a developing country that possesses
numerous resources, being both tangible and intangible ones. The aim of this paper is to research and determine the possibility of
creating different elements of construction utilizing available resources and recycling waste material. These elements would be
economic and reflective of the Egyptian culture while maintaining the necessary environmental and physical safety requirements
sought in residential buildings.
Dynamic Resource Provisioning with Authentication in Distributed DatabaseEditor IJCATR
Data center have the largest consumption amounts of energy in sharing the power. The public cloud workloads of different
priorities and performance requirements of various applications [4]. Cloud data center have capable of sensing an opportunity to present
different programs. In my proposed construction and the name of the security level of imperturbable privacy leakage rarely distributed
cloud system to deal with the persistent characteristics there is a substantial increases and information that can be used to augment the
profit, retrenchment overhead or both. Data Mining Analysis of data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful
information is a process. Three empirical algorithms have been proposed assignments estimate the ratios are dissected theoretically and
compared using real Internet latency data recital of testing methods
Implementation of 2D Optimal Barcode (QR Code) for ImagesEditor IJCATR
Quick Response (QR) Code is very useful for encoding the data in an efficient manner. Here data capacity in 2D barcode is limited according to the various types of data formats used for encoding. The data in image format uses more space. The data capacity can be increased by compressing the data using any of the data compression techniques before encoding. In this paper, we suggest a technique for data compression which in turn helps to increase the data capacity of QR Codes generated for image. Finally, results are compared with the normal QR Codes to find the efficiency of the new technique of encoding followed by compression for generating optimal QR code.
Health Monitoring System of Elderly using Wireless Sensor NetworkIjcatr04031005Editor IJCATR
Wireless-sensor-network-based home monitoring system for elderly activity behaviour involves functional assessment of daily activities. In this paper, we report a mechanism for estimation of elderly well-being condition based on usage of house-hold appliances connected through various sensing units. We define a two new wellness functions to determine the status of the elderly on performing essential daily activities. The modernized system for monitoring and evaluating the essential daily activities was tested at homes for four different elderly persons living alone and the results are encouraging in determining wellness of the elderly.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy
have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline
phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation
occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of
Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding
indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy
has adequate properties for solder applications.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
The objective of this paper is to study the micro
structural features of ZA27alloy containing nickel in the range
from 1 to 3 wt. %. The microstructure of the alloy was examined
using both optical and SEM. High percentage of nickel helps in
imparting strength to the alloy and also to overcome dimensional
instability as it forms various intermetallic compounds containing
hard particles. Small percentage of magnesium in the alloy helps
in reducing intergranular corrosion. The microstructure consists
of small, flaky and rod like irregularly shaped intermetallic
compound in the interdendritic and eutectic regions.
Metallographic studies showed that addition of nickel resulted in
microstructural modifications of the alloy involving the
formation of complex intermetallic compounds α.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
Analysis of Al 6061-TiO2 -CNT Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Castin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium Hybrid Composites are the new groupof
metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to their attractive
properties like high ductility, high conductivity, light weight
and high strength to weight ratio and is a response to the
dynamic ever-increasing demand of these super material in
the field of aircrafts and marines. Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
are also known for their high strength and stiffness and their
low density which when combined together makes CNTs an
ideal reinforcement. This work briefly reviews the research
revelation of an Aluminium (Al-6061) based hybrid metal
matrix composite reinforced with CNTs and TiO2. The
Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) is
prepared with various CNTs weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and
1.5 wt. %) and keeping TiO2 weight percentage fixed to
1%.Stir Casting (SC) is focused in general to successfully
fabricate the MMCs. The discussion of this work revolves
around tensile test, hardness test, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) of the MMC. The mechanical properties
of the fabricated MMCs materials like tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength is found by using these
experimental methods. It has been observed that the tensile
strength of the MMCs increases in the presence of TiO2 and
CNTs and increases even more with the increase in the weight
fraction of CNTs. Same results have been obtained for
hardness and impact strength where there is an increase in
them in the presence of TiO2 and CNT and their value
increases even further with increase in weight fraction of
CNTs.
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
existence and the decay estimates of solutions to the semilinear problem by employing the fixed point theorem
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Ijsea04021005
1. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2015, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 46
Effect of Titanium Oxide on Structure, Bearing Properties of
Tin-Antimony-Lead and Tin-Aluminum Alloys
Abu Bakr El- Bediwi
Metal Physics Lab., Physics
Department, Faculty of Science,
Mansoura University
Mansoura, Egypt
Abbas Al- Bawee
Faculty of engineering, University of
Diayala
Diayala, Iraq
Mustafa Kamal
Metal Physics Lab., Physics
Department, Faculty of Science,
Mansoura University
Mansoura, Egypt
Abstract: Effect of adding titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) on structure, elastic moduli, Vickers hardness, internal friction, electrical
resistivity and thermal properties of tin-antimony-lead and tin-aluminum bearing alloys have been investigated. Elastic modulus, Vickers
hardness and thermal diffusivity of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys increased after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Internal friction, thermal
conductivity and specific heat of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys varied after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Adding titanium oxide nanoparticles
improved bearing properties, such as strengthens and internal friction of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys. The Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloy has
best properties for automotive industry. Also Sn78.5Al20(TiO2)1.5 alloy has best properties for marine applications.
Key words: titanium oxide, internal friction, thermal properties, structure, hardness, resistivity, bearing alloys
Introduction
Bearings are used to prevent friction between parts during
relative movement. In machinery they fall into two primary
categories: anti-friction or rolling element bearings and
hydrodynamic journal bearings. Today, the term Babbitt covers a
collection of “white metal” alloys consisting generally of a tin or lead
base accompanied by antimony and copper. Babbitt metal is used as
the lining for bearing shells of cast iron, steel and bronze. Fry
manufactures two basic types of babbitt, high-tin alloys and high-lead
alloys. Both are relatively low melting materials consisting of hard
compound in a soft matrix. Al–Sn alloys have a very long history
(Forrester 1960) to be used as bearing materials [1]. These alloys
provide a good combination of strength and surface properties [2].
The fatigue strength of cold worked and heat treated Al–20%Sn–
1%Cu alloy having reticular structure is close to that of Cu–30%Pb
alloy with higher seizure resistance [3]. Aluminium has a low
modulus of elasticity and apart from indium, lead has the lowest
modulus of elasticity of all the soft phases alloying with aluminium
[4]. Al-Sn based alloys are widely used as sliding bearing materials
in automobile and shipbuilding industry [5, 6]. HVOF spray process
has been introduced by McCartney to prepare Al-Sn-Si bearing alloy
coatings. Post heat treatment of the HVOF sprayed coating at 300 ºC
proved the coarsening of tin and precipitate of Si in the coating [7, 8].
Based on the feasibility of preparing oxygen sensitive metal coatings,
cold spray was also introduced to deposit Al-Sn binary alloy coatings
[9]. Al-5Sn coating can be deposited by high pressure cold spray
with nitrogen while Al-10Sn can only be deposited by low pressure
cold spray with helium gas. Both Al-5Sn and Al-10Sn coatings
present dense structures. The coarsening and/or migration of Sn
phase in the coatings were observed when the annealing temperature
exceeds 200 ºC. Furthermore, the microhardness of the coatings
decreased significantly at the annealing temperature of 250 ºC [10].
Aluminum tin and leaded aluminium alloys slightly differ in
mechanical properties. Frictional states created during sliding against
steel shaft under oil lubrication were not much different. Leaded
aluminium alloy bushes show marginally lower friction than the
conventional ones [11]. Adding Cu/Pb to Sn-Sb alloy improve their
elastic modulus, internal friction, hardness and thermal conductivity
[12]. The friction coefficients of Sn-20.2%Sb-16.6%Pb-2.6%Cu are
lower than that of Sn–7.2%Sb–0.4%Pb–3%Cu under all scratch test
conditions [13]. Structure, hardness, mechanical and electrical
transport properties of Sn90-x Sb10Bix (x = 0, or x ≥1) alloys have been
studied and analyzed [14]. The effects of solidification rate and
microadditions on mechanical properties and micromorphology of
SnSb10.4 alloy have been studied [15]. Creep behaviour, elastic
modulus and internal friction of SnSb10Cu2X2 (X=Pb, Ag, Se, Cd and
Zn) alloys have been investigated also stress exponent values have
been determined using Mulhearn-Tabor method [16]. The aim of this
research was to investigate the effect of adding titanium oxide
nanoparticles (TiO2) on structure, elastic moduli, Vickers hardness,
internal friction and thermal properties of tin-antimony-lead and tin-
aluminum bearing alloys.
Experimental work
Two groups of quaternary bearing alloys, tin- antimony-
lead- titanium oxide and tin- aluminum- titanium oxide, were used.
These groups' alloys were molten in the muffle furnace using (high
purity more than 99.95%) tin, antimony, lead, aluminum and titanium
oxide. The resulting ingots were turned and re-melted several times
to increase the homogeneity of the ingots. From these ingots, long
ribbons of about 3-5 mm width and ~ 70 m thickness were prepared
as the test samples by directing a stream of molten alloy onto the
outer surface of rapidly revolving copper roller with surface velocity
31 m/s giving a cooling rate of 3.7 × 105
k/s. The samples then cut
into convenient shape for the measurements using double knife cuter.
Structure of used alloys was performed using an Shimadzu X–ray
Diffractometer (Dx–30, Japan)of Cu–K radiation with =1.54056 Å
at 45 kV and 35 mA and Ni–filter in the angular range 2 ranging
from 0 to 100° in continuous mode with a scan speed 5 deg/min.
Electrical resistivity of used alloys was measured by double bridge
method. The melting endotherms of used alloys were obtained using
a SDT Q600 V20.9 Build 20 instrument. A digital Vickers micro-
hardness tester, (Model-FM-7- Japan), was used to measure Vickers
hardness values of used alloys. Q-1
, the elastic modulus E and
2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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thermal diffusivity Dth of used alloys were determined using the
dynamic resonance method [17- 19].
Where is the density of the sample under test, L is the length of the
vibrated part of the sample, k is the radius of gyration of cross section
perpendicular to its plane of motion, f0 is the resonance frequency
and z is the constant depends on the mode of vibration and is equal to
1.8751. f is the half width of the resonance curve.
Results and discussions
Effect of adding TiO2 nanoparticles on structure of Sn-Sb-Pb
alloy
X-ray diffraction patterns of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x (x=0.5, 1
and 1.5 wt. %) rapidly solidified alloys have lines corresponding to
β- Sn, Pb/or Sb and SbSn intermetallic phases as shown in Figure 1.
X-ray analysis show that, adding TiO2 to Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy caused a
change in Sn matrix structure such as lattice parameters and formed
crystal structure (crystallinity, crystal size and the orientation) as seen
in Table 1(a and b). That is because TiO2 nanoparticles dissolved in
Sn matrix formed a solid solution and other accumulated particles
formed a traces of phases.
Figure 1:- x-ray diffraction patterns of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
Table 1a:- x-ray diffraction analysis of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
Sn87Sb10Pb3
hklPhaseFWHMInt.%d Å2
101SbSn0.27554.373.0718629.0695
200Sn0.24001002.9286830.4985
200Sn0.072069.412.9255730.6095
101Sn0.192034.112.79643931.9779
012SbSn0.57600.772.1724641.5347
220Sn0.43205.132.0716043.6580
211Sn0.336012.292.0230444.7618
301Sn0.33603.751.6653955.1013
112Sn0.33605.811.4864862.4237
400Sn0.38404.051.4610663.6354
321Sn0.43203.591.4460964.3731
113SbSn0.57600.411.3724368.2871
420Sn0.28803.631.3087472.1128
411Sn0.28802.751.2963572.9123
321Sn0.28803.591.2069879.3161
432Sn0.24002.051.0984089.0610
103Sn0.38401.461.0420595.3295
330Sn0.48000.641.0339696.3177
521Sn0.48000.751.0278397.0846
2
0
22/1
kz
fL2E
0
2
th
fd2
D
0
1
f
f
5773.0Q
3. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Sn86. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)0.5
hklPhaseFWHMInt.%d Å2
200Sn0.25581002.9205230.6118
101Sn0.255880.392.7943332.0305
220Pb0.47231.742.4830436.1764
220Sn0.334625.532.0671543.7948
211Sn0.295256.582.0215244.8366
021SbSn0.39361.681.7492652.2999
301Sn0.275513.941.6621455.2681
112Sn0.255818.621.4863962.4854
107Sb0.27555.281.4597463.759
321Sn0.216516.611.4438564.5448
018Sb0.216510.531.3061172.3498
411Sn0.25588.951.2940973.1307
321Sn0.196816.981.2065679.4279
432Sn0.19686.941.0970689.2927
103Sn0.19686.041.0415495.4951
440Sn0.23621.821.032596.6061
521Sn0.243.091.0262297.2882
Sn86Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1
hklPhaseFWHMInt.%d Å2
200Sn0.255886.522.9203830.6133
101Sn0.25581002.7967932.0016
220Sn0.275522.172.0652543.8373
211Sn0.236266.022.0217844.8304
301Sn0.334612.861.6616955.2842
112Sn0.255825.711.4869762.4583
107Sb0.21657.611.4603863.7276
321Sn0.216517.751.4452564.4749
018Sb0.177110.421.3059472.3608
411Sn0.177110.521.2947173.0899
321Sn0.26415.711.2055279.4307
321Sn0.1928.871.2045379.7468
432Sn0.2647.471.0959489.3151
431Sn0.1924.461.0952389.6708
103Sn0.241.751.0444995.0358
103Sn0.2165.281.0405195.5155
332Sn0.2163.211.0401395.8764
440Sn0.243.091.0315896.6134
521Sn0.244.551.0255497.3745
Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5
hklPhaseFWHMInt.%d Å2
200Sn0.275588.932.921430.6023
101Sn0.25581002.7948532.0244
220Sn0.196831.182.0657443.8265
211Sn0.236260.272.0175344.9301
301Sn0.177116.361.6623755.2598
112Sn0.196820.781.4866862.4719
107Sb0.31495.731.4588963.8004
321Sn0.196814.031.4445864.5084
018Sb0.15748.851.3063872.3331
411Sn0.177110.061.2944473.1077
321Sn0.177112.821.206779.417
432Sn0.17717.161.0968289.3181
103Sn0.17717.271.0415495.4954
521Sn0.5762.881.0245897.4966
Table 1b:- lattice parameters and crystal size of β-Sn in
Sn87- xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
ÅV Ǻ3
c Åa ÅAlloys
355.44108.8833.1745.857Sn87Sb10Pb3
514.283108.623.185.841Sn86. Sb10Pb3(TiO2)0.5
508.035109.153.25.841Sn86Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1
529.678108.833.195.843Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5
Scanning electron micrographs, SEM, of Sn87-
xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x (x=0 and 1.5 wt. %) alloys show heterogeneity
structure as shown in Figure 2. SEM micrographs of Sn87-
xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys show β- Sn matrix and other accumulated
particles formed traces of phases and that is agreed with x-ray results.
Figure 2:- SEM of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloys
4. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Effect of adding TiO2 nanoparticles on mechanical properties of
Sn-Sb-Pb alloy
The elastic constants are directly related to atomic bonding
and structure. Elastic modului of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys are
listed in Table 2. Elastic modulus of Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy increased
after adding different ratio from TiO2 nanoparticles. The
Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloy has highest elastic modulus.
Table 2:- elastic modului, internal friction and thermal diffusivity of
Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
Dth x10-8
m2
sec
Q-1
B
GPa
µ
GPa
E
GPa
Alloys
9.430.02539.1512.1533.02Sn87Sb10Pb3
27.360.03145.314.138.3Sn86. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)0.5
21.430.02446.114.439.1Sn86Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1
41.870.01855.417.447.2Sn85. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5
The resonance curves Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys are
shown in Figure 3. Calculated internal friction and thermal
diffusivity of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys are listed in Table 2.
Internal friction of Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy varied after adding different
ratio from TiO2 nanoparticles. The Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloy has
lowest internal friction.
Figure 3:- resonance curves of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
The hardness is the property of material, which gives it the
ability to resist being permanently deformed when a load is applied.
Vickers hardness of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys at 10 gram force and
indentation time 5 sec are shown in Table 3. The minimum shear
stress (m) value of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys was calculated using
the equation [9], where is Poisson’s ratio of the elements in the
alloy and then listed in Table 3.
{ ( ) ( )[ ( )] }
Vickers hardness of Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy increased after
adding TiO2 nanoparticles. That is because TiO2 dissolved in Sn
matrix formed a hard inclusion increased its hardness.
Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloy has highest hardness.
Table 3:- Vickers hardness and minimum shear stress of
Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
µs kg/mm2
Hv kg/mm2
Alloys
9.4128.52±1.8Sn87Sb10Pb3
10.4531.68±2.7Sn86. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)0.5
12.0536.53±3.3Sn86Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1
12.8138.83±2.4Sn85. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5
Effect of adding TiO2 on thermal properties and electrical
resistivity of Sn- Sb- Pb alloy
Thermal analysis is often used to study solid state
transformations as well as solid-liquid reactions. Figure 4 shows
DSC thermographs for Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys. Little variation
occurred in exothermal peak of Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy. The melting
temperature and other thermal properties of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x
alloys are listed in Table 4. Melting temperature of Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy
decreased after adding TiO2 nanoparticles.
Crystalline defects serve as scattering center for conduction
electrons in metals, so the increase in their number raises the
imperfection. Electrical resistivity and calculated thermal
conductivities of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys are shown in Table 4.
Electrical resistivity of Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy varied after adding TiO2
nanoparticles. That is because TiO2 nanoparticles dissolved in the
Sn matrix playing as scattering center for conduction electrons
caused a change in matrix structure.
Table 4:- electric resistivity and other thermal properties of
Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
Melting
point ºC
Cp x 103
J/kg. k
K W
m-1
K-1
ρ x10-6
Ω.cm
Alloys
236.871.842.3067.3Sn87Sb10Pb3
223.381.882.5559.04Sn86. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)0.5
229.523.932.3265.19Sn86Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1
229.333.291.9477.78Sn85. 5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5
5. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Figure 4:- DSC of Sn87-xSb10Pb3(TiO2)x alloys
Effect of adding TiO2 nanoparticles on structure of Sn-Al alloy
X-ray diffraction patterns of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x (x=0.5, 1
and 1.5 wt. %) alloys have lines corresponding to β- Sn and Al
phases as shown in Figure 5. X-ray analysis show that, adding TiO2
to Sn80Al20 alloy caused a change in Sn matrix such as lattice
parameters and formed crystal structure (crystallinity, crystal size and
the orientation) as seen in Table 5 (a and b). That is because TiO2
nanoparticles dissolved in Sn matrix formed a solid solution and
other accumulated particles formed a traces of phases.
Scanning electron micrographs, SEM, of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x
alloys show heterogeneity structure as shown in Figure 6. SEM
micrographs of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys show β- Sn matrix with other
accumulated particles formed traces of phases and that agree with x-
ray results
Figure 5:- x-ray diffraction patterns of
Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
7. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Figure 6:- SEM of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
Effect of adding TiO2 nanoparticles on mechanical properties of
Sn- Al alloy
Elastic modului of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys are listed in
Table 6. Elastic modulus of Sn80Al20 alloy increased after adding
different ratio from TiO2 nanoparticles. The Sn78.5Al20(TiO2)1.5 alloy
has highest elastic modulus.
The resonance curves Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys are shown in
Figure 7. Calculated internal friction and thermal diffusivity of Sn80-
xAl20(TiO2)x alloys are listed in Table 6. Internal friction of Sn80Al20
alloy increased after adding different ratio from TiO2 nanoparticles.
The Sn78.5Al20(TiO2)1.5 alloy has high internal friction value.
Table 6:- elastic modului, internal friction and thermal diffusivity
of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
Dth x10-
8
(m2
/sec)
Q-1
B
GPa
µ
GPa
E
GPa
Alloys
10.890.01137.3811.7331.85Sn80Al20
24.60.0244413.937.6Sn79.5Al20(TiO2)0.5
60.970.022745.414.338.9Sn79Al20(TiO2)1
9.600.022847.41540.8Sn78.5Al20(TiO2).1.5
Figure 7:- resonance curves of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
Vickers hardness of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys at 10 gram
force and indentation time 5 sec are shown in Table 7. The minimum
shear stress (m) value of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys was calculated then
listed in Table 7. Little variation occurred in Vickers hardness of
Sn80Al20 alloy after adding TiO2 nanoparticles.
Table 7:- Vickers hardness and minimum shear stress of
Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
µn kg/mm2
Hv kg/mm2
Alloys
14.33±34.63 2.7Sn80Al20
11.8035.77±1.9Sn79.5Al20(TiO2)0.5
12.5037.88±2.2Sn79Al20(TiO2)1
12.8438.92±3.1Sn78.5Al20(TiO2).1.5
Effect of adding TiO2 on thermal properties and electrical
resistivity of Sn-Al alloy
Figure 8 shows DSC thermographs for Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x
alloys. Little variation occurred in exothermal peak of Sn80Al20
alloy. The melting temperature and other thermal properties of Sn80-
xAl20(TiO2)x alloys are listed in Table 8. Melting temperature of
Sn80Al20 alloy increased after adding TiO2 nanoparticles.
Electrical resistivity and calculated thermal conductivities
of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys are listed in Table 8. Electrical resistivity
of Sn80Al20 alloy varied after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. That is
because TiO2 nanoparticles dissolved in the Sn matrix playing as
scattering center for conduction electrons caused a change in Sn
matrix.
Table 8:- electric resistivity and other thermal properties of
Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
Melting
point ºC
∆S
J/g. ºC
Cp x 103
J/g. ºC
K W
m-1
K-1
ρ x10-6
Ω.cm
Alloys
227.030.1220.7231.2167.3Sn80Al20
8. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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228.220.1983.742.1137.30Sn79.5Al20(TiO2)0.5
228.920.1902.852.3177.76Sn79Al20(TiO2)1
229.630.23.343.2768.40Sn78.5Al20(TiO2).1.5
Figure 8:- DSC of Sn80-xAl20(TiO2)x alloys
Conclusion
Structure of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys changed after
adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Elastic modulus and Vickers hardness of
Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys increased after adding TiO2
nanoparticles. Internal friction and mmelting temperature of
Sn87Sb10Pb3 alloy decreased but internal friction and melting
temperature of Sn80Al20 alloy increased after adding TiO2
nanoparticles. The Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(Ti2O)1.5 alloy has beast properties
for automotive industry. Also Sn78.5Al20(Ti2O)1.5 alloy has beast
properties for marine applications.
References
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