This document discusses various topics related to visualization and advertising management. It begins by defining visualization and discussing its historical uses. It then covers types of visualization like scientific, educational, information, knowledge and product visualization. It also discusses visualization strategies, elements of advertising execution like creative and media execution, and persuasion techniques used in advertising like pathos, logos and ethos. Finally, it briefly describes sales promotion tools and techniques.
Human Photogrammetry: Foundational Techniques for Creative Practitionersijcga
Photogrammetry has emerged as a leading approach for photorealistic digital replication and 3D scanning of real-world objects, particularly in areas of cinematic visual effects and interactive entertainment. While the technique generally relies on simple photography methods, the foundational practices for the field of human photogrammetry remain relatively undocumented.Human subjects are significantly more complex than still life, both in terms of photogrammetric capture, and in digital reproduction. Without the documentation of foundational practices for human subjects, there is a significant knowledge barrier for new creative practitioners to operate in the field, stifling innovation and adoption of the technique.Researchers and commercial practitioners currently working in this field continually distribute learnings and research outcomes. These learnings tend to centralise more on advanced practices such as capturing micro-geometry (skin pores), reflectance and skin distortion. However, the standard principles for building capture systems, considerations for human subjects, processing considerations and technology requirements remain elusive. The purpose of this research is to establish foundational practices for human photogrammetry systems. These practices encapsulate the underlying architectures of capture systems, through to necessary data processing for the 3D reconstruction of human subjects.Design-led research was used to construct a scale 21-camera system, designed for high-quality data capture of the human head. Due to its incredible level of surface complexity, the face was used to experiment with a variety of capture techniques and system arrangements, using several human subjects. The methods used were a result of the analysis of existing practitioners and research, refined through numerous iterations of system design.A distinct set of findings were synthesised to form a foundational architecture and blueprint for a scale, human photogrammetry multi-camera system. It covers the necessary knowledge and principles required to construct a production-ready photogrammetry system capable of consistent, high-quality capture that meets the needs of visual effects and interactive entertainment production.
With a focus on hardware-centric deep learning, and end-to-end deep learning pipelines for diagnosis including imaging optimization
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bmdg2vzp6k9p9pe/portable_medicalDiagnostics_embeddedComputing.pdf?dl=0
FUTURISTIC TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING - AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REAL...ijscai
Speed has become a way of life. We are asymptotically piling data. Speed can be achieved with new design
processes, techniques, and Technology. Innovations AR and VR are just some of the many forms of
technologies that will play a key role in shaping the Architecture and Planning of tomorrow, making it
future-ready and ushering in a new age of innovation. AR and VR in Architecture & Planning were
introduced as assisting tools and has helped generate multiple design options, expanded possibilities of
visualization, and provided us with more enhanced, detailed, and specific experience in real-time; enabling
us to see the resultsof work on hand well before the commencement of the project. These tools are further
developed for city development decisions, helping citizens interact with local authorities, access public
services, and plan their commute. After reviewing multiple research papers, it had been observed that each
one is moving forward with the changes brought by it, without entirely understanding its role. This paper
provides a summary of theappliance of AR & VR in architecture and planning.
Finely Chair talk: Every company is an AI company - and why Universities sho...Amit Sheth
Video: https://youtu.be/ZS8rGSzb_9I
The context of this talk is this statement from the host institution's provost: "We are trying to mobilize our campus activities around AI.” I connect academic initiatives in Interdisciplinary AI with industry needs.
--- Original abstract -----
Every company now is an AI company: Now, Near Future, or Distant Future?
Amit Sheth, AI Institute, University of South Carolina
“Every company now is an AI company. The industrial companies are changing, the supply chain…every single sector, it’s not only tech.” said Steven Pagliuca, CEO of Bain Capital at the 2019 World Economic Forum. With this statement as the context, I will provide an overview of AI landscape -- what AI capabilities are for real, what is being oversold, what is nonexistent, what is unlikely in our lifetime. I will also provide an anecdote-supported review through a broad variety of current and eminent applications of AI that rely on some of the well-developed and emerging AI capabilities. The objective is to help those considering AI applications start thinking of new business opportunities, new products and services, and new revenue/business models in the context of rapid penetration of AI technologies everywhere. I will seek to answer: Is AI just hype or something already happening? If it has not happened in your industry, is it impending? Do bad impacts of AI outweigh the good?
Human Photogrammetry: Foundational Techniques for Creative Practitionersijcga
Photogrammetry has emerged as a leading approach for photorealistic digital replication and 3D scanning of real-world objects, particularly in areas of cinematic visual effects and interactive entertainment. While the technique generally relies on simple photography methods, the foundational practices for the field of human photogrammetry remain relatively undocumented.Human subjects are significantly more complex than still life, both in terms of photogrammetric capture, and in digital reproduction. Without the documentation of foundational practices for human subjects, there is a significant knowledge barrier for new creative practitioners to operate in the field, stifling innovation and adoption of the technique.Researchers and commercial practitioners currently working in this field continually distribute learnings and research outcomes. These learnings tend to centralise more on advanced practices such as capturing micro-geometry (skin pores), reflectance and skin distortion. However, the standard principles for building capture systems, considerations for human subjects, processing considerations and technology requirements remain elusive. The purpose of this research is to establish foundational practices for human photogrammetry systems. These practices encapsulate the underlying architectures of capture systems, through to necessary data processing for the 3D reconstruction of human subjects.Design-led research was used to construct a scale 21-camera system, designed for high-quality data capture of the human head. Due to its incredible level of surface complexity, the face was used to experiment with a variety of capture techniques and system arrangements, using several human subjects. The methods used were a result of the analysis of existing practitioners and research, refined through numerous iterations of system design.A distinct set of findings were synthesised to form a foundational architecture and blueprint for a scale, human photogrammetry multi-camera system. It covers the necessary knowledge and principles required to construct a production-ready photogrammetry system capable of consistent, high-quality capture that meets the needs of visual effects and interactive entertainment production.
With a focus on hardware-centric deep learning, and end-to-end deep learning pipelines for diagnosis including imaging optimization
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bmdg2vzp6k9p9pe/portable_medicalDiagnostics_embeddedComputing.pdf?dl=0
FUTURISTIC TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING - AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REAL...ijscai
Speed has become a way of life. We are asymptotically piling data. Speed can be achieved with new design
processes, techniques, and Technology. Innovations AR and VR are just some of the many forms of
technologies that will play a key role in shaping the Architecture and Planning of tomorrow, making it
future-ready and ushering in a new age of innovation. AR and VR in Architecture & Planning were
introduced as assisting tools and has helped generate multiple design options, expanded possibilities of
visualization, and provided us with more enhanced, detailed, and specific experience in real-time; enabling
us to see the resultsof work on hand well before the commencement of the project. These tools are further
developed for city development decisions, helping citizens interact with local authorities, access public
services, and plan their commute. After reviewing multiple research papers, it had been observed that each
one is moving forward with the changes brought by it, without entirely understanding its role. This paper
provides a summary of theappliance of AR & VR in architecture and planning.
Finely Chair talk: Every company is an AI company - and why Universities sho...Amit Sheth
Video: https://youtu.be/ZS8rGSzb_9I
The context of this talk is this statement from the host institution's provost: "We are trying to mobilize our campus activities around AI.” I connect academic initiatives in Interdisciplinary AI with industry needs.
--- Original abstract -----
Every company now is an AI company: Now, Near Future, or Distant Future?
Amit Sheth, AI Institute, University of South Carolina
“Every company now is an AI company. The industrial companies are changing, the supply chain…every single sector, it’s not only tech.” said Steven Pagliuca, CEO of Bain Capital at the 2019 World Economic Forum. With this statement as the context, I will provide an overview of AI landscape -- what AI capabilities are for real, what is being oversold, what is nonexistent, what is unlikely in our lifetime. I will also provide an anecdote-supported review through a broad variety of current and eminent applications of AI that rely on some of the well-developed and emerging AI capabilities. The objective is to help those considering AI applications start thinking of new business opportunities, new products and services, and new revenue/business models in the context of rapid penetration of AI technologies everywhere. I will seek to answer: Is AI just hype or something already happening? If it has not happened in your industry, is it impending? Do bad impacts of AI outweigh the good?
Shallow introduction for Deep Learning Retinal Image AnalysisPetteriTeikariPhD
Overview of retinal imaging techniques such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) along with future upgrades such as multispectral imaging, OCT angiography, adaptive optics imaging and polarization-sensitive OCT. This is followed by an overview of deep learning image analysis methods suitable to be used with retinal imaging techniques.
Alternative download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/n01w02cjaf68vbo/retina_deepLearning_pipeline.pdf?dl=0
TOP CITED 2 ARTICLES IN 2017 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGING INFORMATION ...IJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
Don't Handicap AI without Explicit KnowledgeAmit Sheth
Keynote at IEEE Services 2021: Abstract: https://conferences.computer.org/services/2021/keynotes/sheth.html
Video: https://lnkd.in/d-r3YXaC
Video of the same keynote given at DEXA2021: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-06kK9TysA
September 9, 2021 15:00 - 16:20 UTC
ABSTRACT
Knowledge representation as expert system rules or using frames and a variety of logics played a key role in capturing explicit knowledge during the hay days of AI in the past century. Such knowledge, aligned with planning and reasoning is part of what we refer to as Symbolic AI. The resurgent AI of this century in the form of Statistical AI has benefitted from massive data and computing. On some tasks, deep learning methods have even exceeded human performance levels. This gave the false sense that data alone is enough, and explicit knowledge is not needed. But as we start chasing machine intelligence that is comparable with human intelligence, there is an increasing realization that we cannot do without explicit knowledge. Neuroscience (role of long-term memory, strong interactions between different specialized regions of data on tasks such as multimodal sensing), cognitive science (bottom brain versus top brain, perception versus cognition), brain-inspired computing, behavioral economics (system 1 versus system 2), and other disciplines point to need for furthering AI to neuro-symbolic AI (i.e., hybrid of Statistical AI and Symbolic AI, also referred to as the third wave of AI). As we make this progress, the role of explicit knowledge becomes more evident. I will specifically look at our endeavor to support human-like intelligence, our desire for AI systems to interact with humans naturally, and our need to explain the path and reasons for AI systems’ workings. Nevertheless, the variety of knowledge needed to support understanding and intelligence is varied and complex. Using the example of progressing from NLP to NLU, I will demonstrate the dimensions of explicit knowledge, which may include, linguistic, language syntax, common sense, general (world model), specialized (e.g., geographic), and domain-specific (e.g., mental health) knowledge. I will also argue that despite this complexity, such knowledge can be scalability created and maintained (even dynamically or continually). Finally, I will describe our work on knowledge-infused learning as an example strategy for fusing statistical and symbolic AI in a variety of ways.
Motivational overview for why the medical image analysis need a volumetric equivalent of popular ImageNet database used in benchmarking deep learning architectures, and as a basis for transfer learning when not enough data is available for training the deep learning from scratch
Pedagogical Aspects of Virtual Reality Implementation in Mechanical Engineeri...Tanil Ozkan
Pedagogical Aspects of Virtual Reality Implementation in Mechanical Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Labs at Texas A&M, Engineering Pedagogy, Virtual Reality Aided Engineering Labs, Educational Content Development for Virtual Reality in Materials and Manufacturing Labs
Falling costs with rising quality via hardware innovations and deep learning.
Technical introduction for scanning technologies from Structure-from-Motion (SfM), Range sensing (e.g. Kinect and Matterport) to Laser scanning (e.g. LiDAR), and the associated traditional and deep learning-based processing techniques.
Note! Due to small font size, and bad rendering by SlideShare, better to download the slides locally to your device
Alternative download link for the PDF:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/eclyy45k3gz66ve/proptech_emergingScanningTech.pdf?dl=0
Modern computer-aided design (CAD) systems and software tools have played a significant role in improving the efficiency of the overall product design process, ensuring geometric accuracy and the exchange of product model data. However, the impact of these technologies is largely restricted to the detailed modeling and engineering analysis that occur during the embodiment design phase. Conceptual design has not benefited from these sophisticated and highly precise software tools to the same degree because the creative activities associated with developing and communicating potential solutions with minimal details is far less formulaic in its implementation. At the early stages of product design the specifications and constraints have not been fully established. The industrial designers and engineers need the freedom to change and modify the product configuration and mechanical behavior to investigate a wide range of alternative solutions. Any CAD system that seeks to support and enhance conceptual design must, therefore, enable natural and haptic modes of human-computer interaction. Recent advancements in high-speed, multi-core computer hardware and virtual reality (VR) technology provide opportunities to link the more fluid processes of creative conceptual design with the rigidly defined tasks of product detailing and engineering analysis. This paper discusses the role that virtual reality can play for concept design module.
About the How to do Online shopping on Sportegenie.. As doing shopping is very simple and eay nd the procedure is given in the PPT. shopping at sportegenie is a also safe nd secure..
purpose of this article is to discuss workplace engagement. The word engagement has been used to refer to two different things in the HR literatures, personally and organizationally. Engagement from personal perspective is the Psychological state in which the person experiences the feeling of being engaged to something he loves, the feeling of being enthused, and the enjoyment. There are different models and definitions of workplace engagement, such as the definition by Bakkar et al. (2006).This paper highlights on the advantages and disadvantages of engagement.
Shallow introduction for Deep Learning Retinal Image AnalysisPetteriTeikariPhD
Overview of retinal imaging techniques such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) along with future upgrades such as multispectral imaging, OCT angiography, adaptive optics imaging and polarization-sensitive OCT. This is followed by an overview of deep learning image analysis methods suitable to be used with retinal imaging techniques.
Alternative download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/n01w02cjaf68vbo/retina_deepLearning_pipeline.pdf?dl=0
TOP CITED 2 ARTICLES IN 2017 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGING INFORMATION ...IJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
Don't Handicap AI without Explicit KnowledgeAmit Sheth
Keynote at IEEE Services 2021: Abstract: https://conferences.computer.org/services/2021/keynotes/sheth.html
Video: https://lnkd.in/d-r3YXaC
Video of the same keynote given at DEXA2021: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-06kK9TysA
September 9, 2021 15:00 - 16:20 UTC
ABSTRACT
Knowledge representation as expert system rules or using frames and a variety of logics played a key role in capturing explicit knowledge during the hay days of AI in the past century. Such knowledge, aligned with planning and reasoning is part of what we refer to as Symbolic AI. The resurgent AI of this century in the form of Statistical AI has benefitted from massive data and computing. On some tasks, deep learning methods have even exceeded human performance levels. This gave the false sense that data alone is enough, and explicit knowledge is not needed. But as we start chasing machine intelligence that is comparable with human intelligence, there is an increasing realization that we cannot do without explicit knowledge. Neuroscience (role of long-term memory, strong interactions between different specialized regions of data on tasks such as multimodal sensing), cognitive science (bottom brain versus top brain, perception versus cognition), brain-inspired computing, behavioral economics (system 1 versus system 2), and other disciplines point to need for furthering AI to neuro-symbolic AI (i.e., hybrid of Statistical AI and Symbolic AI, also referred to as the third wave of AI). As we make this progress, the role of explicit knowledge becomes more evident. I will specifically look at our endeavor to support human-like intelligence, our desire for AI systems to interact with humans naturally, and our need to explain the path and reasons for AI systems’ workings. Nevertheless, the variety of knowledge needed to support understanding and intelligence is varied and complex. Using the example of progressing from NLP to NLU, I will demonstrate the dimensions of explicit knowledge, which may include, linguistic, language syntax, common sense, general (world model), specialized (e.g., geographic), and domain-specific (e.g., mental health) knowledge. I will also argue that despite this complexity, such knowledge can be scalability created and maintained (even dynamically or continually). Finally, I will describe our work on knowledge-infused learning as an example strategy for fusing statistical and symbolic AI in a variety of ways.
Motivational overview for why the medical image analysis need a volumetric equivalent of popular ImageNet database used in benchmarking deep learning architectures, and as a basis for transfer learning when not enough data is available for training the deep learning from scratch
Pedagogical Aspects of Virtual Reality Implementation in Mechanical Engineeri...Tanil Ozkan
Pedagogical Aspects of Virtual Reality Implementation in Mechanical Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Labs at Texas A&M, Engineering Pedagogy, Virtual Reality Aided Engineering Labs, Educational Content Development for Virtual Reality in Materials and Manufacturing Labs
Falling costs with rising quality via hardware innovations and deep learning.
Technical introduction for scanning technologies from Structure-from-Motion (SfM), Range sensing (e.g. Kinect and Matterport) to Laser scanning (e.g. LiDAR), and the associated traditional and deep learning-based processing techniques.
Note! Due to small font size, and bad rendering by SlideShare, better to download the slides locally to your device
Alternative download link for the PDF:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/eclyy45k3gz66ve/proptech_emergingScanningTech.pdf?dl=0
Modern computer-aided design (CAD) systems and software tools have played a significant role in improving the efficiency of the overall product design process, ensuring geometric accuracy and the exchange of product model data. However, the impact of these technologies is largely restricted to the detailed modeling and engineering analysis that occur during the embodiment design phase. Conceptual design has not benefited from these sophisticated and highly precise software tools to the same degree because the creative activities associated with developing and communicating potential solutions with minimal details is far less formulaic in its implementation. At the early stages of product design the specifications and constraints have not been fully established. The industrial designers and engineers need the freedom to change and modify the product configuration and mechanical behavior to investigate a wide range of alternative solutions. Any CAD system that seeks to support and enhance conceptual design must, therefore, enable natural and haptic modes of human-computer interaction. Recent advancements in high-speed, multi-core computer hardware and virtual reality (VR) technology provide opportunities to link the more fluid processes of creative conceptual design with the rigidly defined tasks of product detailing and engineering analysis. This paper discusses the role that virtual reality can play for concept design module.
About the How to do Online shopping on Sportegenie.. As doing shopping is very simple and eay nd the procedure is given in the PPT. shopping at sportegenie is a also safe nd secure..
purpose of this article is to discuss workplace engagement. The word engagement has been used to refer to two different things in the HR literatures, personally and organizationally. Engagement from personal perspective is the Psychological state in which the person experiences the feeling of being engaged to something he loves, the feeling of being enthused, and the enjoyment. There are different models and definitions of workplace engagement, such as the definition by Bakkar et al. (2006).This paper highlights on the advantages and disadvantages of engagement.
المشروع عبارة عن توفير بطاقة ذكية محفزة (MSC) يتم تسليمها لرواد الأعمال وأصحاب المشروعات الصغيرة بعد إنجاز إستصدار الرخصة.
البطاقة تحتوي على شريحة معلومات ذكية بالإضافة الى المعلومات على البطاقة.
يستخدمها رائد الأعمال في جميع ممارساته وتعاملاته التجارية.
البطاقة تحتوي على تصنيف الشركة بعدد من النجوم حسب الجودة و الإيراد والعائد على البلد.
Quinsignia 2013's 'Down Memory Lane' Round on historyPrithwish Nath
This is the history based round of NGHSS's intra-school quiz Quinsignia, from 15th Aug, 2013.
Contains : Trivia and Questions on interesting rare photographs
Computers help us handle and process tons of information data. Most of the time all this data is so dense, it’s almost impossible to understand from just looking at a bunch of numbers. Some of the data could be analyzed by computers, but most of the time there must be somebody, a real thinking person, who shall interpret the data and take conclusions from it to make decisions, analyze. Scientific Visualization is about converting numbers into a representation of reality, something more graphic so that a human being can understand and/or communicate.
Innovating Humane Habitats in a Digital Era for a Sustainable Future.Digital Technology in Architectural Education and Profession .The significance of virtual Architecture is its emergence with the ability of computer-imaging technology to accurately simulate three-dimensional reality. The technique of simulating three-dimensional reality is known as virtual reality.
Parametric design:
Enables the exploration of alternative designs within a single representation using parameters and associative relationships to control geometric and constructive aspects of the design.
New developments in computational design as well as in digital fabrication are currently leading to a rethinking of architectural design, material science, engineering and fabrication.
Possibilities of Computer Graphics and Functionsijtsrd
The importance of computer graphics technology today is enormous. Computer graphics allows you to quickly and efficiently prepare drawings, diagrams, drawings and other images. The rapid development in each area is based on the high capabilities of computer graphics. Computer graphics is also a powerful tool that slowly increases the productivity of mental labor. Ibragimov Rustam Qudratovich | Muhammadieva Zarifa Lutfullaevna "Possibilities of Computer Graphics and Functions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Modern Trends in Scientific Research and Development, Case of Asia , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37956.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/37956/possibilities-of-computer-graphics-and-functions/ibragimov-rustam-qudratovich
Visualization of cartographic systems in mobile devices is a challenge due to the its own
limitations to show all the relevant information that the user needs on the screen. Within this paper we review
current state-of- the-art technological solutions to face this problem and we classify them in a novel typology. In
addition, it is shown an example case of a developed system for a logistic company specialized in dangerous
goods. The system is able to calculate optimal routes and communicate the drivers the best path in order to
achieve a great management of the company resources
New Era of Teaching Learning : 3D Marker Based Augmented Realityijistjournal
The main objective of this paper is to provide clarity of concepts to the students in a real like environment through 3d visual aids that may be used to clarify or enhance understanding of a concept or process. As a student said, “Tell me and I forget. Show me and I remember, Involve me and I understand” This paper focuses on involving the children in understanding of the concepts in 3D environment. The traditional method includes concept deliverance not based on visual aids. Now the modern teaching methodology includes visual aids such as projector, transparent slides, and models in 2d environment. If visual aids are converted from 2D to 3D environment, the student will have a live environment to understand the concepts. Visual aids tools are available to teachers to add reality, clarity, and variety to the drill which is necessary for students at the earlier stages of language learning. Augment Reality Development Lab is such a nice direction to go in incorporating technology in the classroom, because it makes *learning+ more interactive,” Sloan said. “The kids love it because they are active.
Tollan xicocotitlan a reconstructed city by augmented reality ( extended )ijdms
Work In Terminal presents the analysis, design, implementation and results of Reconstruction Xicocotitlan
Tollan-through augmented reality (Extended), which will release information about the Toltec capital
supplemented by presenting an overview of the main premises of the Xicocotitlan Tollan city supported
dimensional models based on the augmented reality technique showing the user a virtual representation of
buildings in Tollan phase.
Digital architecture manifesting an accurate virtual built environmenteSAT Journals
Abstract “God lives in details” – it be the aspect of an intricate construction detail or an attribute assigned to a 3D model, all it matters is
bringing out the most accurate interpretation of architect’s thought process. The best medium for communicating the virtually
manifested ideas from concepts to the analytical research can be “a visual”. Providing a visual in the form of a sketch, drawing,
perspective or an analytical report, used to depend only on the ability of manual presentation skills of the architect or designer.
The client’s provocation in knowing the possible outcome as realistic as possible validates the anticipations former to execution
igniting and intensifying the challenge of producing more accurate presentable visuals by an architect. Computer aided design
tools and certain software facilitates beautified, presentable, streamlined, accurate, professional interpretation of architects
ideas, manifested thought processes using many tools such as a drawing, logical or analytical simulators, etc. that contribute in
creating the virtual reality at its most possible accuracy levels. Software is a communicator of the resource capital of design, i.e.
“Architect’s idea”, and facilitates in visual perception of all the other stakeholders. The bits and bytes of various idea sparks by
an architect can be programmed on a logical platform with various software languages to produce a “visual” on the silicon
screen. Architectural design process is both common and unique for a student, academician, research anticipator or a
professional, ranging from concept to the final presentation outcome. This paper gives a consolidated account of various
softwares that can ease out the manifestations of thoughts on a digital platform for producing more accurate and presentable
interpretations.
Key Words: Architectural design, virtual reality, softwares, visuals, drawings, digital architecture, presentations,
sketches
Tools and Techniques for Designing, Implementing, & Evaluating Ubiquitous Com...ijceronline
Interactive systems in the mobile, ubiquitous and virtual environments are at a stage of development where designers and developers are keen to find out more about design, use, and usability of these systems. Ubiquitous Computing is the design, implementation and usability that highlight the theories, techniques, tools and best practices in these environments. This paper shows that usable and useful systems that can be achieved in ways that will improve usability to enhance user experience. Research on the usability issues for young children, teenagers, adults and the elderly is presented with different techniques for the mobile, ubiquitous and virtual environments. Interactive frameworks in the portable, omnipresent, and virtual situations are at a phase of advancement where creators and engineers are quick to discover more about the outline, use, and ease of use of these frameworks. The objective of this research paper is to assess the tools and techniques for designing, implementing, and evaluating ubiquitous computing systems used by developers so as to formulate practical solutions that address the functionality of these systems. Ideal systems ensure that designers are able to develop and predict usability of systems at all the stages of virtual environments. This is particularly essential as it increases the experience of the users. This requires one to use the best tool and techniques backed by theories to practice the same. However this varies across different fields such as ubiquitous and mobile environments. In addition all the computing tools have to share visionary tools that allow them to network while at the same time they are processing and distinctively modeling the user interface. Some of the main methods that are used for smart devices include tools such as tabs, boards and pads. Various tools are usually used in the design of the works of the computer. The need to select appropriate techniques that will allow for the efficient use of the chosen techniques for the devices is thus a necessity. This implies that the selection of such tools should be based on set out effective techniques that have been tested so that the required output is achieved.
Delineating Cancer Genomics through Data VisualizationRupam Das
In spite in advances in technologies for working with data, people spend undue amount of time in understanding the data and manipulating it into holistic visualization. Data visualization software for complex dataset such as in cancer genomics (which we have taken as case study) are not able to provide effective visualization for the users. Identification and characterization of cancer detection are important areas of research that are based on the integrated analysis of multiple heterogeneous genomics datasets. In this report, we review the key issues and challenges associated with cancer genomics through exploration of data visualization techniques, interactions and methods, which will in-turn advance the state of the art.
Stellmach Advanced Gaze Visualizations For Three Dimensional Virtual Environm...Kalle
Gaze visualizations represent an effective way for gaining fast insights into eye tracking data. Current approaches do not adequately support eye tracking studies for three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments. Hence, we propose a set of advanced gaze visualization techniques for supporting gaze behavior analysis in such environments. Similar to commonly used gaze visualizations for twodimensional
stimuli (e.g., images and websites), we contribute advanced 3D scan paths and 3D attentional maps. In addition, we introduce a models of interest timeline depicting viewed models, which can be used for displaying scan paths in a selected time segment. A prototype toolkit is also discussed which combines an implementation of our proposed techniques. Their potential for facilitating eye tracking studies in virtual environments was supported by a user study among eye tracking and visualization experts.
Virtual Reality: Stereoscopic Imaging for Educational Institutions Rodrigo Arnaut
Virtual reality (VR) in education is a markedly present subject in research institutions in many countries. This paper will discuss the application of VR techniques, including the use of computer graphics and three-dimensional (3D) video production. Stereoscopy is a key point for the visualization of these applications. The system developed uses a 3D lens, a home camera, common video edition software, two low cost projectors, light polarized filters and cheap 3D eyeglasses. During the 3D video production, the aim was to evaluate all the involved process, since the elaboration of scripts, video capture and projection until the costs to build the system. This is important to demonstrate for educational institutions the advantages in adopting resources of VR for the improvement of learning.
Artigo completo em: http://periodicos.ifsc.edu.br/index.php/rtc/article/view/108
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
SMU MBA Solved Assignment MK0016
1. Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4
MK0016 – Advertising management &sales promotion - 4 Credits
Q1. Discuss the Visualisation strategy in advertising and the components of Visualisation strategy.
Ans : Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization
through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of man.
Examples from history include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's revolutionary
methods of technical drawing for engineering and scientific purposes.
Visualization today has ever-expanding applications in science, education, engineering (e.g. product visualization), interactive
multimedia, medicine, etc. Typical of a visualization application is the field of computer graphics. The invention of computer
graphics may be the most important development in visualization since the invention of central perspective in the Renaissance
period. The development of animation also helped advance visualization
The use of visualization to present information is not a new phenomenon. It has been used in maps, scientific drawings, and
data plots for over a thousand years. Examples from cartography include Ptolemy's Geographia (2nd Century AD), a map of
China (1137 AD), and Minard's map (1861) of Napoleon's invasion of Russia half a century earlier. Most of the concepts
learned in devising these images carry over in a straight forward manner to computer visualization. Edward Tufte has written
two critically acclaimed books that explain many of these principles.
Computer graphics has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of
graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the special issue of
Computer Graphics on Visualization in Scientific Computing. Since then there have been several conferences and workshops,
co-sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society and ACM SIGGRAPH, devoted to the general topic, and special areas in the field,
for example volume visualization.
Most people are familiar with the digital animations produced to present meteorological data during weather reports on
television, though few can distinguish between those models of reality and the satellite photos that are also shown on such
programs. TV also offers scientific visualizations when it shows computer drawn and animated reconstructions of road or
airplane accidents. Some of the most popular examples of scientific visualizations are computer-generated images that show
real spacecraft in action, out in the void far beyond Earth, or on other planets. Dynamic forms of visualization, such as
educational animation or timelines, have the potential to enhance learning about systems that change over time.
Apart from the distinction between interactive visualizations and animation, the most useful categorization is probably between
abstract and model-based scientific visualizations. The abstract visualizations show completely conceptual constructs in 2D or
3D. These generated shapes are completely arbitrary. The model-based visualizations either place overlays of data on real or
digitally constructed images of reality, or they make a digital construction of a real object directly from the scientific data.
Scientific visualization is usually done with specialized software, though there are a few exceptions, noted below. Some of
these specialized programs have been released as Open source software, having very often its origins in universities, within an
academic environment where sharing software tools and giving access to the source code is common. There are also many
proprietary software packages of scientific visualization tools.
Models and frameworks for building visualizations include the data flow models popularized by systems such as AVS, IRIS
Explorer, and VTK toolkit, and data state models in spreadsheet systems such as the Spreadsheet for Visualization and
Spreadsheet for Images.
Applications of visualization
A scientific visualization of an extremely large simulation of a Raleigh-Taylor instability caused by two mixing fluids.As a subject
in computer science, data visualization or scientific visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically
visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition, hypothesis building and reasoning.
Scientific visualization
Scientific visualization is the transformation, selection or representation of data from simulations or experiments, with an implicit
or explicit geometric structure, to allow the exploration, analysis and understanding of the data. It's a very important part of
visualization and maybe the first one, as the visualization of experiments and phenomena is as old as Science itself. Traditional
2. areas of Scientific Visualization are Flow Visualization, medical visualization, astrophysical visualization and chemical
visualization. There are several different techniques to visualize scientific data, with isosurface reconstruction and direct volume
rendering being the more common.
Educational visualization
Educational visualization is using a simulation normally created on a computer to create an image of something so it can be
taught about. This is very useful when teaching about a topic which is difficult to otherwise see, for example, atomic structure,
because atoms are far too small to be studied easily without expensive and difficult to use scientific equipment. It can also be
used to view past events, such as looking at dinosaurs, or looking at things that are difficult or fragile to look at in reality like the
human skeleton, without causing physical or mental harm to a subjective volunteer or cadaver.
Information visualization
Information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to explore large amount of abstract data. The
term "information visualization" was originally coined by the User Interface Research Group at Xerox PARC and included Dr.
Jock Mackinlay. Practical application of information visualization in computer programs involves selecting, transforming and
representing abstract data in a form that facilitates human interaction for exploration and understanding. Important aspects of
information visualization are dynamics of visual representation and the interactivity. Strong techniques enable the user to
modify the visualization in real-time, thus affording unparalleled perception of patterns and structural relations in the abstract
data in question.
Knowledge visualization
The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge between at least two persons aims to improve the transfer of
knowledge by using computer and non-computer based visualization methods complementarily.[1] Examples of such visual
formats are sketches, diagrams, images, objects, interactive visualizations, information visualization applications and imaginary
visualizations as in stories. While information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to derive new
insights, knowledge visualization focuses on transferring insights and creating new knowledge in groups. Beyond the mere
transfer of facts, knowledge visualization aims to further transfer insights, experiences, attitudes, values, expectations,
perspectives, opinions, and predictions by using various complementary visualizations.
Product Visualization
Product Visualization involves visualization software technology for the viewing and manipulation of 3D models, technical
drawing and other related documentation of manufactured components and large assemblies of products. It is a key part of
Product Lifecycle Management. Product visualization software typically provides high levels of photorealism so that a product
can be viewed before it is actually manufactured. This supports functions ranging from design and styling to sales and
marketing. Technical visualization is an important aspect of product development. Originally technical drawings were made by
hand, but with the rise of advanced computer graphics the drawing board has been replaced by computer-aided design (CAD).
CAD-drawings and models have several advantages over hand-made drawings such as the possibility of 3-D modeling, rapid
prototyping and simulation.
Visual communication
Visual communication is the communication of ideas through the visual display of information. Primarily associated with two
dimensional images, it includes: alphanumerics, art, signs, and electronic resources. Recent research in the field has focused
on web design and graphically oriented usability.
Visual analytics
Visual analytics focuses on human interaction with visualization systems as part of a larger process of data analysis. Visual
analytics has been defined as "the science of analytical reasoning supported by the interactive visual interface"
[2].
Its focus is on human information discourse (interaction) within massive, dynamically changing information spaces. Visual
analytics research concentrates on support for perceptual and cognitive operations that enable users to detect the expected
and discover the unexpected in complex information space.
Technologies resulting from visual analytics find their application in almost all fields, but are being driven by critical needs (and
funding) in biology and national security.
Q2. Describe the elements of execution of advertising in brief.
3. Ans : Delivery of the selected advertising concept has two aspects, creative and media execution. If the creative execution is
not right, even a brilliant idea will not be noticed. If the media vehicles andschedule are not right, then too the campaign will not
be noticed because it will not reach its target. Therefore, efficient planning of the content, media, and budget of a campaign are
vital for the success of a campaign.
Creative Execution
David Ogilvy said it for all times to come, ‘What you say is more important than how you say it.’ WilliamBernbach answered that
‘…execution can become content, it can be just as important as what you say…a sick guy can utter words and nothing
happens; a healthy vital guy says the same and they rock theworld.’How an advertising agency, rather the copywriters decide to express it to
make it ‘rock the world’, is anintuitive process that can hardly be structured or formatted. There are some basic rules. Copy should
beby and large honest, it should avoid exaggeration that actually hurts the brand in the long run, andshould avoid cliche’s and
over-used formats and concepts. Especially now, when people have so littletime, the target should not be required to ponder
over and do research on the message to comprehendit.Again, Bernbach has said it memorably.“Why should anyone look at your
ad? The reader does not buy his magazine or tune in his radio andtelevision to see and hear what you have to say…what is the
use of saying all the right things in theworld if nobody is going to read them? And believe me, nobody is going to read them if
they are not saidwith freshness, originality and imagination…if they are not…different.”“People don’t necessarily like
advertisements and avoid them if possible. Therefore to do a goodadvertisement, you are obligated, really, to reward the reader
for his time and patience in allowing youto interrupt the editorial content, which is what he bought the magazine for in the first
place. Soentertainment is sort of repayment.” This just about sums up the copywriting techniques advertising agencies use.
The creative execution hasto be interesting, informative, entertaining and above all, trigger self interest in the target
group.Some campaigns have become advertising legends by their sheer brilliance and brevity. Most commonlyrecognized are
the car Volkswagen’s ‘Lemon’ because the car defied all conventional Americanexpectations such as speed, size, looks,
prestige, etc. and therefore a lemon of a car. Except on onecount – Volkswagen is air cooled and does not freeze in extremely
cold weather. And it was inexpensive. Just one word, ‘Lemon’. And the car became the darling of young folks for several
generations. The other campaign is about Hertz and Avis, the two rent-a-car giants in the USA. The Avis campaignsaid, “We
are Number 2. We try harder.” Very few companies dare to use such self-disparaging conceptsas Volkswagen and Avis did.
And both succeeded for different reasons. The campaign had a tremendousimpact on the Avis staff because they really tried
hard to improve their brand. On the other hand, thisbrilliant headline made readers feel as if there are only two brands of rent-a-car. As a result
National,which was about the size of Avis suffered more than Hertz did simply because people forgot itsexistence. Number three
was not advertising, see? (Batra, Myers and Aaker)However, such brilliant copy execution happens may be just a few times in
a century. It is not just thecopywriter’s skill and brilliance. It is also about how the audience perceives it. Both these campaigns
justcaught the imagination of its targets of the time and became timeless in appeal. Other campaigns of equal brilliance fail to
grab this kind of drama and sink without a trace. Therefore it is difficult to write adoctrine about how to execute the creative
concept. The copywriters and visualisers are trained in thisand are highly disciplined and experienced people. They experiment
constantly to get a handle on whatwill appeal to their target. How to do is difficult to define.
Media execution
How effective a campaign had been, is not easy to measure. Especially in India, where the starkdifferences among the target
populations in terms of cuisine, religion, language, culture, daily habits,social demands, aspirations and purchasing patterns are rather drastic.
Yet, they all need, and indeed,buy and use exactly the same products and services.Although India has made large strides in
documenting the reach, readership and their segmentedpersonalities and circulation of media, the available database is still far
from satisfactory. To besuccessful, an advertiser needs nuanced information on each target segment before an optimum
mediaplan can be executed.Due to remoteness of rural areas, huge illiteracy – neo literates who just learn to sign, or even read
andmake up the bulk of the government literacy figures, do not necessarily read anything ever and thus outof reach for print
media – and lack of access to television, media access in India is limited. Consumer andtrade promotion at the grassroots level
is still not a regular feature and little data are available.
Finding the target audience
Q3. Explain the persuasion techniques used in advertising.
4. Ans. Persuasive Techniques in Advertising
The persuasive strategies used by advertisers who want you to buy their product can be divided into three categories: pathos,
logos, and ethos. Pathos: an appeal to emotion. An advertisement using pathos will attempt to evoke an emotional response in
the consumer. Sometimes, it is a positive emotion such as happiness: an image of people enjoying themselves while drinking
Pepsi. Other times,
advertisers will use negative emotions such as pain: a person having back problems after buying the “wrong” mattress. Pathos
can also include emotions such as fear and guilt: images of a starving child persuade you to send money.
Logos: an appeal to logic or reason.
An advertisement using logos will give you the evidence and statistics you need to fully understand what the product does. The
logos of an advertisement will be the "straight facts" about the product: One glass of Florida orange juice contains 75% of your
daily Vitamin C needs.
Ethos: an appeal to credibility or character. An advertisement using ethos will try to convince you that the company is more
reliable, honest, and credible; therefore, you should buy its product.
Ethos often involves statistics from reliable experts, such as nine out of ten dentists agree that Crest is the better than any other
brand or Americas dieters choose Lean Cuisine. Often, a celebrity endorses a product to lend it more credibility: Catherine
Zeta-Jones makes us want to switch to T-Mobile.
Practice labeling pathos, logos, and ethos by placing a P, L, or E in the blank:
A child is shown covered in bug bites after using an inferior bug spray.
Tiger Woods endorses Nike.
Sprite Zero is 100% sugar-free.
A 32-oz. bottle of Tide holds enough to wash 32 loa
A 32-oz. bottle of Tide holds enough to wash 32 loads.
A commercial shows an image of a happy couple riding in a Corvette.
Cardiologists recommend Ecotrin more than any other brand of aspirin.
Advil Liqui-Gels provide up to 8 hours of continuous pain relief.
Miley Cyrus appears in Oreo advertisements.
People who need more energy drink Red Bull Energy Drink.
A magazine ad shows people smiling while smoking cigarettes.
The following are some more specific strategies that advertisers use. Often, they overlap with the rhetorical strategies above.
Avante Garde
The suggestion that using this product puts the user ahead of the times. A toy manufacturer encourages kids to be the first on
their block to have a new toy. Weasel Words “Weasel words” are used to suggest a positive meaning without actually really
Making any guarantee. A scientist says that a diet product might help you to lose weight the way it helped him to lose weight. A
dish soap leaves dishes virtually spotless.
Magic Ingredients
The suggestion that some almost miraculous discovery makes the product exceptionally effective. A pharmaceutical
manufacturer describes a special coating that makes their pain reliever less irritating to the stomach than a competitor’s.
Patriotism
The suggestion that purchasing this product shows your love of your country. A company brags about its product being made in
America.
Transfer Positive words, images, and ideas are used to suggest that the product being sold is also positive. A textile
manufacturer wanting people to wear their product to stay cool during the summer shows people wearing fashions made from
their cloth at a sunny seaside setting where there is a cool breeze.
Plain Folks The suggestion that the product is a practical product of good value for ordinary people. A cereal manufacturer
shows an ordinary family sitting down to breakfast and enjoying their product. Snob Appeal
The suggestion that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious and glamorous lifestyle. A
coffee manufacturer shows people dressed in formal gowns and tuxedos drinking their brand at an art gallery.
Bribery
Bribery offers you something “extra.” Buy a burger; get free fries.
5. Bandwagon The suggestion that you should join the crowd or be on the winning side by using a product—you don’t want to be
the only person without it!
Q 4. Describe the tools and techniques of Sales promotion in brief
Ans : Sales promotion is one of the seven aspects of the promotional mix. (The other six parts of the promotional mix
are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, publicity/public relations, corporate image and exhibitions.) Media and nonmedia marketing communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate
market demand or improve product availability. Examples include contests, coupons,freebies, loss leaders, point of
purchase displays, premiums, prizes, product samples, andrebates
Sales promotions can be directed at either the customer, sales staff, or distribution channel members (such as retailers). Sales
promotions targeted at the consumer are calledconsumer sales promotions. Sales promotions targeted at retailers
and wholesale are called trade sales promotions. Some sale promotions, particularly ones with unusual methods, are
considered gimmicks by many.
Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers,
wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate
product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, pointof-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes.
sales promotion techniques
Price deal: A temporary reduction in the price, such as 50% off.
Loyal Reward Program: Consumers collect points, miles, or credits for purchases and redeem them for rewards.
Cents-off deal: Offers a brand at a lower price. Price reduction may be a percentage marked on the package.
Price-pack deal: The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage more of the product for the same price (for
example, 25 percent extra).
Coupons: coupons have become a standard mechanism for sales promotions.
Loss leader: the price of a popular product is temporarily reduced in order to stimulate other profitable sales
Free-standing insert (FSI): A coupon booklet is inserted into the local newspaper for delivery.
On-shelf couponing: Coupons are present at the shelf where the product is available.
Checkout dispensers: On checkout the customer is given a coupon based on products purchased.
On-line couponing: Coupons are available online. Consumers print them out and take them to the store.
Mobile couponing: Coupons are available on a mobile phone. Consumers show the offer on a mobile phone to a
salesperson for redemption.
Online interactive promotion game: Consumers play an interactive game associated with the promoted product.
Rebates: Consumers are offered money back if the receipt and barcode are mailed to the producer.
Contests/sweepstakes/games: The consumer is automatically entered into the event by purchasing the product.
Point-of-sale displays:Aisle interrupter: A sign that juts into the aisle from the shelf.
Dangler: A sign that sways when a consumer walks by it.
Dump bin: A bin full of products dumped inside.
Glorifier: A small stage that elevates a product above other products.
Wobbler: A sign that jiggles.
Lipstick Board: A board on which messages are written in crayon.
6. Necker: A coupon placed on the 'neck' of a bottle.
YES unit: "your extra salesperson" is a pull-out fact sheet.
Electroluminescent: Solar-powered, animated light in motion.[1]
Kids eat free specials: Offers a discount on the total dining bill by offering 1 free kids meal with each regular meal
purchased.
Sampling: Consumers get one sample for free, after their trial and then could decide whether to buy or not.
Trade sales promotion techniques
Trade allowances: short term incentive offered to induce a retailer to stock up on a product.
Dealer loader: An incentive given to induce a retailer to purchase and display a product.
Trade contest: A contest to reward retailers that sell the most product.
Point-of-purchase displays: Used to create the urge of "impulse" buying and selling your product on the spot.
Training programs: dealer employees are trained in selling the product.
Push money: also known as "spiffs". An extra commission paid to retail employees to push products.
Trade discounts (also called functional discounts): These are payments to distribution channel members for performing some
function .
Q5. What is full Service agency ? What are specialist agencies? Why are they needed .?
Ans : An agency that handles all aspects of the advertising process, including planning, design, production, and placement.
Today, full-service generally suggests that the agency also handles other aspects of marketing communication, such as public
relations, sales promotion, Internet and direct marketing.
Advertising agency that is equipped to serve its clients in all aspects of communication and promotion, so that there is no
reason for the client to use any other outside service agency. The full-service agency offers total service in both advertising and
non-advertising areas. The advertising services concern preparation and placement of advertising and include the creating,
planning, and production of advertisements and commercials as well as research services and media selection and purchase.
The non-advertising services are in the area of production and include sales promotion materials, publicity pieces, annual
reports, trade show exhibits, and sales training materials.
Although a full-service agency can offer this wide range of services, all full-service agencies are not alike. They vary greatly in
size, focus, and areas of specialization. Therefore, they also vary in the type of client they serve. When choosing a full-service
advertising agency, it is important to the advertiser to be aware of the agency's expertise in the area that best serves the
advertiser's product or service.
Specialized agencies
These agencies specialized in a particular activity of the whole communication process. They may specialize in certain
functions (copy, art, media), audiences (minority youth)or industries (health, computers) or in a marketing communication area
(direct marketing, sales promotion, public relation). These type of agencies may serve one client only.
A specialised agency is an autonomous intergovernmental organisation that has been created through its own independent
legal instrument and is normally mandated to address a specific issue, need or function. Specialised agencies are linked to the
United Nations through the UN Charter whereby member-states have pledged themselves to “joint and separate cooperation”
on social and economic issues including those related to standards of living, economic and social progress, health, human
rights, culture and education.1 The specialised agency provisions of the UN Charter
essentially addressed two concerns at the time the charter was adopted. First, that the UN itself could not fully address all
international issues without some degree of specialization that delved more deeply into the unique needs that these issues
7. required. Second, that in 1945 at the time the UN Charter was adopted there existed some international organisations that were
already working on specific issues for some time. Organisations such as the International Labour Organisation
(ILO), the Health Organisation, the predecessor of the World Health Organisation (WHO), and various committees and
commissions had already existed under the League of Nations and these organisations needed to be incorporated under the
new UN system. Article 55 of the Charter made such incorporation possible and it also left the door open for future independent
specialised agencies to be created while still remaining linked to the UN system.
Q6. Discuss the following theories of Advertising :
• The Cognitive-Response Theory
Ans : The cognitive response model of persuasion locates the most direct cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion
target, rather than the content of the message.
Anthony Greenwald first proposed the theory in 1968
Research supporting the model shows that persuasion is powerfully affected by the amount of self-talk that occurs in response
to a message.[2] The degree to which the self-talk supports the message and the confidence that recipients express in the
validity of that self-talk further support the cognitive response model.
The cognitive response model suggests that effective messages should take into account factors that are likely to enhance
positive cognitive responses to the receivers.
Counterarguments, in contrast, are negative cognitive responses that prohibit persuasion. Factors that reduce
counterarguments include communicator expertise and insufficient time and ability to formulate counterarguments. Such tactics
are often used ininterrogations.
• The Stimulus-Response Theory
Ans :The stimulus-response theory is principled in two forms, classical conditioning and perant conditioning. Classical
conditioning gives focus to how the stimulus affects a change in learner behavior res. This type of learning is effective when
the goal is for the subject to have aninstilled response to a stimulus. Operant conditioning, which is often used in education, is
basedon the consequence of responses, either positive or negative (Davidson- Shivers & Rasmussen, p.41; Smith & Ragan,
2005, p. 25).
“Most studies of behavior from the S-R tradition focusedon temporal variables and those that related to motivation, such as
reward magnitude anddeprivation state” (Holland, 2008, p.228). Subscribers to the S-R theory are more interestedvariables that
can create individualized/collective responses than motivations of the learner.
• The Dual-process Theory
A dual process theory provides an account of how a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different
processes. Often, the two processes consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit
(controlled),conscious process. Verbalized explicit processes or attitudes and actions may change with persuasion or
education; though implicit process or attitudes usually take a long amount of time to change with the forming of new habits.
Dual process theories can be found in social, personality, cognitive, and clinical psychology.
Dual process models are very common in the study of social psychological variables, such as attitude change. Examples
include Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model and Chaiken's Heuristic Systematic Model. According to these
models, persuasion may occur after either intense scrutiny or extremely superficial thinking. In cognitive psychology, attention
and working memory have also been conceptualized as relying on two distinct processes
• The Resource Matching Theory
The subject of human resource matching shows the characteristic of diversification, independent and personalized. The human
resource matching and optimization should overcome such poor practice as subjectivity, unidirectional, blindness and empirical
and should realize bidirectional, dynamic, and matching in human resources allocation. Bidirectional is to realize the common
8. development of the staff and organization through the rational allocation of human resources while dynamic means that human
resources allocation need to consider adapting to the development of both the recruitment and selection, employee
socialization, training and development, performance appraisal, promotions, transfers, demotions, separations, and
compensation management. The human resource value chain can be divided into three parts, e.g. value creation, value
appraisal and value sharing.
The human resource matching theory and models of scholars at home and abroad has been reviewed firstly. And the
advantages and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative model of human resource model have been analyzed. Then a model
of enterprise human resource matching based on job analysis and personnel quality assessment has been put forward. In this
model both job analysis and personnel quality assessment are thought important and the mechanism of them has been
explained systematically. The human resource matching process has been putting into the larger environment of the whole
organization system. First and foremost, the human resource strategic planning has been formulated under the method and the
other is qualitative description model which often reflected by flow chart.
• Cognitive Dissonance theory:
cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions: ideas,
beliefs, values or emotional reactions. In a state of dissonance, people may sometimes feel "disequilibrium": frustration, hunger,
dread, guilt, anger, embarrassment, anxiety, etc.[1] The phrase was coined by Leon Festinger in his 1956 book When Prophecy
Fails, which chronicled the followers of a UFO cult as reality clashed with their fervent belief in an impending
apocalypse.[2][3] Festinger subsequently (1957) published a book called A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance in which he outlines
the theory. Cognitive dissonance is one of the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology.
The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have amotivational drive to reduce dissonance
by altering existing cognitions, adding new ones to create a consistent belief system, or alternatively by reducing the
importance of any one of the dissonant elements.[1] Cognitive dissonance is the distressing mental state that people feel when
they "find themselves doing things that don't fit with what they know, or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they
hold."[4] A key assumption is that people want their expectations to meet reality, creating a sense of equilibrium. [5] Likewise,
another assumption is that a person will avoid situations or information sources that give rise to feelings of uneasiness, or
dissonance.[1]
Cognitive dissonance theory explains human behavior by positing that people have a bias to seek consonance between their
expectations and reality. According to Festinger, people engage in a process he termed "dissonance reduction," which can be
achieved in one of three ways: lowering the importance of one of the discordant factors, adding consonant elements, or
changing one of the dissonant factors.[6] This bias sheds light on otherwise puzzling, irrational, and even destructive behaviour.