Speed has become a way of life. We are asymptotically piling data. Speed can be achieved with new design
processes, techniques, and Technology. Innovations AR and VR are just some of the many forms of
technologies that will play a key role in shaping the Architecture and Planning of tomorrow, making it
future-ready and ushering in a new age of innovation. AR and VR in Architecture & Planning were
introduced as assisting tools and has helped generate multiple design options, expanded possibilities of
visualization, and provided us with more enhanced, detailed, and specific experience in real-time; enabling
us to see the resultsof work on hand well before the commencement of the project. These tools are further
developed for city development decisions, helping citizens interact with local authorities, access public
services, and plan their commute. After reviewing multiple research papers, it had been observed that each
one is moving forward with the changes brought by it, without entirely understanding its role. This paper
provides a summary of theappliance of AR & VR in architecture and planning.
ADVANCED CIVIL ENGINEERING OPTIMIZATION BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS: RE...Journal For Research
Artificial intelligence is the ability of computer systems to perform tasks which otherwise need human brain. Those tasks include visual perception, decision-making, speech recognition and translation between languages. Large amount computing resources is required to traditionally design and optimize complex civil structure in traditional method. This can be effectively eased by using intelligent systems. This paper lists out some of the methods and theories in the application of artificial intelligent systems in the field of civil engineering.
Artificial intelligence in civil engineering seminar reportDhanushS51
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, involved in the research,
design, and application of intelligent computer. Traditional methods for modeling
and optimizing complex structure systems require huge amounts of computing
resources, and artificial intelligence based solutions can often provide valuable
alternatives for efficiently solving problems in civil engineering. This seminar
summarizes recently developed methods and theories in the developing direction for
applications of artificial intelligence in civil engineering. The field of artificial
intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities as well as construct
them to make the operation reasonably simple and easy, correct and precise.
Artificial neural networks are typical examples of a modern interdisciplinary
subject. Sophisticated modeling technique that can be used for solving many
complex problems serves as an analytical tool for qualified prognoses of the results.
Using the concept of the artificial neural networks and the results of the performed
numerical analyses make the field of civil engineering more accurate, precise and
efficient especially in the fields of smart materials and many more.
SVHsIEVs for Navigation in Virtual Urban Environmentcsandit
Many virtual reality applications, such as training, urban design or gaming are based on a rich
semantic description of the environment. This paper describes a new representation of semantic
virtual worlds. Our model, called SVHsIEVs1
should provide a consistent representation of the
following aspects: the simulated environment, its structure, and the knowledge items using
ontology, interactions and tasks that virtual humans can perform in the environment. Our first
main contribution is to show the influence of semantic virtual objects on the environment. Our
second main contribution is to use these semantic informations to manage he tasks of each
virtual object. We propose to define each task by a set of attributes and relationships, which
determines the links between attributes in tasks, and links between other tasks. The architecture
has been successfully tested in 3D dynamic environments for navigation in virtual urban
environments.
ADAPTIVE MODELING OF URBAN DYNAMICS DURING EPHEMERAL EVENT VIA MOBILE PHONE T...ieijjournal
The communication devices have produced digital traces for their users either voluntarily or not. This type
of collective data can give powerful indications that are affecting the urban systems design and
development. In this study mobile phone data during Armada event is investigated. Analyzing mobile
phone traces gives conceptual views about individuals densities and their mobility patterns in the urban
city. The geo-visualization and statistical techniques have been used for understanding human mobility
collectively and individually. The undertaken substantial parameters are inter-event times, travel distances
(displacements) and radius of gyration. They have been analyzed and simulated using computing platform
by integrating various applications for huge database management, visualization, analysis, and
simulation. Accordingly, the general population pattern law has been extracted. The study contribution
outcomes have revealed both the individuals densities in static perspective and individuals mobility in
dynamic perspective with multi levels of abstraction (macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic).
ADVANCED CIVIL ENGINEERING OPTIMIZATION BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS: RE...Journal For Research
Artificial intelligence is the ability of computer systems to perform tasks which otherwise need human brain. Those tasks include visual perception, decision-making, speech recognition and translation between languages. Large amount computing resources is required to traditionally design and optimize complex civil structure in traditional method. This can be effectively eased by using intelligent systems. This paper lists out some of the methods and theories in the application of artificial intelligent systems in the field of civil engineering.
Artificial intelligence in civil engineering seminar reportDhanushS51
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, involved in the research,
design, and application of intelligent computer. Traditional methods for modeling
and optimizing complex structure systems require huge amounts of computing
resources, and artificial intelligence based solutions can often provide valuable
alternatives for efficiently solving problems in civil engineering. This seminar
summarizes recently developed methods and theories in the developing direction for
applications of artificial intelligence in civil engineering. The field of artificial
intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities as well as construct
them to make the operation reasonably simple and easy, correct and precise.
Artificial neural networks are typical examples of a modern interdisciplinary
subject. Sophisticated modeling technique that can be used for solving many
complex problems serves as an analytical tool for qualified prognoses of the results.
Using the concept of the artificial neural networks and the results of the performed
numerical analyses make the field of civil engineering more accurate, precise and
efficient especially in the fields of smart materials and many more.
SVHsIEVs for Navigation in Virtual Urban Environmentcsandit
Many virtual reality applications, such as training, urban design or gaming are based on a rich
semantic description of the environment. This paper describes a new representation of semantic
virtual worlds. Our model, called SVHsIEVs1
should provide a consistent representation of the
following aspects: the simulated environment, its structure, and the knowledge items using
ontology, interactions and tasks that virtual humans can perform in the environment. Our first
main contribution is to show the influence of semantic virtual objects on the environment. Our
second main contribution is to use these semantic informations to manage he tasks of each
virtual object. We propose to define each task by a set of attributes and relationships, which
determines the links between attributes in tasks, and links between other tasks. The architecture
has been successfully tested in 3D dynamic environments for navigation in virtual urban
environments.
ADAPTIVE MODELING OF URBAN DYNAMICS DURING EPHEMERAL EVENT VIA MOBILE PHONE T...ieijjournal
The communication devices have produced digital traces for their users either voluntarily or not. This type
of collective data can give powerful indications that are affecting the urban systems design and
development. In this study mobile phone data during Armada event is investigated. Analyzing mobile
phone traces gives conceptual views about individuals densities and their mobility patterns in the urban
city. The geo-visualization and statistical techniques have been used for understanding human mobility
collectively and individually. The undertaken substantial parameters are inter-event times, travel distances
(displacements) and radius of gyration. They have been analyzed and simulated using computing platform
by integrating various applications for huge database management, visualization, analysis, and
simulation. Accordingly, the general population pattern law has been extracted. The study contribution
outcomes have revealed both the individuals densities in static perspective and individuals mobility in
dynamic perspective with multi levels of abstraction (macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic).
Covenant University location navigation system (CU Naviloc) built on the Android
platform is a mobile based system which can be easily accessed from an android
mobile device across any location, downloadable on Google play store and
deployable anywhere in the world. In this study,Computer-aided design as well as
building Information modelling (CAD/BIM) system applications were introduced to
the simulation of Covenant University, a smart and compact campus whose edifice
elaborates the need for the development of a three dimensional (3D) virtual model of
locations as an advancement over the existing 2D model representation of maps on
the Google map and Google Earth platform. Therefore, this research work outlays the
development of three dimensional models (CU NAViLoc Model) for details of
information at Covenant University as well as the requirements for its development
and implementation for cooperate representation of the institution. A three
dimensional map of CU was packaged into a location navigation system and was
implemented using Unreal Engine, Trimble SketchUp and Revit to effect a user
friendly, smarter and multi-dimensional viewable user interface. CU Naviloc explore
the advantage of the rich benefits of building information models and geographic
information systems to build a free-roam navigator, based on a well-updated model of
Covenant University location map. The benefits of this system is not limited to 3D
capability, real time similarity, portability, no downtime on access, and progressive
scalability with zero or little loss of data. The usage of the CU Naviloc system
requires free download and installation of the app and internet presence.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Technique for Civil Engineering_ Unit...Shrikant Kate
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Technique for Civil Engineering_ Unit 6 _ Construction Management _ Final Year (BE) _ Department of Civil Engineering _ TAE _ SPPU _ by Shrikant R. Kate
Introduction to artificial intelligence technique
Basic terminologies and applications in civil Engineering.
(a) Artificial neural network
(b) Fuzzi logic
(c) Genetic algorithm.
(c) Genetic algorithm.
Impact of new technologies like AI, ML etc on Civil Engineering discipline -- how the technology is shaping up changes in the construction, transportation and geotechnology sector
Visualization of cartographic systems in mobile devices is a challenge due to the its own
limitations to show all the relevant information that the user needs on the screen. Within this paper we review
current state-of- the-art technological solutions to face this problem and we classify them in a novel typology. In
addition, it is shown an example case of a developed system for a logistic company specialized in dangerous
goods. The system is able to calculate optimal routes and communicate the drivers the best path in order to
achieve a great management of the company resources
Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering. hannan366
this slide is about to Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering, Artificial Intelligence method, the use of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering, 3d printing etc...
Project Urban Prototyping, Workshop I Virtual Prototyping, October 2011, SDE,...Oesha Thakoerdin
The Project Urban Prototyping was intended as a preparatory exploration to develop the proposal for the establishment of the Laboratory for Urban Prototyping. The project explored the possibilities to establish a collaborative environment for design, planning and management of climate smart urban areas by the application of advanced virtual prototyping technologies. A series of 4 workshops were organised: Workshop I Virtual Prototyping, Workshop II Collaborative Planning and Design, Workshop III Planning and Design Process and Workshop IV Integrated Resource and Urban Modeling for Sustainable Liveability.
In Workshop I Virtual Prototyping (VP) international experts presented concepts of VP from different fields of application. In this first workshop the state-of-the-art of virtual prototyping was discussed and will explore the possibilities of transfer and translate methods and technologies of virtual prototyping to the demands of the design, planning and management of climate smart urban areas.
Applicability of big data techniques to smart cities deploymentsNexgen Technology
GET IEEE BIG DATA,JAVA ,DOTNET,ANDROID ,NS2,MATLAB,EMBEDED AT LOW COST WITH BEST QUALITY PLEASE CONTACT BELOW NUMBER
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE FIND THE BELOW DETAILS:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159
www.nexgenproject.com
TOP CITED MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ARTICLES Part 1IJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
APPLICABILITY OF BIG DATA TECHNIQUES TOSMART CITIES DEPLOYMENTSNexgen Technology
GET IEEE BIG DATA,JAVA ,DOTNET,ANDROID ,NS2,MATLAB,EMBEDED AT LOW COST WITH BEST QUALITY PLEASE CONTACT BELOW NUMBER
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE FIND THE BELOW DETAILS:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159
www.nexgenproject.com
Feasibility of Artificial Neural Network in Civil Engineeringijtsrd
An Artificial neural network ANN is an information processing hypothesis that is stimulated by the way natural nervous system, such as brain, process information. The using of artificial neural network in civil engineering is getting more and more credit all over the world in last decades. This soft computing method has been shown to be very effective in the analysis and solution of civil engineering problems. It is defined as a body which works out the more and more complex problem through sequential algorithms. It is designed on the basis of artificial intelligence which is proficient of storing more and more information's. In this work, we have investigated the various architectures of ANN and their learning process. The artificial neural network based method was widely applied to the civil engineering because of the strong non linear relationship between known and un known of the problems. They come with good modelling in areas where conventional approaches finite elements, finite differences etc. require large computing resources or time to solve problems. These includes to study the behaviour of building materials, structural identification and control problems, in geo technical engineering like earthquake induced liquefaction potential, in heat transfer problems in civil engineering to improve air quality, in transportation engineering like identification of traffic problems to improve its flexibility , in construction technology and management to estimate the cost of buildings and in building services issues like analyzing the water distribution network etc. Researches reveals that the method is realistic and it will be fascinated for more civil engineering applications. Vikash Singh | Samreen Bano | Anand Kumar Yadav | Dr. Sabih Ahmad ""Feasibility of Artificial Neural Network in Civil Engineering"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22985.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22985/feasibility-of-artificial-neural-network-in-civil-engineering/vikash-singh
This paper examines the concept of Augmented reality and its various applications in civil engineering. The concept envisages reducing, or rather eliminating errors that creep in during construction process due to human and other technical errors. The concept of AR helps in recreating the architectural and structural drawings in actual scale on the field. This uses the techniques of holographic projections and other mobile applications to create a 3D image of the drawing. The Concept is to create an image of the structure as envisaged on the basis of calculations and compare it in real time with the actual construction, which can help in identifying errors quickly and efficiently.
Covenant University location navigation system (CU Naviloc) built on the Android
platform is a mobile based system which can be easily accessed from an android
mobile device across any location, downloadable on Google play store and
deployable anywhere in the world. In this study,Computer-aided design as well as
building Information modelling (CAD/BIM) system applications were introduced to
the simulation of Covenant University, a smart and compact campus whose edifice
elaborates the need for the development of a three dimensional (3D) virtual model of
locations as an advancement over the existing 2D model representation of maps on
the Google map and Google Earth platform. Therefore, this research work outlays the
development of three dimensional models (CU NAViLoc Model) for details of
information at Covenant University as well as the requirements for its development
and implementation for cooperate representation of the institution. A three
dimensional map of CU was packaged into a location navigation system and was
implemented using Unreal Engine, Trimble SketchUp and Revit to effect a user
friendly, smarter and multi-dimensional viewable user interface. CU Naviloc explore
the advantage of the rich benefits of building information models and geographic
information systems to build a free-roam navigator, based on a well-updated model of
Covenant University location map. The benefits of this system is not limited to 3D
capability, real time similarity, portability, no downtime on access, and progressive
scalability with zero or little loss of data. The usage of the CU Naviloc system
requires free download and installation of the app and internet presence.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Technique for Civil Engineering_ Unit...Shrikant Kate
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Technique for Civil Engineering_ Unit 6 _ Construction Management _ Final Year (BE) _ Department of Civil Engineering _ TAE _ SPPU _ by Shrikant R. Kate
Introduction to artificial intelligence technique
Basic terminologies and applications in civil Engineering.
(a) Artificial neural network
(b) Fuzzi logic
(c) Genetic algorithm.
(c) Genetic algorithm.
Impact of new technologies like AI, ML etc on Civil Engineering discipline -- how the technology is shaping up changes in the construction, transportation and geotechnology sector
Visualization of cartographic systems in mobile devices is a challenge due to the its own
limitations to show all the relevant information that the user needs on the screen. Within this paper we review
current state-of- the-art technological solutions to face this problem and we classify them in a novel typology. In
addition, it is shown an example case of a developed system for a logistic company specialized in dangerous
goods. The system is able to calculate optimal routes and communicate the drivers the best path in order to
achieve a great management of the company resources
Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering. hannan366
this slide is about to Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering, Artificial Intelligence method, the use of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering, 3d printing etc...
Project Urban Prototyping, Workshop I Virtual Prototyping, October 2011, SDE,...Oesha Thakoerdin
The Project Urban Prototyping was intended as a preparatory exploration to develop the proposal for the establishment of the Laboratory for Urban Prototyping. The project explored the possibilities to establish a collaborative environment for design, planning and management of climate smart urban areas by the application of advanced virtual prototyping technologies. A series of 4 workshops were organised: Workshop I Virtual Prototyping, Workshop II Collaborative Planning and Design, Workshop III Planning and Design Process and Workshop IV Integrated Resource and Urban Modeling for Sustainable Liveability.
In Workshop I Virtual Prototyping (VP) international experts presented concepts of VP from different fields of application. In this first workshop the state-of-the-art of virtual prototyping was discussed and will explore the possibilities of transfer and translate methods and technologies of virtual prototyping to the demands of the design, planning and management of climate smart urban areas.
Applicability of big data techniques to smart cities deploymentsNexgen Technology
GET IEEE BIG DATA,JAVA ,DOTNET,ANDROID ,NS2,MATLAB,EMBEDED AT LOW COST WITH BEST QUALITY PLEASE CONTACT BELOW NUMBER
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE FIND THE BELOW DETAILS:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159
www.nexgenproject.com
TOP CITED MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ARTICLES Part 1IJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
APPLICABILITY OF BIG DATA TECHNIQUES TOSMART CITIES DEPLOYMENTSNexgen Technology
GET IEEE BIG DATA,JAVA ,DOTNET,ANDROID ,NS2,MATLAB,EMBEDED AT LOW COST WITH BEST QUALITY PLEASE CONTACT BELOW NUMBER
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE FIND THE BELOW DETAILS:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159
www.nexgenproject.com
Feasibility of Artificial Neural Network in Civil Engineeringijtsrd
An Artificial neural network ANN is an information processing hypothesis that is stimulated by the way natural nervous system, such as brain, process information. The using of artificial neural network in civil engineering is getting more and more credit all over the world in last decades. This soft computing method has been shown to be very effective in the analysis and solution of civil engineering problems. It is defined as a body which works out the more and more complex problem through sequential algorithms. It is designed on the basis of artificial intelligence which is proficient of storing more and more information's. In this work, we have investigated the various architectures of ANN and their learning process. The artificial neural network based method was widely applied to the civil engineering because of the strong non linear relationship between known and un known of the problems. They come with good modelling in areas where conventional approaches finite elements, finite differences etc. require large computing resources or time to solve problems. These includes to study the behaviour of building materials, structural identification and control problems, in geo technical engineering like earthquake induced liquefaction potential, in heat transfer problems in civil engineering to improve air quality, in transportation engineering like identification of traffic problems to improve its flexibility , in construction technology and management to estimate the cost of buildings and in building services issues like analyzing the water distribution network etc. Researches reveals that the method is realistic and it will be fascinated for more civil engineering applications. Vikash Singh | Samreen Bano | Anand Kumar Yadav | Dr. Sabih Ahmad ""Feasibility of Artificial Neural Network in Civil Engineering"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22985.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22985/feasibility-of-artificial-neural-network-in-civil-engineering/vikash-singh
This paper examines the concept of Augmented reality and its various applications in civil engineering. The concept envisages reducing, or rather eliminating errors that creep in during construction process due to human and other technical errors. The concept of AR helps in recreating the architectural and structural drawings in actual scale on the field. This uses the techniques of holographic projections and other mobile applications to create a 3D image of the drawing. The Concept is to create an image of the structure as envisaged on the basis of calculations and compare it in real time with the actual construction, which can help in identifying errors quickly and efficiently.
(Crestani et al., 2004) The proliferation of mobile devices and thMargaritoWhitt221
(Crestani et al., 2004) The proliferation of mobile devices and the ubiquity of computing and networking technologies have revolutionized how we access information. Mobile and ubiquitous information access is now an essential issue in human-computer interaction, information retrieval, and computer-supported cooperative work.
The International Workshop on Mobile and Ubiquitous Information Access (MobileHCI) was held in Udine, Italy, on September 8, 2003. It included user interface design issues, novel interaction techniques, context-aware applications, collaborative systems, and social implications of mobile computing. They provide a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in this rapidly evolving field. They will interest researchers and practitioners in human-computer interaction, information retrieval, and computer-supported cooperative work.
The workshop was organized by Fabio Crestani, Mark Dunlop, and Stefano Mizzaro. It was in conjunction with the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 2003).
(Bace et al.,2020) Part of this is that it's challenging to quantify visual attention in mobile HCI. In a recent paper, Bace et al. tried to address this challenge by quantifying how often and for how long users look at their mobile devices.
The researchers found that, on average, users look at their devices around 46 times per day. They also found that users spend more time looking at their instruments when using them for communication purposes, such as text messaging or phone calls. This suggests a need for further research into how mobile devices can be designed to capture better and hold users' attention.
The researchers also found that users look at their devices more often in a social setting, such as a meeting or a party. This suggests that mobile devices may be distracting us from our social interactions.
In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into how we can better understand and quantify visual attention in mobile HCI.
(Oulasvirta et al.,2005) Mobile HCI 2004 was a seminal conference on human-computer interaction with mobile technology. The meeting was highly successful, and its impact is still felt today.
The theme of the conference was "Experience and Reflection." This theme was reflected in the papers presented at the meeting, which covered a wide range of topics related to mobile HCI. The papers addressed user experience, design principles, interaction techniques, and evaluation methods in addition to these technical papers, keynote speeches, and panel discussions on various aspects of mobile HCI.
The Mobile HCI 2004 conference was an important event in the history of mobile HCI. It helped establish the field as a central research area, and its papers have significantly impacted how mobile HCI is conducted today.
(Jia, 2014) The limited display space of mobile devices is inadequate for simultaneously displaying all the information needed in context. This paper proposes a novel mobile ...
Design After the Rise of AI-Driven ServicesJoana Cerejo
Technology is playing a significant role in shaping the future of design. We are moving fast into a digital era where Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Big Data, the Internet of Things, Blockchain, Spatial Computing, and several other technologies are becoming part of the designers’ lexicon. The designers’ roles are evolving, and the touchpoints they need to consider are growing in complexity. Integrating AI developments with User-centered Design and User Experience Design is becoming a challenging task.
Many virtual reality applications, such as training, urban design or gaming are based on a rich
semantic description of the environment. This paper describes a new representation of semantic
virtual worlds. Our model, called SVHsIEVs1should provide a consistent representation of the
following aspects: the simulated environment, its structure, and the knowledge items using
ontology, interactions and tasks that virtual humans can perform in the environment. Our first
main contribution is to show the influence of semantic virtual objects on the environment. Our
second main contribution is to use these semantic informations to manage he tasks of each
virtual object. We propose to define each task by a set of attributes and relationships, which
determines the links between attributes in tasks, and links between other tasks. The architecture
has been successfully tested in 3D dynamic environments for navigation in virtual urban
environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART CITIES Alg.docxjasoninnes20
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART
CITIES:
Algorithmic improvements on Big Data Analysis in the context of RADICAL city
applications
Evangelos Psomakelis12,Fotis Aisopos1, Antonios Litke1, Konstantinos Tserpes21, Magdalini
Kardara1 and Pablo Martínez Campo3
1Distributed Knowledge and Media Systems Group, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens,
Greece
2Informatics and Telematics Dept, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
3Communications Engineering department, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
{fotais, litke, nkardara, tserpes, vpsomak}@mail.ntua.gr,[email protected]
Keywords: Internet of Things, Social Networking, Big Data Aggregation and Analysis, Smart City applications,
Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning
Abstract: In this paper we present a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)-based platform, enabling the retrieval and
analysis of big datasets stemming from social networking (SN) sites and Internet of Things (IoT) devices,
collected by smart city applications and socially-aware data aggregation services. A large set of city
applications in the areas of Participating Urbanism, Augmented Reality and Sound-Mapping throughout
participating cities is being applied, resulting into produced sets of millions of user-generated events and
online SN reports fed into the RADICAL platform. Moreover, we study the application of data analytics such
as sentiment analysis to the combined IoT and SN data saved into an SQL database, further investigating
algorithmic and configurations to minimize delays in dataset processing and results retrieval.
1 INTRODUCTION
Modern cities are increasingly turning towards
ICT technology for confronting pressures associated
with demographic changes, urbanization, climate
change (Romero Lankao, 2008) and globalization.
Therefore, most cities have undertaken significant
investments during the last decade in ICT
infrastructure including computers, broadband
connectivity and recently sensing infrastructures.
These infrastructures have empowered a number of
innovative services in areas such as participatory
sensing, urban logistics and ambient assisted living.
Such services have been extensively deployed in
several cities, thereby demonstrating the potential
benefits of ICT infrastructures for businesses and the
citizens themselves. During the last few years we
have also witnessed an explosion of sensor
deployments and social networking services, along
with the emergence of social networking (Conti et al.,
2011) and internet‐of‐things technologies (Perera et
al., 2013; Sundmaeker et al., 2010) Social and sensor
networks can be combined in order to offer a variety
of added‐value services for smart cities, as has
already been demonstrated by various early internet‐
of‐things applications (such as WikiCity(Calabrese et
al., 2007), CitySense(Murty et al., 2007),
GoogleLatitude(Page and Kobsa, 2010)), as ...
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART CITIES Alg.docxtangyechloe
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART
CITIES:
Algorithmic improvements on Big Data Analysis in the context of RADICAL city
applications
Evangelos Psomakelis12,Fotis Aisopos1, Antonios Litke1, Konstantinos Tserpes21, Magdalini
Kardara1 and Pablo Martínez Campo3
1Distributed Knowledge and Media Systems Group, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens,
Greece
2Informatics and Telematics Dept, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
3Communications Engineering department, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
{fotais, litke, nkardara, tserpes, vpsomak}@mail.ntua.gr,[email protected]
Keywords: Internet of Things, Social Networking, Big Data Aggregation and Analysis, Smart City applications,
Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning
Abstract: In this paper we present a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)-based platform, enabling the retrieval and
analysis of big datasets stemming from social networking (SN) sites and Internet of Things (IoT) devices,
collected by smart city applications and socially-aware data aggregation services. A large set of city
applications in the areas of Participating Urbanism, Augmented Reality and Sound-Mapping throughout
participating cities is being applied, resulting into produced sets of millions of user-generated events and
online SN reports fed into the RADICAL platform. Moreover, we study the application of data analytics such
as sentiment analysis to the combined IoT and SN data saved into an SQL database, further investigating
algorithmic and configurations to minimize delays in dataset processing and results retrieval.
1 INTRODUCTION
Modern cities are increasingly turning towards
ICT technology for confronting pressures associated
with demographic changes, urbanization, climate
change (Romero Lankao, 2008) and globalization.
Therefore, most cities have undertaken significant
investments during the last decade in ICT
infrastructure including computers, broadband
connectivity and recently sensing infrastructures.
These infrastructures have empowered a number of
innovative services in areas such as participatory
sensing, urban logistics and ambient assisted living.
Such services have been extensively deployed in
several cities, thereby demonstrating the potential
benefits of ICT infrastructures for businesses and the
citizens themselves. During the last few years we
have also witnessed an explosion of sensor
deployments and social networking services, along
with the emergence of social networking (Conti et al.,
2011) and internet‐of‐things technologies (Perera et
al., 2013; Sundmaeker et al., 2010) Social and sensor
networks can be combined in order to offer a variety
of added‐value services for smart cities, as has
already been demonstrated by various early internet‐
of‐things applications (such as WikiCity(Calabrese et
al., 2007), CitySense(Murty et al., 2007),
GoogleLatitude(Page and Kobsa, 2010)), as.
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART CITIES Alg.docxhartrobert670
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART
CITIES:
Algorithmic improvements on Big Data Analysis in the context of RADICAL city
applications
Evangelos Psomakelis12,Fotis Aisopos1, Antonios Litke1, Konstantinos Tserpes21, Magdalini
Kardara1 and Pablo Martínez Campo3
1Distributed Knowledge and Media Systems Group, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens,
Greece
2Informatics and Telematics Dept, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
3Communications Engineering department, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
{fotais, litke, nkardara, tserpes, vpsomak}@mail.ntua.gr,[email protected]
Keywords: Internet of Things, Social Networking, Big Data Aggregation and Analysis, Smart City applications,
Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning
Abstract: In this paper we present a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)-based platform, enabling the retrieval and
analysis of big datasets stemming from social networking (SN) sites and Internet of Things (IoT) devices,
collected by smart city applications and socially-aware data aggregation services. A large set of city
applications in the areas of Participating Urbanism, Augmented Reality and Sound-Mapping throughout
participating cities is being applied, resulting into produced sets of millions of user-generated events and
online SN reports fed into the RADICAL platform. Moreover, we study the application of data analytics such
as sentiment analysis to the combined IoT and SN data saved into an SQL database, further investigating
algorithmic and configurations to minimize delays in dataset processing and results retrieval.
1 INTRODUCTION
Modern cities are increasingly turning towards
ICT technology for confronting pressures associated
with demographic changes, urbanization, climate
change (Romero Lankao, 2008) and globalization.
Therefore, most cities have undertaken significant
investments during the last decade in ICT
infrastructure including computers, broadband
connectivity and recently sensing infrastructures.
These infrastructures have empowered a number of
innovative services in areas such as participatory
sensing, urban logistics and ambient assisted living.
Such services have been extensively deployed in
several cities, thereby demonstrating the potential
benefits of ICT infrastructures for businesses and the
citizens themselves. During the last few years we
have also witnessed an explosion of sensor
deployments and social networking services, along
with the emergence of social networking (Conti et al.,
2011) and internet‐of‐things technologies (Perera et
al., 2013; Sundmaeker et al., 2010) Social and sensor
networks can be combined in order to offer a variety
of added‐value services for smart cities, as has
already been demonstrated by various early internet‐
of‐things applications (such as WikiCity(Calabrese et
al., 2007), CitySense(Murty et al., 2007),
GoogleLatitude(Page and Kobsa, 2010)), as ...
An ontology for semantic modelling of virtual worldijaia
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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FUTURISTIC TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING - AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY: AN OVERVIEW
1. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.10, No.1,
February 2021
DOI :10.5121/ijscai.2021.10101 1
FUTURISTIC TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE &
PLANNING - AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY:
AN OVERVIEW
Pearl Jishtu 1
and Madhura A Yadav2
1
Student of Fifth year School of Architecture & Design, Manipal University Jaipur
DehmiKalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur - 303 007, Rajasthan, India
2
Professor Manipal University Jaipur DehmiKalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur
– 303 007, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Speed has become a way of life. We are asymptotically piling data. Speed can be achieved with new design
processes, techniques, and Technology. Innovations AR and VR are just some of the many forms of
technologies that will play a key role in shaping the Architecture and Planning of tomorrow, making it
future-ready and ushering in a new age of innovation. AR and VR in Architecture & Planning were
introduced as assisting tools and has helped generate multiple design options, expanded possibilities of
visualization, and provided us with more enhanced, detailed, and specific experience in real-time; enabling
us to see the resultsof work on hand well before the commencement of the project. These tools are further
developed for city development decisions, helping citizens interact with local authorities, access public
services, and plan their commute. After reviewing multiple research papers, it had been observed that each
one is moving forward with the changes brought by it, without entirely understanding its role. This paper
provides a summary of theappliance of AR & VR in architecture and planning.
KEYWORDS
Virtual reality (VR), Augmented reality (AR), Architecture, Urban Design, Human Computer Interface
(HCI).
1. INTRODUCTION
The process architecture and urban design reckon on including data collection and analysis,
design decision, visualization, and evaluation. For all these stages, collaboration and immersion
are other steps enabled with AR's introduction to analyze and achieve the best design outcome
efficiently. Some of these processes are already in the application. The utilization of this
simulation for client-professional design communication is one aspect. However, now it’s also
being evolved for multiple other applications like public involvement in design decisions, for
better ideation by students in the field of design, and improved analysis for policymakers. A
study of various research papers was conducted and summarized to review and analyze simulated
or algorithmic tools' current developments. The papers cover diverse topics under theory,
concept, systems, tools, applications, and implications.
2. METHODOLOGY
The research paper summarizes the utilization of AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual
Reality) in the field of architecture and urban design, for an in-depth understanding of the
2. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.10, No.1,
February 2021
2
potentials and challenges of the technology. The research's main objective is to record the
progress of these tools with a perspective specific to the design field and to understand its diverse
applications. Various research papers on the subject compiled the information cited, of various
scholars, published in conferences and readily available on the research websites. The keywords
were used to search for the subject related papers and were then studied for a better
understanding of the same.
3. LITERATURE STUDY
(Seichter et al. 2005) [5] Elaborated research for a better immersive and collaborative means by
introducing the Human-Computer interface, they see the need for collaboration between the real-
time and virtual designs in a better collaboration for increased performances. 'Sense of presence'
is discussed regarding it as a vital aspect of urban design. The importance and methods of
immersion are discussed, though the impact of these immersions is not known. The term
Phenomenology is introduced and discussed in regards to Human-Computer Interfaces (HCI) and
urban design. Phenomenology- the principle of empirical observation on events based on
different theories but cannot be directly explained, as per various theories that have been put forth
by Husserl and Gibson (1931) [1], Schutz and Northwestern University (1967) [2], and Norman
(1988) [3], about the connection between perceivably real and virtual objects. Discussing the
intangible connections between real and virtual objects to establish a conscious sense of presence.
(i) Human-Computer Interfaces (HCI), of which AR and VR are the main components, having
greater scope in the field of urban design and architecture (Frazer et al. 1980)[4]. They expand
the horizon of workability and expression by bringing the real and virtual together in one
interface compared to the limited experience of the physical models. Their inherent physical
nature makes them easy to understand by the layman and the experts alike, although some
technical issues still exist in the system's dynamic nature. However, AR offers a spread of
opportunities where urban design can gain from the intersection of both the real and virtual
realms. (ii) Collaboration and cognition being vital in urban designing, invoke the utilization of
immersive technology and perceptible interlinking. (iii) Cognition is the ability to comprehend
and create a comparison amongst the available data through analysis. This enhances the design
understanding and its relationship within the urban context; site-specific contexts are better
recognized, and various options can be investigated in no time. As AR permits a blending of
virtual entities with the real environment, it can increase the comprehension of the design
proposal. (iv) The students and teachers explore innovation- Dynamic and spatial relationships in
theory and practice to identify how they can help create and communicate during the initial
design ideas by employing AR. Designers gain a more complex understanding of their design
relationships and engage in a richer communication with their partners. AR contributes to urban
design in an innovative approach, thus enabling new sorts of design expressions.
(Sørensen, 2006) [6] States that Augmented Reality (AR) is a mediating tool to design ideas
between the design and a person. The paper provides us with a report on the AR system
components, wherein he discusses the technological and physical challenges that might arise
during the onsite applications. The possible positive implications of the successful application of
the system are discussed. Moreover, the areas that require improvements and research are
identified for future research. The paper is an excellent source of information for the practical
application and the various components required for the conduct. AR in principal; (i) To overlay
data in real-time, the position registration system is required for geo-location of the 3D model or
the contextual site. For interiors, infrared, ultrasound systems, or graphical markers system are
explored with limited installation time, while in the exterior application includes a differential
GPS, (ii) User's angle of view and his position requires an orientation registration system. The
limitations include slow data processing, lagging results and inaccuracies in reading data, leading
3. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.10, No.1,
February 2021
3
to disproportionate models in the surrounding, and (iii) Display device – there are multiple
viewing options, one of them being a headset currently has two different systems of operating.
One consists of a transparent screen with the model visual, and in the other, the surrounding
images are fed to the AR system without the transparent screen. The paper concludes with an
analysis of certain limitations of AR Systems in Architecture and Urban Design; poor
visualization due to minor reception of the system's markers, caused by the sun glare, while
dynamic AR error has been noted with the receptiveness of visual markers. AR promises to
induce new insights in architectural learning, introducing the students to new parameters that will
enable them to immerse in their designs virtually. This will enable them to study alternatives at
different abstraction levels, thus contributing in a better way to the earlier design phases.
Dynamic models and collaborative systems will broaden the scope, making it possible to change
proposed structures or models in AR, and one could now experience the simulation of changes in
physical conditions, animate, being able to visualize pollution, noise, etc.
(Döllner et al. 2006) [7] Discusses the importance and methods of gathering geo-data information
for urban planning and redevelopment. Various standards are mentioned along with the software
LandXplorer that was released during 2005. The paper provides an insight into different data
visualization techniques while representing geo-information structures on 3D city models.
Integrated comprehensive systems like virtual city 3D models are utilized to derive diverse urban
space information. The application of this standardized model is discussed in various fields that
require the visual representation of the urban environment. It is a virtual representation of the
building, vegetation models, roads/transportation systems and terrain aiming to incorporate;
(i) Cadastral data - delivers footprints of land ownership, ownership status and buildings,
(ii) Digital terrain model and photo visualization, (iii) 3D Building model geometry captured by
laser-scanning and photogrammetry based methods, and (iv) and historical references with
architectural elements. A standardized system for creating these models does not exist, but some
of the systems in use include CityGML, 3D Studio Max object files and VRML files, ESRI
Shapefiles. This collaborative tool is a great support system for design decision making and
covers functionality like managing, integrating, and distributing complex geoinformation
supporting a consistent communication metaphor, the virtual 3D city model. These functions are
then further divided into sub-systems for content authoring, editing, storing, and presentation
extendible 3D city model system. Besides, the automated mapping of 2D landscape plans and
architectural plans to 3D virtual environments based on a heuristic-algorithm approach is
investigated.
(Seichter, 2007) [8] Discusses a wide range of aspects in regard to AR and VR for the field of
design, he introduces multiple visualizations for architecture and elaborates tangible user
interfaces. The observations suggested that new techniques and tools to understand the inter-
spatial relation better are beneficial for design, with a better and effective output. The co-located
collaborative design process was explored using 3D models and AR tools, while user response
was collected with experiments in the field of physical design engagement, communication and
the concept of presence. Factors of directness and tangibility of the user input device helped
distinguish two experimental conditions. The observations suggested that new techniques and
tools to understand the inter-spatial relation better are beneficial for design, with a better and
effective output. Novel methods like the TUI have been adopted to link bridges between
virtuality and Reality. This investigation provides scope as an opportunity for future development
in incorporating such technical interfaces to reach a collaborative setting with consideration for
the presence and human perspective.
(Wang, 2009) [9] elaborates on the multiple software/hardware and their various applications and
challenges, specifically in architecture and design. The paper shifts the perspective of the AR and
4. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.10, No.1,
February 2021
4
VR to be developed or researched for a designer. The relation between MR (Mixed Reality), VR
(Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) is discussed, while further elaborating upon their
applications, challenges and potentials in the field of design. Hardware and software are
discussed for the various stages of design regarding their current application; Sketchhand+, AR
CAD (Augmented Reality Computer-Aided Design), Benchworks, ARTHUR, BUILD IT,
MRCVE (Mixed Reality-based Collaborative Virtual Environment), Studierstube and
TINMITH2. A lot of research and development has been made in AR and VR simulations, but
for specific applications like urban design and architecture, the field is yet to be explored in
detail. Leading causes of this domain stagnation include (i) due to unavailability of well
organized integrated and immersive 3D database of mechanical services, lack of industrial
domain knowledge, (ii) creating a definitive reality model, and (iii) the robustness and the
accuracy of the tracking systems. Since the system is not very specific and flexible in current use
and needs a pre-analysis of the environment. The future robust AR aims to have a system that
could work in unstructured indoor and outdoor environments.
(Abboud, 2014) [10] His research is a holistic compilation of the opportunities created by AR's
involvement throughout the various design stages in architecture, i.e. Design, Construction and
Post Completion. It discusses the challenges and the solutions to overcome them by increasing
portability, improving geo-locating, etc. The paper discusses all of these under an organized
format and thus accessing the information becomes methodical and logical in an efficient way. A
wide range of toolsets generates AR and VR simulations, out of which the mobile augmented
reality (MAR) is widely explored. MAR system covers diverse applications in vital stages of a
project; design, during construction and post-construction. These include (i) initial design
decisions or interactions with consultants, clients and designers, (ii) overlaying BIM data, to
avoid any later stage accidents, to guide through types of equipment and direct to safety zones in
case of an emergency. It Labours can be aided with intricate work with in-situ visual assistance.
Project management can be overseen with an onsite model, with data of work progress, and (iii)
Post-Completion the facilities to maintain the building structure can take the aid of the
augmented system to locate the services and facilitate the maintenance requirements. However,
these MAR applications face technological, social and financial issues which need to be resolved
before moving forward. Tracking systems need to be evolved and specific for locating services;
specialists will have to train the workers with these systems, and new protocols will have to be
implemented for maximum efficiency.
(Seichter, 2020) [11] Discusses the challenges and scopes faced by the technology of creating
large-scale digital models for urban design and elaborates majorly with the Benchmarks and
toolkit utilization. The diverse applications are elaborated in detail while describing the
components of the software system. The paper is great for wanting to explore the working of
Benchworks. Visualization of the urban data is explored beyond while incorporating the tangible
and non-tangible features essential to understanding human interaction in an urban space. The
interaction techniques and technologies incorporate the significant contribution of BenchWorks
that is collaborative and immersive AR-enabled working environment. BenchWorks is
developing the tools and technologies to provide an immersive AR experience specifically for
Urban Design data collection and analysis. Their Benchmark sketchbook+ has turned out to be a
handy tool for the initial design decision making process.
ARToolKit[12] Provides an easy way to create input devices that do not rely on wires and are,
therefore, more convenient in a multi-user setup. The magnet track provides higher precision for
head orientation and provides a more stable augmented vision. Significant benefits for this early
prototype are combined: the precision of a magnetic tracking system and the freedom of tangible
interfaces overcome occlusion within the scene.
5. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.10, No.1,
February 2021
5
Shared Tangible City –The choice and combination of media play a vital role in investigating
space and, subsequently, architecture. BenchWorks goes beyond that, creating a toolkit for
investigating a site's spatial feature dynamically in a setting with local and remote collaboration
capabilities. In BenchWorks, the user can design by representing the city's void and non-void
spaces, adding volumes and making notes; the interaction is tight-knit with tangible interfaces.
The toolkit uses two different tools: toolbox and the modifiers represented by pens and the
sponge.
(Kim et al. 2011) [13] The paper throws light on the progress of research and implementation of
the AR applications in design. The authors summarise the research conducted during the period
2005 – 20011, providing us with the holistic development of AR, wherein it discusses the domain
knowledge and human factor consideration in the tools. Provides us with an introduction to
shared learning as an essential part in urban design, where students are conversant in syntax and
grammar. To understand complex relationships, spatial and dynamic use of AR is employed,
which helps people understand urban issues in a new and creative way. AR conceptualization
provided with an in-depth understanding of the modelling and algorithmic framework adopted
and the challenges faced due to sun glare (Chung et al. 2009) [14], temporary lags created in the
systems (Wang and Dunston 2005) [15], heavy equipment (Santos et al. 2007; Chung et al. 2009)
[16][14] and therefore the human factor. These concepts and ideas implemented with hardware or
software tools that have their challenges like(i) the human interaction is not very experiential, (ii)
potential use of agent-based is yet to be explored (Belcher and Johnson 2008)[17], and (iii)
portability of the entire system is still a substantial limitation. While evaluating the whole system
for quality and productivity through quantitative survey, cognitive and effective workability were
the common issues. Even though many literature surveys and practical studies have been done on
this subject, a wide range of industrial adoption was still lacking. This was mainly due to the
expensive and bulky toolkits that were not explicitly designed for the design field.
(Schubert et al. 2015) [18] The paper discusses the possible interactive advancements that AR
and VR tools can bring, and how their involvement could create better immersive communication
among the designers and other users. It emphasizes connecting the two worlds the physical and
the digital Design Communication in the form of 2D drawings and details is only comprehendible
by the professionals in the field, but not the clients or the laymen constructing the structure.
Design decision making at the initial stages becomes easier with illustration drawings which are
currently used in the digital format. Now, with the intervention of AR and VR systems it would
bring better results. The idea would be to simulate the master plan or the building geometry on a
tabletop VR or could also be augmented on the site via headset. The two design components
discussed are the collaborative design platform and the onsite AR-applications. The second is
discussed based on its potential to grow and evolve, as it is bound to make specific processes of
design better.
(Thabet, 2002, updated 2015) [19] The paper discusses the possible prospects of AR involvement
in the stage of construction and management, not only to communicate with the skilled labourers
but also to get a daily progress report and monitor the working on the site to avoid any deadly
accidents. The foremost significant benefit of VR is that the clients can rehearse a building's
design experiencing the finished product as if they were in the actual space and the flaws within
the designs can also be detected easily. Specific concerns raised were, (i) use of 3D and VR are
often beneficial as long as used early at the conceptual design process, (ii) housing developers did
not want to expose users to views from sharp unrealistic angles, and (iii) when dealing with local
authorities to avoid exposing the design or construction to other issues where an advanced
visualization must be used with care. The workers can utilize AR to detect hazardous faults and
prevent causalities. Retik and VIRCON are two automated simulations that deal within the
6. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.10, No.1,
February 2021
6
constructional perspective. The utilization of these tools is to simplify the upcoming intricate
designs.The complete analysis of the structure just in case of calamities could be conducted to
assess the relief shelter within the particular building.
(Milovanovic, 2017) [20] The paper discusses a wide variation of AR and VR are tools that can
be implemented to enhance the ideation process of design, design analysis, presentation and
education. It elaborates a wide range of hardware and software systems in the field of AR and
VR. This study is a holistic view of the digital world's implication in the field of architecture,
which highlighted two aspects of AR and VR design, i.e., interaction and immersion. The initial
part discusses the analysis derived from research papers regarding the development of AR and
VR in the various design processes and its subsequent implementation. It was observed that
maximum research papers were about developing the hardware/software development of the
system, followed by design; however, the applications are very few to date. It helps us analyze
and understand that we are stuck at the conceptual and design stage due to certain limitations like
the cost of technology. The five significant systems elaborated upon this text include; (i) HDM
AR- as proposed by the Benchmark system, (ii) HYVE 3D - a system that is an interplay of
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Virtual Reality, resulting in the formation of VRAD (Virtual
Reality Aided Design), making collaborated design in the initial stages feasible, (iii) HMD VR,
used in the CAP VR system -The environment proved to enhance students' design quality.
Students' immersion in the virtual model of their design augmented their spatial comprehension
and enriched their evaluation. However, the communication with the tutors was not seamless
because students were wearing an HMD, (iv) Tangible AR – the system illustrated by the
Luminous Planning Table, and (v) SDAR or SAR – It utilizes the joint surfaces available to us
around like the walls and floors to be used as display devices, providing the design on a 1:1 scale
experience.
(Broschart, 2015) [21] The paper on the AR applications discusses the opportunities for better
collaboration and immersion of the users in the design projects to achieve enhanced results
acceptable to all. It discusses how its involvement is an asset but cannot replace urban planning
and architecture's vital processes. It studies the varied tools used or developed for the use of
urban planning and architectural visualization. Keeping in mind the various limitations that are
foreseen with the use of AR systems (portability of computers and time required for installation),
this research lays focus on the smart portable i.e., the mobile phone which consists of four-
element components (1) Computer software generating the 3D model that is to visualize, (2)
Geolocating and extracting the exact location data, (3) detecting the user's orientation and (4) the
last would overlay these and finally display them. Its diverse applications include: (i) Campus
Navigation – Layar tool is utilized to navigate campus with geo-location satellites, (ii) IGA
2017 Berlin – Layar was used to create a digital walk throughout the built area, albeit the system
came with barriers. Therefore, RADAR-system (Resource Annotation and Delivery for Mobile
Augmented Reality Services) was introduced to breach the barriers and permit the users to place
their own location data. Even these apps were limited by the large streaming files and the
availability/accessibility of the internet, (iii) Building Culture Saarbrunkrn – to overcome the
limitations of the GPS based AR systems, alternative systems based on image recognition
tracking systems are also used. "Layar" published a version known as "Layar vision", with its
first application being tested in Saarbrunkn. The system was updated with the city street photos
of the 1950s, with the colour marking the architectural elements that made the city legible and
were in the pre-set time covered with hoardings or destroyed. The experiment was done at
various points throughout the city to involve the local people and letting them experience the lost
heritage, and what the city aimed to get back, and (iv) Augmented Plan – when it involves the
mediation of the plans that we present to the client, most of the information we lay in front is
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tough to comprehend. As a solution to this, apps can take the virtual data such as Plan and
augment it within the client's phone itself.
(Redondo et al. 2011) [22] The paper discusses how AR's involvement can change the education
and the methods of teaching; enhancing the perception of space and the ability to design in
multiple dimensions. Further, the paper elaborates upon the various technologies and the
improvements required for before the products are brought into practical use. VR and AR
research has shown great potential in the field of design education. However, not much progress
has been made in education through these tools due to technical issues and device costs. In
Architectural and urban design, the understanding of spaces is an essential component. Currently,
this knowledge is achieved during the latter stages of a professional's carrier, while with the help
of AR the students can be introduced to these scenarios during the initial part of their course. It
will result in a better understanding for the students compared to the traditional tools used to
study architecture that is still majorly limited to 2D. It is essential to explain the work process in
architecture to juggle between multiple other disciplines to make a project feasible. Traditional
representations embody both a need for abstraction and interpretation and can be challenging to
understand, possibly misleading those not trained in the field. In response to this, architectural
projects and urban design drawings are complemented with perspectives, text and 3D models,
both physical and digital. Still, there is a common problem of understanding both spatial qualities
and the scale of proposed buildings and structures. In urban design, it becomes vital to have a
human-spatial experience; otherwise, project-owners, politicians, decision-makers, and the public
often have expectations based on their interpretation that differ from or exceed the realized
project's qualities in its context. Changes we need to look forward to (i) before realization,
complete 3D models of proposed projects can be studied regarding all aspects. Today we build 3d
models, after AR we will be able to experience them and in future maybe make in situ changes,
(ii) one can experience simulation of physical conditions changes, animate and visualize
pollution, noise, etc., (iii) human factor studies will be made tangible and better outcomes for the
design will be achieved, and (iv) public opinion and suggestions could be incorporated as through
these tools, design can be accessible to all.
(Van Dessel, 2018-2019) [23] The author discusses the application of VR for the utilization of
visualization and communication in a wide range of fields and scale of projects. It deals with
architectural project visualization to visualize large scale projects like urban planning, while the
comprehension of the project is the same for both professionals and laymen. Virtual Reality deals
with a holistically created or designed models; it is well utilized with the augmented Reality
which uses real-time location. Traditionally, urban design cardboard is used to create physical
models, which is not a very flexible option, and the visualization of the space is done only from a
bird-eye view. City Model – creating a virtual model to immerse in the design and make changes
along the visualization is one of the main aims of the VR. The main advantage is to see the
proportions and height that otherwise cannot be visualized in the 2D GIS system, currently in use.
Three visualization techniques have been adopted (1) – Photorealistic Visualization aims at
providing a real like impression of the environment, mainly for the non-experts. The complex
geometrical forms of the environment e.g., trees increase the file size and create multiple issues.
(2) – Visualization of Information and Data which enables information to be comprehended and
immersed with the city model e.g., occupancy, year of construction, etc. (3) – Illustrative and
non-photorealistic visualization can be used for creating the first look of the model, providing
with the urban information, helping in decision-making process.
City GML – A standard core model that acts as a source of information for multiple disciplines
which require urban data. Although the standardized model does provide a clear structure, the
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coding languages are unknown to the urban planners. The work becomes cumbersome and
restrictive to the designers.
(Ahmed et al. 2019) [24] The author elaborates upon the adoption of various new and convenient
strategies or methodologies to enhance design education for the students and the skilled workers.
The recent development in information technology has enormous opportunities to improve the
architectural education in terms of methodologies, strategies and tools. Studies explore the
importance of using virtual Reality with open-minded and progressive methods in teaching
architectural courses and not just stick to the traditional yesteryear methods. The research aimed
at evaluating the (BCVR Software) in architectural education of building construction courses as
a case study at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). This Building Construction
using Virtual Reality technology (BCVR) is computer software designed by the authors for
research purpose. It presents 4D models (3D model and time dimension) for certain building
construction phases using VR technology to do immersive and non-immersive virtual reality
experience for the users in terms of three axes: (i) providing students with the building
construction information, (ii) achieving enjoyment, and (iii) integrating with other courses. The
data was obtained from architecture students on a structured questionnaire. The results were
highly in favour of VR software than those of the traditional teaching methods. In conclusion, the
use of BCVR software as a tool in building construction courses is beneficial and effective for
the students. The VR technology can also find application in many other courses offered in the
curriculum of Architectural programs. VR integrates the traditional way of education by bringing
the real world into the classroom; however, its application in architectural educational purposes
has been limited.
(Gębczyńska-Janowicz, 2020) [25] The author discusses the application of AR and VR tools to
reconstruct the heritage virtually deteriorated by time and use these to educate the people and
students who can no longer visualize or experience the beauty of those monuments. AR is also
elaborated as a tool that can show the transition in the cities and their architecture through time.
The evaluation of research presented in this article indicated its effectiveness as an educational
tool in the architectural design studio to improve learning. Realistic concept visualization enables
students to experience the remarkable consequences of proposed solutions. VR can support the
design of commemorative places by applying reconstructed buildings to the real image. With
virtual Reality, the guide could use tools to create an augmented reality experience, draw
attention to specific elements that otherwise may not be easy to explain in real life. CAVE is one
such exciting tool for an immersive design environment. VR technology allows architectural
design classes based on advanced digital technologies, enabling a broad understanding of concept
visualization. VR allows you to see the experience from different points of view and can also be
used to generate 3D images of related architectural elements, such as a parapet detail, to assist in
a quick and more profound learning experience in understanding architecture and construction.
Previously, the critical argument inhibiting the presence of year in education of architectural
design was the cost of purchasing technology-related equipment and the difficulty of acquiring
skills to operate it. Today, students are fluent in the application of CAD software and graphics
processing applications. Students who have experience in computer modelling are becoming
increasingly familiar with VR, which helps promote changes in both education and architectural
practice.
(Sardo et.al, 2018) [26] The authors discuss the possibilities for enhancing the current AR system
from a two sensory system to a multi-sensory system. This is done by exploring the three i.e. feel
or touch, smell and taste. The paper adds interesting possibilities that can be worked upon
practically in the future. AR is discussed as a tool that immerses a person into an altered reality
by connecting with the sight and sound and exploring in incorporating the other three senses that
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have not been as explored as the other two. The multisensory AR is believed to involve a user to
experience the better involved experience. The paper develops the interface by centering on a
museum, but some can be added to enhance AR experience. The interface system experiments
also concentrate on moving from the big computer setups to more portable computer systems that
can easily connect with the phone. Simulation for these senses is experimented with users to get
results such as the simulation of touch and feel being explored with vibration, thermal simulation
and airflow. There are not many options to stimulate the taste sense, but it has been studied that
with the help of sight and smell, the sense for taste can also be developed. Vaporization was also
a technique utilized to simulate smells. These experiments utilized some previously existing
techniques and enhanced them to achieve the desired results. The conceptual model had a great
response from the user survey even though it had some shortcomings and can still have better
outputs with improvements.
(Megahed, 2014) [27] He discusses the need for a more creative and a prospective study
approach with the changing times; the paper discusses how AR's involvement can change the
education and the prevailing methods of teaching. Presently, teacher-oriented teaching can be
replaced by a student-oriented one. The use of AR is studied for the creative and perceptive
development of the students in design. The incorporation of such tools can shift the current
teacher-oriented learning to student-oriented learning. However, this incorporation still faces a lot
of technological and social challenges. The real-life lessons' pedagogy has been in 2-D for a long
time while the real objects itself exist in 3-D. Architectural design education is a field which
requires a lot of practical knowledge and new methods to evolve the creativity of the students,
with the constant changes coming up in the field of design it becomes essential to adapt,
incorporating new techniques. The initial stage of data collection and analysis while experiencing
different cities' environment while sitting in the classroom gives a clearer perspective of context.
The early stages of a design process involve most of the brainstorming, this stage requires the
freedom for visualization and to be able to communicate it at its best. The next stage which
incorporates much reviewing and redo's can be made easy with the tools as mistakes can be
corrected in real-time on the spot. The paper discusses the working of two software in education,
i.e., ARTHUR and AR Workbench.
(Abramovici, 2017) [28] Maintenance is a vital aspect of the post-construction process, which in
most cases turns out to be tedious and expensive. This research explores a cloud-based graph
interface model to create an effective collaboration among an individual, activities and the team
that are connected to the server ( IOT – Internet Of Things ).
Throughout the life-cycle of a building, maintaining the original conditions costs the most. The
paper deals with visualizing the maintenance data and incorporates team-wide communication
and indicates any warning situations that require coordination. To make things, efficient
coordination is developed amongst the machines and humans by using smart devices and the
internet of things. The whole concept is based on the graph model (GUI- Graph user interface)
that analyses the type of goals and their approach. The model discussed it is a cloud-based system
which requires the machines or objects requiring maintenance to be a part of the internet of things
(cloud-based system). The model connects with the individual technician leading to activities
related to other activities; the sensors record the results and values for follow up activities. The
implementation of a prototype of the model was conducted to note the model's workability,
although the model could use more organized and holistic planning. The author is now onto the
stage of proof of concept.
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4. DISCUSSION
Since 1967, with the first research paper published by Schutz and North-Western University
(1967)[2], AR and VR have been conceptualized as instruments for architecture and urban
design. Since then, numerous developments have been made and, although VR was used for
simulation, AR began to be used in indoor environments. The advancement in the workability
and application of these instruments from then to now, has been at a very slow rate of
development in the operability and deployment of these methods, since this technology has not
been developed specifically to fit this specific domain of design. In recent years, however, certain
software and hardware have been developed for particular use in the area of architecture,
exploring immersive collaboration, real-time simulation and data processing. In ideas and
experiments that deal with the ability of the technologies being used to; (i) create an engaging
user interface, which provides a presence in your creation and immerses you in the project to feel
the project's effect, the spectrum of these methods has been further explored. (ii) To enhance the
location and monitoring system in real time. (iv) As part of an academic system, integrating these
tools will introduce students to realistic challenges long before becoming proper architects
Figure 1.Categorization of AR/VR under diverse sub heads of architecture & urban design
(v) Transmitting designs to staff is a challenge that leads to many life-threatening causalities and
management challenges, but can be reversed by using AR and VR to forecast these problems. (vi)
It is possible to observe and imagine deteriorated/dilapidated heritage structures over time.(vii)
The intricate urban fabric of the modern age, where all buildings are rising high in the sky and
losing identity, being tedious to move across the city, could work wonderfully for them with
these visual aided instruments. However, in science and economics, these methods also come
with a range of drawbacks. The tools need to be more user-friendly, open to both experts and
end-users, and economically feasible. Only after addressing the drawbacks will the mass
development of these instruments be seen to take place.
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5. CONCLUSION
The paper summarizes the broad range of options for architecture and urban design that are being
created, conceptualized, or used in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). The research
papers explain the different paths briefly under AR that has the potential of growth or
enhancement. Two things that are being discussed in the area of architecture are teamwork and
immersion. With the architecture complications introduced by changing time, it becomes
necessary to handle these data efficiently to seek optimal performance. For people to learn and
build, reading, learning, and sketching are essential, but with AR and VR, a fourth dimension is
added to our understanding. The Human-Computer interface is at the beginning of its age and can
modify the depth of our perception of spaces and their ergonomics. Currently, architects are now
acquainted with CAD instruments and numerous modelling, research and management
techniques that enable architectural architecture to be digitally interpreted and realized before
construction by traditional VR technologies. AR brings it to the next stage and requires the
physical facts to be incorporated into these virtual visualizations. Continuing future advances in
AR and VR would also play an important role in optimizing the architecture of the urban
environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place my thanks to Prof (Dr) MadhuraYadav, Director,School of Architecture and
Design, Manipal University, Jaipur for her guidance and motivation. I also want to thank Dr.
Vaneet Jishtu, Scientist, HFRI for help in motivation and guidance.
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AUTHORS
Pearl Jishtu
Presently pursuing her final year in Bachelor of Architecture, at Manipal University
Jaipur.Finds motivation towards research work, in the role of technology in
architecture. She has held positions of responsibility and has represented the
University at National Association of Students of Architecture.
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Prof (Dr) Madhura A Yadav
An Architect-Planner with over 25-year experience.She is Founder Head of the
School Architecture & Design and now Director of SA&D at Manipal University
Jaipur. She is one of the founder members in establishing Faculty of Design at
Manipal University Jaipur and founder head for fashion Design, Interior Design and
Planning programmes. She is/was on several Committee/Expert Groups set up by
Government of India., She is on Jury of various Architectural competitions.Sheis also
on Editorial Board Architecture, Urban Design and Urban Planning India Journals.
She has published number of papers in national and international journals and conferences. She is
UNESCO certified Mentor for Community based participatory research.She is Indian Green Building
Accredited Professional. She has conducted workshops/conferences on Waste Management, Bamboo
Architecture, Earthquake Resistant Structures, Sustainable Cities/ buildings etc. Her current research
interests are Architecture- Ecology interface and Eco- cities, Promotion of eco materials and Community
Based Participatory Research. She is recipient of Distinguished Faculty in Architecture Award 2017 and
Educational Leadership Award 2019.