1) The document examines the high temperature oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy produced by mechanical alloying. Samples were mechanically alloyed, sintered, hot-deformed, and underwent secondary recrystallization.
2) Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on the samples at 1000°C for up to 100 hours. SEM and XRD analysis found that a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film formed on the surfaces. Weight change results indicated the samples gained a small amount of weight over time, exhibiting sub-parabolic oxidation behavior.
3) XRD analysis identified the primary oxide as Cr2O3. The intensity of Cr2O3 peaks in XRD
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
Wear Properties of Thixoformed Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg Aluminium AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
Earlier work has shown that Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg aluminium alloy is suitable for
thixoforming process. Here, the dry sliding wear behaviour of the alloy, in the as-cast and
thixoformed conditions were investigated. The cooling slope technique was used to produce the alloy
with globular microstructure for the thixoforming process. Both the thixoformed and cast samples
were subjected to T6 heat treatments prior to the wear tests. The tests were carried out using a
pin-on-disc tribometer, against a hardened M2 tool steel disc of 62 HRC at different loads, under dry
sliding conditions at fixed sliding speed and sliding distance of 1 m.s–1 and 5 km respectively. The
microstructural response, worn surfaces was thoroughly and carefully examined using various
methods such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and differential
scanning calorimetry. The density of the heat treated thixoformed alloys showed significant increase
in the hardness property, among others, due to its reduced porosity. Their wear test results also
observed that the weight loss of materials increase with an increase in the input load and the sliding
distance for all samples. However, the as-cast alloy displayed higher wear rate compared with the
thixoformed alloys. In general, the wear mechanisms showed a mixture of abrasive, oxidative and
delamination wear (mild wear) at low applied loads and mainly an adhesive (severe wear) at high
applied loads.
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
Wear Properties of Thixoformed Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg Aluminium AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
Earlier work has shown that Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg aluminium alloy is suitable for
thixoforming process. Here, the dry sliding wear behaviour of the alloy, in the as-cast and
thixoformed conditions were investigated. The cooling slope technique was used to produce the alloy
with globular microstructure for the thixoforming process. Both the thixoformed and cast samples
were subjected to T6 heat treatments prior to the wear tests. The tests were carried out using a
pin-on-disc tribometer, against a hardened M2 tool steel disc of 62 HRC at different loads, under dry
sliding conditions at fixed sliding speed and sliding distance of 1 m.s–1 and 5 km respectively. The
microstructural response, worn surfaces was thoroughly and carefully examined using various
methods such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and differential
scanning calorimetry. The density of the heat treated thixoformed alloys showed significant increase
in the hardness property, among others, due to its reduced porosity. Their wear test results also
observed that the weight loss of materials increase with an increase in the input load and the sliding
distance for all samples. However, the as-cast alloy displayed higher wear rate compared with the
thixoformed alloys. In general, the wear mechanisms showed a mixture of abrasive, oxidative and
delamination wear (mild wear) at low applied loads and mainly an adhesive (severe wear) at high
applied loads.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
Structural and Morphological Properties of Mn-Doped Co3O4 ThinFilm Deposited ...IJERA Editor
In this study, a series of manganese (Mn)-doped Cobalt oxide (Co3O4)thin films were deposited on steel substrate by the sol-gel spin coat method and investigated the influence of doping concentrations of Mn in Cobalt ranging from 0.001% to 1% on physical, structural and morphological properties of Co3O4 thin films. Cobalt acetate[(CH3COO)2Co.4H2O], Mn acetate [C4H6MnO4.4H2O] and Isopropyl alcohol were used as starting material, dopant source and reagent respectively.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that pureCo3O4 thin film iscrystallinein nature andcubic phase with [400] preferential orientation.For Mn doped films, three new peaks corresponding to the planes [310], [320] and [420] of orthorhombic MnO2 phase were observed.SEM micrographs showed that incorporation of Mn in Co site was found to influence the surface morphology of the films. All the films showed tetragonal shaped grains. TheEDAXanalysis revealedthe amount of Mn element in the sample increased with increasing dopant concentration.
Some Results from the Investigation of Effects of Heat Treatment on Propertie...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The results of an investigation which was undertaken to reveal the differences in the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of two types of Ni-hard cast irons are presented in this study. The cast irons were obtained in a laboratory conditions and their compositions are in accordance with European standard EN 12513. One type of cast iron is EN GJN-HV520 (Ni-hard 2) containing 2.10% Cr and the second type EN GJN-HV600 (Ni-hard 4) with 9.04% Cr. The cast irons were evaluated in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. To improve mechanical properties specifically wear resistance, the samples of both types Ni-hard cast irons were subjected to different heat treatment processes. Annealing of Ni-hard 2 samples at 480°C during 4 hours caused increasing of hardness for about 13.5% due to additional precipitation of secondary carbides. On the other hand the heat treatment process consisting of annealing at 790°C during 4-8 hours of Ni-hard 4 samples, compared to the as-cast condition, improve the hardness for about 22.5%. In this case besides precipitation of secondary carbides, transformation of retained austenite to martensite occurs.
Investigation The Mechanical Properties of Carburized Low Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this study, the limitation of surface carburizing for low carbon steel was investigated in oil solution. The microstructure, mechanical properties; hardness and wear resistance has been investigated taken different temperatures; (850, 900, and 950 ˚C) with constant time (2 hr) of carburizing process. The experimental work shows that at carburizing temperature (850 ˚C), the hardness was increases from the inside to outside of specimen from ( 102 to HV 250)., while increases for temperatures (900 and 950 ˚C) from (105 to 272 HV), and (115 to 192 HV) respectively. This experiment also been conducted for wear resistance for harder specimen which was at 950 ˚C carburized sample for three times (2, 4 and, 6 hr) and the wea
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...albertdivis
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
2018 khodan an-porous monoliths consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanofibrilsAnatoleNKhodan
Abstract We present a study on the chemical and structural transformations in highly porous monolitic materials consisting of the nanofibrils of aluminum oxyhydroxides (NOA, Al2O3·nH2O) in the temperature range 20– 1700 °C. A remarkable property of the NOA material is the preservation of the monolithic state during annealing over the entire temperature range, although the density of the monolith increases from ~0.02 up to ~3 g/cm3, the total porosity decreases from 99.3 to 25% and remains open up to 4 h annealing at the temperature ~1300 °C. The physical parameters of NOA monoliths such as density, porosity, specific area were studied and a simple physical model describing these parameters as the function of the average size of NOA fibrils—the basic element of 3D structure—was proposed. The observed thermally induced changes in composition and structure of NOA were successfully described and two mechanisms of mass transport in NOA materials were revealed. (i) At moderate temperatures (T ≤ 800 °C), the mass transport occurs along a surface of amorphous single fibril, which results in a weak decrease of the length-to-diameter aspect ratio from the initial value ~24 till ~20; the corresponding NOA porosity change is also small: from initial ~99.5 to 98.5%. (ii) At high temperatures (T > 800 °C), the mass transport occurs in the volume of fibrils, that results in changes of fibrils shape to elliptical and strong decrease of the aspect ratio down to ≤ 2; the porosity of NOA decreases to 25%. These two regimes are characterized by activation energies of 28 and 61 kJ/mol respectively, and the transition temperature corresponds to the beginning of γ-phase crystallization at 870 °C.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular morphology of titania and a vapor-transport technique are utilized to form heterojunctions of P and TiO2. Compared to pristine anatase 3.2 eV TiO2 nanotubes, the creation of heterojunctions in the hybrid material resulted in 1.5–2.1 eV photoelectrocatalysts. An enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible light compared with the individual components resulted for the P@TiO2 hybrids. This feature is due to synergistically improved charge separation in the heterojunction and more effective visible-light absorption. The electronic band structure and charge-carrier dynamics are investigated in detail using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to elucidate the charge-separation mechanism. A Fermi-level alignment in P@TiO2 heterojunctions leads to a more reductive flat-band potential and a deeper valence band compared to pristine P and thus facilitates a better water-splitting performance. Our results demonstrate effective conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured hybrids, which may enable future applications in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical catalysts, and sensors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
Structural and Morphological Properties of Mn-Doped Co3O4 ThinFilm Deposited ...IJERA Editor
In this study, a series of manganese (Mn)-doped Cobalt oxide (Co3O4)thin films were deposited on steel substrate by the sol-gel spin coat method and investigated the influence of doping concentrations of Mn in Cobalt ranging from 0.001% to 1% on physical, structural and morphological properties of Co3O4 thin films. Cobalt acetate[(CH3COO)2Co.4H2O], Mn acetate [C4H6MnO4.4H2O] and Isopropyl alcohol were used as starting material, dopant source and reagent respectively.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that pureCo3O4 thin film iscrystallinein nature andcubic phase with [400] preferential orientation.For Mn doped films, three new peaks corresponding to the planes [310], [320] and [420] of orthorhombic MnO2 phase were observed.SEM micrographs showed that incorporation of Mn in Co site was found to influence the surface morphology of the films. All the films showed tetragonal shaped grains. TheEDAXanalysis revealedthe amount of Mn element in the sample increased with increasing dopant concentration.
Some Results from the Investigation of Effects of Heat Treatment on Propertie...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The results of an investigation which was undertaken to reveal the differences in the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of two types of Ni-hard cast irons are presented in this study. The cast irons were obtained in a laboratory conditions and their compositions are in accordance with European standard EN 12513. One type of cast iron is EN GJN-HV520 (Ni-hard 2) containing 2.10% Cr and the second type EN GJN-HV600 (Ni-hard 4) with 9.04% Cr. The cast irons were evaluated in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. To improve mechanical properties specifically wear resistance, the samples of both types Ni-hard cast irons were subjected to different heat treatment processes. Annealing of Ni-hard 2 samples at 480°C during 4 hours caused increasing of hardness for about 13.5% due to additional precipitation of secondary carbides. On the other hand the heat treatment process consisting of annealing at 790°C during 4-8 hours of Ni-hard 4 samples, compared to the as-cast condition, improve the hardness for about 22.5%. In this case besides precipitation of secondary carbides, transformation of retained austenite to martensite occurs.
Investigation The Mechanical Properties of Carburized Low Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this study, the limitation of surface carburizing for low carbon steel was investigated in oil solution. The microstructure, mechanical properties; hardness and wear resistance has been investigated taken different temperatures; (850, 900, and 950 ˚C) with constant time (2 hr) of carburizing process. The experimental work shows that at carburizing temperature (850 ˚C), the hardness was increases from the inside to outside of specimen from ( 102 to HV 250)., while increases for temperatures (900 and 950 ˚C) from (105 to 272 HV), and (115 to 192 HV) respectively. This experiment also been conducted for wear resistance for harder specimen which was at 950 ˚C carburized sample for three times (2, 4 and, 6 hr) and the wea
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...albertdivis
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
2018 khodan an-porous monoliths consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanofibrilsAnatoleNKhodan
Abstract We present a study on the chemical and structural transformations in highly porous monolitic materials consisting of the nanofibrils of aluminum oxyhydroxides (NOA, Al2O3·nH2O) in the temperature range 20– 1700 °C. A remarkable property of the NOA material is the preservation of the monolithic state during annealing over the entire temperature range, although the density of the monolith increases from ~0.02 up to ~3 g/cm3, the total porosity decreases from 99.3 to 25% and remains open up to 4 h annealing at the temperature ~1300 °C. The physical parameters of NOA monoliths such as density, porosity, specific area were studied and a simple physical model describing these parameters as the function of the average size of NOA fibrils—the basic element of 3D structure—was proposed. The observed thermally induced changes in composition and structure of NOA were successfully described and two mechanisms of mass transport in NOA materials were revealed. (i) At moderate temperatures (T ≤ 800 °C), the mass transport occurs along a surface of amorphous single fibril, which results in a weak decrease of the length-to-diameter aspect ratio from the initial value ~24 till ~20; the corresponding NOA porosity change is also small: from initial ~99.5 to 98.5%. (ii) At high temperatures (T > 800 °C), the mass transport occurs in the volume of fibrils, that results in changes of fibrils shape to elliptical and strong decrease of the aspect ratio down to ≤ 2; the porosity of NOA decreases to 25%. These two regimes are characterized by activation energies of 28 and 61 kJ/mol respectively, and the transition temperature corresponds to the beginning of γ-phase crystallization at 870 °C.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular morphology of titania and a vapor-transport technique are utilized to form heterojunctions of P and TiO2. Compared to pristine anatase 3.2 eV TiO2 nanotubes, the creation of heterojunctions in the hybrid material resulted in 1.5–2.1 eV photoelectrocatalysts. An enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible light compared with the individual components resulted for the P@TiO2 hybrids. This feature is due to synergistically improved charge separation in the heterojunction and more effective visible-light absorption. The electronic band structure and charge-carrier dynamics are investigated in detail using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to elucidate the charge-separation mechanism. A Fermi-level alignment in P@TiO2 heterojunctions leads to a more reductive flat-band potential and a deeper valence band compared to pristine P and thus facilitates a better water-splitting performance. Our results demonstrate effective conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured hybrids, which may enable future applications in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical catalysts, and sensors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
surface characteristics and electrochemical impedance investigation of spark-...mohammad fazel
In this study, the surface characteristic of oxide films on Ti-6Al-4V alloy formed by an anodic oxidation treatment at potentials higher than the breakdown voltage was evaluated.
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
Dielectric behaviour of Ni+2 substituted Cu Co Nanocrystalline Spinel Ferrite...inventionjournals
Herein, the dielectric properties such as permittivity (real part ε’ and imaginary part ε”) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are reported for the series [Nix Cu(constant) Co0.8-x Fe2O4] where constant=0.2 with x=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 of ferrites, prepared by Sol-Gel auto-combustion technique by using high purity metal nitrate and citric acid as a catalyst. The variation in the real part (ε’) of dielectric constant , imaginary part ( ε”) of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are studied at room temperature in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 MHz. Structural characterization of the annealed samples was done with the help of X-ray diffraction method. The particle size and single phase formation of NiCuCoFe2O4 ferrite was confirmed by Xray diffraction analysis and TEM. The particle size of prepared sample was confirmed by Scherer’s formula. The effect on Particle size (t) and lattice constant (Å) is observed due to substitution of Ni2+ in Cu Co. The digital LCR meter is used to obtain the magnetic properties of prepared pallets. The variations in the structural and dielectric properties of the prepared ferrite material are discussed.
Dielectric behaviour of Ni+2 substituted Cu Co Nanocrystalline Spinel Ferrite...inventionjournals
Herein, the dielectric properties such as permittivity (real part ε’ and imaginary part ε”) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are reported for the series [Nix Cu(constant) Co0.8-x Fe2O4] where constant=0.2 with x=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 of ferrites, prepared by Sol-Gel auto-combustion technique by using high purity metal nitrate and citric acid as a catalyst. The variation in the real part (ε’) of dielectric constant , imaginary part ( ε”) of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are studied at room temperature in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 MHz. Structural characterization of the annealed samples was done with the help of X-ray diffraction method. The particle size and single phase formation of NiCuCoFe2O4 ferrite was confirmed by Xray diffraction analysis and TEM. The particle size of prepared sample was confirmed by Scherer’s formula. The effect on Particle size (t) and lattice constant (Å) is observed due to substitution of Ni2+ in Cu Co. The digital LCR meter is used to obtain the magnetic properties of prepared pallets. The variations in the structural and dielectric properties of the prepared ferrite material are discussed
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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2. 4124 Sci. Res. Essays
Table 1. Chemical composition of the powders used for mechanical alloying.
Element Ni Cr Al2O3 Ti Y2O3
Wt (%) Balance 20 4 0.6 0.4
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 1. SEM images of the oxidized sample surface for various duration: (a) 1,
(b) 10, (c) 50 and (d) 100 h.
and then samples were deformed by 75%. After cutting the samples
by using an electro erosion device, secondary recrystallization
process was applied at 1325°C for 1 h. The surface area of sample
was grinded and polished before calculating the surface area and
then the sample was weighed with the accuracy of 10-5
g.
Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted at 1000°C for 1, 10, 50
and 100 h in air. After removal from the furnace, the weight change
of each sample, which eventually includes losses due to spalling,
was measured using a Sartorius balance with the accuracy of
1/10000. In order to obtain reliable results, all samples were
weighed at least three times and the mean weight was calculated.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, samples were
fractured in liquid nitrogen.
To preserve the integrity of the brittle oxide layer on the surface of
the samples during the metallographic processes and for the
purpose of determination of the oxide thickness, the material
surfaces were electroplated with Ni to a thickness of about 10 µm.
To facilitate the nucleation process, each sample was sputter
coated with a layer (about 40 nm) of gold in order to assist in the
nucleation of the deposit on the insulating oxide film. Metallographic
mounts of the sample were performed using standard
metallographic techniques and then the samples were etched with
Marbel solution. Characterization of the surface appearance of the
samples after oxidation test was performed using JEOL JSM-6060
LV scanning electron microscope and XRD analyses were done by
Bruker D 8 Advance device.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Oxidation behavior
The structure of surface topology of the samples,
exposed during 1, 10, 50 and 100 h, is shown in Figure
1a to d, respectively. After 1 h exposure (Figure 1a), a
very thin oxide layer consisting of fine particles appeared.
Increasing the exposure time to 10 h (Figure 1b), more
oxide particles covered the surface when compared to
the sample exposed for 1 h. Increasing the exposure time
to 50 h (Figure 1c), oxide film covered the entire surface
with coarse oxide particles. Further increase in the
oxidation time to 100 h (Figure 1d) caused the oxide
particles to cover the entire surface and some particle
coarsening (1 to 10 µm) at the surface also occurred.
Furthermore, the oxide film formed on the surface was
3. Table 2. Values obtained after oxidations.
Exposure time (h) 1000°C
1
ΔW: 0.1x10
-3
g
ΔW/A: 0.0031452 mg/cm
2
Area: 31.79364 cm
2
Oxide thickness: 2-3 µm
10
ΔW: 1x10
-3
g
ΔW/A: 0.0312940 mg/cm
2
Area: 31.954915 cm
2
Oxide thickness: 8 µm
50
ΔW: 1.7x10
-3
g
ΔW/A: 0.0531594 mg/cm
2
Area: 31.97982 cm
2
Oxide thickness: 12 µm
100
ΔW: 2.1x10
-3
g
ΔW/A: 0.0656060 mg/cm
2
Area: 32.00923 cm
2
Oxide thickness: 12-13 µm
ΔW: Weight change. A: oxidized area.
more homogeneous in appearance after 100 h.
Oxidation kinetics
After exposure, the weight change of all samples was
determined with 10
-5
sensitivity. The results obtained after
oxidation tests were shown in Table 2. The oxidation
graph (ΔW/A) of sample indicates that samples show a
sub-parabolic oxidation behavior (Figure 2a). It is a
diffusion-controlled oxidation in which weight increases
with increasing the oxidation time (Türker et al., 1995).
This mechanism is typical of non-steady-state diffusion-
controlled reactions.
The ionic diffusion flux is inversely proportional to the
thickness of diffusion barrier, and the change in scale
thickness or weight is likewise proportional to the ionic
diffusion flux (Fontana, 1986). The oxide formed is
assumed to be dense, adherent and non-porous. These
features are preferred for high temperature applications.
In order to evaluate the oxidation behavior of Ni based
ODS superalloy, parabolic rate law is applied to the data
given in Figure 2a. The parabolic rate equation is given
by;
(ΔW/A)
2
kp.t
Where kp denotes the parabolic rate constant, t is time
(h), and ΔW/A is the oxidation rate (mg/cm
2
). Diffusion-
controlled parabolic oxidation kinetics is determined by kp
Erdem and Turker 4125
which is defined as parabolic rate constant. Kp has
parabolic oxidation kinetics. Kp is gained by the ratio of
the square of the increase in weight per unit area of the
sample to the duration of oxidation. Kp indicates that
surface protective oxide layer avoids the reactive
gathering and oxidation rate decrease related with time.
In order to determine the parabolic rate constant, kp, the
graph of (ΔW/A)
2
against exposure time is drawn and the
slope in Figure 2b is obtained.
The working life’s of high temperature materials are
strongly dependent on the rate of oxidation. Hence, the
estimation of long term behavior, which is of great
importance in the practical application of the materials at
elevated temperatures, requires an accurate knowledge
of growth kinetics. The short term oxidation kinetics of
some ferritic superalloys was found to be essentially
parabolic (Ramanarayanan et al., 1988; Nickel and
Quadakkers, 1991; Hendrich, 1988) whereas the long
term oxidation behavior of these alloys is controversial
(Bennett and Houlton, 1990). However, most of the oxide
dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys exhibit parabolic
oxidation behavior. Since these alloys are designed to be
used at elevated temperature for a long time, sub-
parabolic oxidation behavior is desired compared to
parabolic one.
Rapid oxidation rate accelerates the Cr or Al depletion
of the matrix. When the depletion of protective scale
forming elements such as Cr or Al reaches a critical
value, the materials behave essentially as a chromium
bearing ferritic alloys and subsequent exposure will
produce an external scale of less protective oxide layer or
a spinel (Mikkelsen, 2003; Obigodi-Ndjeng, 2011). This
behavior may then result in breakaway oxidation after a
short time.
In case of slow oxidation rate such as sub-parabolic
oxidation rate, breakaway oxidation or dropping the
oxidation elements to a critical level takes time which
results in longer service life. That is why sub-parabolic
oxidation kinetic is preferred for high temperature
applications (Türker, 1999). Gonzales et al. (1999)
exposed the Ni based ODS alloys between 900 to
1200°C for up to 100 h to determine the oxidation kinetics
and the weight change results has shown that sample
exposed at 900°C exhibited parabolic oxidation kinetics
while the other samples exposed at higher temperature
showed sub-parabolic oxidation behavior. Another work
has been carried out on Ni based superalloys 900 and
1000°C for 5, 10, 50 and 100 h and all samples exhibited
parabolic oxidation kinetic (Evin, 2003).
Other investigators (Suryanarayana et al., 2001) have
studied the effect of surface quality on the oxidation
behavior of MA 956 and found that sample with good
surface quality showed continuous weight gain and
consistent increase in oxide thickness together with
homogeneous oxide film. Furthermore, sample with good
surface quality had parabolic oxidation kinetic whereas
sample with rough surface had sub-parabolic oxidation
4. 4126 Sci. Res. Essays
(a) (b)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
ΔW/A
(mg/cm
2
)
Oxidation time (h)
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
(ΔW/A)
2
(mg
2
/cm
4
)
Oxidation time (h)
(a) (b)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
ΔW/A
(mg/cm
2
)
Oxidation time (h)
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
(ΔW/A)
2
(mg
2
/cm
4
)
Oxidation time (h)
a b
Figure 2. (a) Effect of exposure time at 1200o
C on weight change, (b) Weight gain squared against exposure time.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
100
50
10
1
Cr
2
O
3
Cr
2
O
3
Cr
2
O
3
Cr
2
O
3
Ni
Ni
Ni
2 Tehetha-scale
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
i
m
e
s
(
h
)
Lin
(Count)
Figure 3. XRD results of the oxidized samples for various exposure
times.
behavior.
Another work has been carried out on extruded Ni
based IN 718 and exposed to oxidation at 1100°C for up
to 180 h and showed Nb rich Cr2O3 film on the surface.
Oxide thickness and weight gain were detected through
the oxidation process up to 160 h. An increase in micro
hardness has also been detected from surface to the
matrix (Geng et al., 2007). Ni based alloy oxidized at
950°C for 128 h and showed parabolic oxidation behavior
whereas it did not obey the parabolic rate when oxidized
at 1000°C for 140 h (Zhao et al., 2004). In order to
increase the isothermal and cyclic oxidation behavior of
IN 100, Wang et al. (2002) coated the alloy with 10 µm
thick NiCrAlY and heat treated at 950 to 1050°C in a
vacuum atmosphere for 2 h. Isothermal and cyclic
oxidation tests were applied to the coated samples at 900
to 1000°C. During oxidation, all samples exhibited
parabolic oxidation behavior (Wang et al., 2002).
X-ray diffraction (XRD) results
XRD results of the sample are given in Figure 3 after
various oxidation durations (1, 10, 50 and 100 h). As
shown in Figure 3, a small amount of protective oxide
layer of Cr2O3 is formed on the surface after 1 h
exposure. Cr2O3 generally grows on the surface of Ni
based super alloys. The intensity of the Cr2O3 peak
increased with increasing the oxidation duration (10 h).
Increasing the oxidation duration to 50 h resulted in
thicker oxide film causing a more intensive peak
formation. The intensity of the Cr2O3 XRD peaks
increased with increasing the oxidation duration (100 h),
indicating the gradual increasing of thickness of oxide
layer.
Evin (2003) has studied the oxidation behavior of Ni
based superalloy at 900 and 1000°C in pure oxygen for
5, 10, 50, 100 h and detected some NiCrO3 and NiCrO4
on the outer surface of the samples. Similar studies have
been carried out for Inconel 740 at 950°C for 128 h and
1000°C for 140 h and some oxide layers of Cr2O3, (NiCo)
Cr2O4 and TiO2 α-Al2O3 (Zhao et al., 2004) were found.
Wand et al. (2002) studied the oxidation behavior of
NiCrAlY coated Ni based IN100 at 900°C and found
some protective α-Al2O3 and Cr2O3 film on the surface.
5. Erdem and Turker 4127
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ni coating
Ni coating
Ni coating
Oxide
Matrix
Oxide
Oxide
Oxide
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Figure 4. SEM micrographs of oxidized and polished surfaces: (a) 1, (b) 10, (c) 50 and (d) 100 h.
SEM analysis
Polished surface
SEM images of the polished section are seen in Figure
4a to d. Sample exposed for 1 h shows an oxide layer
with the thickness of 3 µm although some 1 to 2 µm thick
areas are also visible. The results indicate that in the
early stage of oxidation, homogeneous oxide film does
not form on the sample which is also non-protective. SEM
investigation shows (Figure 1a) some local oxide
formation on the surface. Figure 4b shows SEM
micrographs of polished section of the sample with about
8 µm oxide layer covering almost the entire surface after
exposure for 10 h.
The results in the foregoing indicate that even though
the thickness of oxide layer is enough for the protection
of the materials, the density is not enough. Figure 4c
shows the SEM micrograph of the surface oxide layer
after exposure for 50 h. The thickness of oxide is about
12 µm which is compact and cover the surface uniformly.
It indicates that the density and thickness of oxide
increase with increasing the exposure time. Figure 4d
shows the SEM image of the oxide layer after exposure
for 100 h. These results indicate that the thickness of the
oxide layer of the samples exposed for 50 and 100 h is
almost the same. The thickness of the oxide layer is
about 12 to 13 µm after 100 h, but it is more compact and
adherent than 50 h exposed sample. The dense oxide
layer positively affects the weight gain. Furthermore, this
oxide layer was found to be bonded to the matrix via
longitudinal keys. It is suggested that numerous oxide
protrusions form mainly around the rare-earth containing
second phase particles in the alloy at the oxide scale
interface, and they are instrumental in pinning the oxide
scale to the underlying metal (Stott et al., 1979). This
results in the strengthening of the metal-oxide interface
and increasing of the life time of the materials.
In order to determine the oxidation kinetics of Ni based
superalloys, Evin (2003) exposed samples in pure
oxygen at 900 and 1000°C for up to 100 h and oxide
layer thickness (0.4 to 52.7 µm) was found to be
dependent on the oxidation durations and oxidation
temperature. Another study was carried out on Inconel
740 at 950 and 1000°C for 128 to 140 h and the
thickness of the upper and lower surface of the material
6. 4128 Sci. Res. Essays
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5. SEM images of the fracture surface for various exposure times: (a) 1, (b) 10, (c) 50 and (d) 100 h.
was found to be different (Geng et al., 2007).
Fracture surface
SEM micrographs of the fractured surface are seen in
Figure 5a to d. Sample exposed for 1 h shows very fine
surface oxide layer, laying on the edge of the materials
(Figure 5a). On the contrary to matrix materials, which
contain some dimples, the oxide layer exhibits smooth,
sharp and brittle fracture. Increasing the exposure time to
10, 50 and 100 h, the thickness of surface oxide
increased. Fractured surface clearly indicates that longer
exposure time results in more dense, smoother surface
with sharp edges on the oxide film that indicates brittle
fracture mode (Figure 5b, c and d).
Conclusions
Ni based superalloy was produced by MA techniques and
oxidized at 1000°C for up to 100 h and the following
results were obtained:
1. The thickness of the oxide film formed on the surface
of metal increased with increasing the exposure time and
showed good homogeneity and adherence with the
underlying matrix material.
2. In this experimental work, all samples showed sub-
parabolic oxidation behavior. These types of oxides are
preferred for high temperature applications.
3. XRD results indicate that all samples showed Cr2O3
film on the surface after exposure for 1, 10, 50 and 100 h,
and the intensity of chromium peak increased with
increasing the exposure time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is financially supported by Turkish State
Planning Organization under contract 2003 K 120470-11.
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