By: Alan M. Dietzek, MD, RVT, RPVI, FACS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Data is based on ESC & ACC guidelines 2017
Assessment of aortic stenosis severity
Step by step management algorithm
Management in special populations
Case-based questions
MCQs
Microcatheters for antegrade and retrograde approachEuro CTO Club
Microcatheters for antegrade and retrograde approach
George Sianos, Thessaloniki, Greece
11th Experts Live CTO
The annual Euro CTO meeting
September 13th –14th, 2019 - Berlin, Germany
Data is based on ESC & ACC guidelines 2017
Assessment of aortic stenosis severity
Step by step management algorithm
Management in special populations
Case-based questions
MCQs
Microcatheters for antegrade and retrograde approachEuro CTO Club
Microcatheters for antegrade and retrograde approach
George Sianos, Thessaloniki, Greece
11th Experts Live CTO
The annual Euro CTO meeting
September 13th –14th, 2019 - Berlin, Germany
Stratification of a given bifurcation lesion
The double kissing (DK) crush technique is better for complex coronary bifurcation
Stenting the side branch (SB)
Balloon crush
First kissing
Stenting the main vessel (MV)
2nd kissing balloon inflation
Careful rewiring from the proximal cell of the MV stent to make sure the wire is in the true lumen of the SB stent is key to acquiring optimal angiographic results
Balloon anchoring from the MV
Alternative inflation and each kissing inflation using large enough non-compliant balloons at high pressure
Proximal optimisation technique are mandatory to improve both angiographic and clinical
Primary PCI with stenting immediately after coronary reperfusion salvage procedures jeopardizes myocardium, improves prognosis, and is the current standard of care for acute STEMI .
No-reflow is defined as an acute reduction in myocardial blood flow despite a patent epicardial coronary artery .
The pathophysiology of no-reflow involves microvascular obstruction secondary to distal embolization of clot, microvascular spasm, and thrombosis .
No-reflow occurs in ~10% of cases of primary PCI and is associated with patient characteristics such as advanced age and delayed presentation and coronary characteristics such as a completely occluded culprit artery and heavy thrombus burden .
Effect of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies on outcomes in pa...Mohd Saif Khan
Restrictive red cell transfusion policies are recommended as safe for most hospital patients with anaemia. Uncertainty exists for patients with cardiovascular disease, whose hearts may be more susceptible to limited coronary oxygen supply.
Significant unprotected left main (LM) coronary artery disease is present in <10% of patients undergoing coronary angiography. In autopsy research, a mean LM length of 10.8 mm ± 5.2 mm (range 2–23 mm), mean LM diameter 4.9 mm ± 0.8 mm and mean angle between the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) of 86.7° ± 28.8° has been described. This angle value positively correlated with LM length.2 Further studies showed that long LM developed stenoses more frequently near the distal bifurcation compared to near the ostium (77% versus 18%).7 It is also worth emphasising that LM bifurcation disease is rarely focal and that both sides of the carina are almost never disease-free. Furthermore, continuous plaque from the LM into the proximal LAD artery has been reported in 90% of cases.8 Summarised below are the most crucial LM peculiarities (in comparison with non-LM bifurcations), which should be taken into consideration when distal LM stenosis PCI is planned:
Despite the recent developments that have been made in the field of percutaneous left main (LM) intervention, the
treatment of distal LM bifurcation remains challenging. The provisional one-stent approach for LM bifurcation has
shown more favorable outcomes than the two-stent technique, making the former the preferred strategy in most
types of LM bifurcation stenosis. However, elective two-stent techniques, none of which has been proven superior
to the others, are still used in patients with severely diseased large side branches to avoid acute hemodynamic
compromise. Selecting the proper bifurcation treatment strategy using meticulous intravascular ultrasound evaluation
for side branch ostium is crucial for reducing the risk of side branch occlusion and for improving patient outcomes. In
addition, unnecessary complex intervention can be avoided by measuring fractional flow reserve in angiographically
isolated side branches. Most importantly, good long-term clinical outcomes are more related to the successful
procedure itself than to the type of stenting technique, emphasizing the greater importance of optimizing
the chosen technique than the choice of metho
This presentation will be very helpful for interventional radiologist, vascualr sergeons and sonographers. We will discuss the basic concept of varicosities and then step by step their thermal ablation under US guiadance.
Stratification of a given bifurcation lesion
The double kissing (DK) crush technique is better for complex coronary bifurcation
Stenting the side branch (SB)
Balloon crush
First kissing
Stenting the main vessel (MV)
2nd kissing balloon inflation
Careful rewiring from the proximal cell of the MV stent to make sure the wire is in the true lumen of the SB stent is key to acquiring optimal angiographic results
Balloon anchoring from the MV
Alternative inflation and each kissing inflation using large enough non-compliant balloons at high pressure
Proximal optimisation technique are mandatory to improve both angiographic and clinical
Primary PCI with stenting immediately after coronary reperfusion salvage procedures jeopardizes myocardium, improves prognosis, and is the current standard of care for acute STEMI .
No-reflow is defined as an acute reduction in myocardial blood flow despite a patent epicardial coronary artery .
The pathophysiology of no-reflow involves microvascular obstruction secondary to distal embolization of clot, microvascular spasm, and thrombosis .
No-reflow occurs in ~10% of cases of primary PCI and is associated with patient characteristics such as advanced age and delayed presentation and coronary characteristics such as a completely occluded culprit artery and heavy thrombus burden .
Effect of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies on outcomes in pa...Mohd Saif Khan
Restrictive red cell transfusion policies are recommended as safe for most hospital patients with anaemia. Uncertainty exists for patients with cardiovascular disease, whose hearts may be more susceptible to limited coronary oxygen supply.
Significant unprotected left main (LM) coronary artery disease is present in <10% of patients undergoing coronary angiography. In autopsy research, a mean LM length of 10.8 mm ± 5.2 mm (range 2–23 mm), mean LM diameter 4.9 mm ± 0.8 mm and mean angle between the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) of 86.7° ± 28.8° has been described. This angle value positively correlated with LM length.2 Further studies showed that long LM developed stenoses more frequently near the distal bifurcation compared to near the ostium (77% versus 18%).7 It is also worth emphasising that LM bifurcation disease is rarely focal and that both sides of the carina are almost never disease-free. Furthermore, continuous plaque from the LM into the proximal LAD artery has been reported in 90% of cases.8 Summarised below are the most crucial LM peculiarities (in comparison with non-LM bifurcations), which should be taken into consideration when distal LM stenosis PCI is planned:
Despite the recent developments that have been made in the field of percutaneous left main (LM) intervention, the
treatment of distal LM bifurcation remains challenging. The provisional one-stent approach for LM bifurcation has
shown more favorable outcomes than the two-stent technique, making the former the preferred strategy in most
types of LM bifurcation stenosis. However, elective two-stent techniques, none of which has been proven superior
to the others, are still used in patients with severely diseased large side branches to avoid acute hemodynamic
compromise. Selecting the proper bifurcation treatment strategy using meticulous intravascular ultrasound evaluation
for side branch ostium is crucial for reducing the risk of side branch occlusion and for improving patient outcomes. In
addition, unnecessary complex intervention can be avoided by measuring fractional flow reserve in angiographically
isolated side branches. Most importantly, good long-term clinical outcomes are more related to the successful
procedure itself than to the type of stenting technique, emphasizing the greater importance of optimizing
the chosen technique than the choice of metho
This presentation will be very helpful for interventional radiologist, vascualr sergeons and sonographers. We will discuss the basic concept of varicosities and then step by step their thermal ablation under US guiadance.
By: Thomas M. Proebstle, M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Does All Saphenous Reflux Need Ablation?Vein Global
By: Paul M. McNeill, MD, FACS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam: Where Are We?Vein Global
By: Nick Morrison, MD, FACS, FACPh, RPhS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
The Important Nerves During Venous AblationVein Global
By: John Mauriello, M.D.
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By: Seshadri Raju, MD, FACS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
By: Steve Elias MD FACS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
By: Mark Meissner, M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Endovenous treatment for varicose veins – the first choice (laser, radiofre...Michał Molski
There are different methods of treatment of varicose veins. Is there one "best method for all"? I believe there are different options for different patients. The key to sucess is surgeon's experience in handling different methods, and availability of those methods in specific medical center.
Who Needs More Testing Beyond Venous Duplex?Vein Global
By: William Marston, MD
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
How do Laser Wavelengths & Fibers Differ Clinically?Vein Global
By: Thomas M. Proebstle, M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Thigh, Calf & Ankle Perforators: Are They Different?Vein Global
By: Nicos Labropoulos, PhD, RVT
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Choosing the Appropriate Truncal Vein Closure DeviceVein Global
By: Steve Elias, MD, FACS
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DETAILS OF EVIDENCE TAVI FROM ITS EXISTENCE IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY TO THE SURTAVI REGISTRY ..AS AN OPTION FROM HIGH RISK UNOPERABLE PATIENTS TO INTERMEDIATE AND LOW RISK PATIENTS
Introduction: Radiofrequency Ablation (RF) of Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT) requires precision to avoid AV block. 3D Electro-Anatomic Mapping (EAM) systems allowed to reduce radiological exposure. We sought to evaluate safety and effi cacy of AVNRT ablation, analyzing tip stability with a EAM
system aiming a Minimal Fluoroscopic Approac (MFA).
Microvascular & Functional Ultrasound Imaging: Insights into Stroke and Neuro...InsideScientific
Professors Franck Lebrin and Denis Vivien discuss in vivo molecular and functional imaging, including ultrasound-based markers, and their application to the study and treatment of neurological disorders such as cerebral hereditary angiopathies and stroke.
Early vascular dysfunction is increasingly recognized as the underlying cause of many neurological diseases. The development of drugs targeting vascular damage at its earliest stages could therefore pave the road towards the treatment of neurological disorders. However, to be effective, this therapeutic approach will require the identification of early markers of vascular injury.
In the first portion of the webinar, Prof. Lebrin discusses his research on ultrasound markers of early vascular dysfunction in cerebral hereditary angiopathies (CHA) and the testing of novel therapeutic agents that restore vascular function. Albeit rare, blood vessels from CHA exhibit the salient features of other neurological diseases and as such provide tractable preclinical models for research and defined patient groups for trials. Prof. Lebrin expects to identify early cerebrovascular markers that could ultimately be translated to the clinic for monitoring of disease progression and drug action.
In the second portion of the webinar, Prof. Vivien presents current therapeutic approaches for ischemic stroke intended to restore cerebral blood flow (CBF) as quickly and efficiently as possible, including rtPA treatment (tissue type Plasminogen Activator) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Prof. Vivien’s research aims to better understand the spatiotemporal evolution of specific functional and molecular events that occur during and following stroke, using a unique combination of in vivo high-resolution functional ultrafast ultrasound imaging (HR-fUS) and high-resolution molecular magnetic resonance imaging (HRmol-MRI). This project has led to the proposal of an innovative platform to test future therapeutics of ischemic stroke with a greater chance of successful translation to the clinic.
2 Things New! 1290nm Laser & New Saphenous Vein Closure DeviceVein Global
By: Lowell S. Kabnick, MD
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Future of Non Thermal Ablation: Is the Future of Endovenous AblationVein Global
By: Steve Elias, MD, FACS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Endovenous Thermal and Chemi...Vein Global
By: Edward G. Mackay, MD
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Should C2 Disease Classification Be Broken Down Further? Who Progresses to C4?Vein Global
By: Nick Morrison, MD, FACS, FACPh, RPhS
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By: Mark J. Garcia MD, MS, FSIR
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When is MR Venography Useful? What makes it so Operator Dependent?Vein Global
By: Constantino S.Peña
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Venous Leg Ulcers: Wound Preparation & Adjuvants to HealingVein Global
By: William Marston, M.D.
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Outcomes of Venous Interventions in C5-6 DiseaseVein Global
By: Mark H. Meissner, MD
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Diagnosis of Llio-caval Venous Obstruction: Causes of Venous ObstructionVein Global
By: William Marston, M.D.
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Detecting Deep Venous Disease with Duplex UltrasoundVein Global
By: Joseph Zygmunt, Jr., RVT, RPhS
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Deep Vein Pathophysiology: Reflux & ObstructionVein Global
By: Peter J. Pappas, M.D.
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By: Lowell S. Kabnick, MD, FACS, FACPh, RPhS
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
By: Steve Elias M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
By: Joseph Zygmunt, Jr., RVT, RPhS
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By: Paul M. McNeill, M.D.
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Non-Thrombotic Iliac Vein Lesions: Permissive Role in CVD PathogenicityVein Global
By: Seshadri Raju, M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Future of Laser Ablation: New Wavelength or Fiber Tips?Vein Global
By: Thomas M. Proebstle, MD
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
Does Multiple Axial Vein Incompetence Increase The Clinical Severity of Venou...Vein Global
By: Lowell S. Kabnick, MD, FACS
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
1. Future Of RF Ablation: Continuous Or
Segmental?
Alan M Dietzek, MD, RVT, RPVI, FACSAlan M Dietzek, MD, RVT, RPVI, FACS
Clinical Associate Professor of SurgeryClinical Associate Professor of Surgery
University of Vermont College of MedicineUniversity of Vermont College of Medicine
Chief, Section of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryChief, Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Linda and Stephen R Cohen Chair in Vascular SurgeryLinda and Stephen R Cohen Chair in Vascular Surgery
Danbury Hospital- Western CT Health NetworkDanbury Hospital- Western CT Health Network
12th
International Varicose Vein Congress:
In-Office Techniques
Lowes Hotel
Miami Beach, Fla.
April 24-26, 2014
3. At The Start
Continuous RF Bipolar Ablation (VNUS Medical)
VNUS Medical Technologies
Closure - 1999
ClosurePlus: integrated handle - 2003
Integrated handle
1995 -
Restore catheter
4. Next Generation VNUS RF
Continuous Bipolar RF
Closure and ClosurePlus
•Electrodes transfer RF energy (=
electromagnetic energy with freq range
300kHz – 1MHz) by direct contact with vein
wall
– EM waves vibrate atoms in vein wall
releasing thermal energy heats vein
wall to 850
C (Resistive Heating)
•Continuous catheter pullback during
treatment
•Two catheter sizes
• 6F and 8F
Bipolar Continuous Pullback Technology
0.0250.025” lumen” lumen
5. Continuous RF Bipolar Technology
Limitations
Operator Dependent
• Treatment variability 20
to inadequate energy transfer:
• Withdraw catheter too quickly (>2-3cm/min)
• speed - energy delivery
• Too little tumescence -
• Poor vein wall compression -
• Poor electrode contact with wall
• Poor result with large (>12mm) veins
•
• Small Treatment Area
• Only small area of vein is treated at any given time
2–3cm/min
Rx area
7. RF Quantum Leap
Segmental Ablation Technology- ClosureFAST
RF Energy heats Catheter tip
(7cm heating element) to 120°
C
Conductive Heat Transfer
(electromagnetic radiation) from
heating element to vein wall
achieves temperatures of 100-
110°C
Vein wall heating only when
catheter is stationary
Direct contact with vein wall not
necessary
8. Segmental Ablation Tecnology- CLF
Advantages vs Bipolar
Not operator dependent
No impedance monitoring
- No generator shut-offs
One size catheter fits all vein
diameters but not all lengths
Large treatment area:
- 6.5cm segment of vein in 20s
45cm vein treatment ~ 2 - 5min45cm vein treatment ~ 2 - 5min
(no re-treatments)(no re-treatments)
0.5cm overlap0.5cm overlap
7cm heating element7cm heating element
10. What’s Next in RF?
Back to the future
Olympus Celon RFiTT ProcedureOlympus Celon RFiTT Procedure
Developed in 2007 as alternativeDeveloped in 2007 as alternative
to VNUS bipolar RFto VNUS bipolar RF
Uses Bipolar technologyUses Bipolar technology
Resistive heatingResistive heating of the vein wallof the vein wall
20 J/cm vs 60-80 J/cm with CLF20 J/cm vs 60-80 J/cm with CLF
11. • AUTOMATIC CONSTANT CONTROL of the IMPEDANCE
• With AUTOMATIC POWER CONTROL
• And AUDIO FEEDBACK
CELON RFITT® RADIOFREQUENCY
The Bi-polar POWER CONTROL UNIT
Application time
(minutes and
seconds)
Power
(Watts)
• Power is adjustable
12. 953 patients (1172 GSV/228 SSV)953 patients (1172 GSV/228 SSV)
462 patients completed study (569 GSV and 103 SSV)462 patients completed study (569 GSV and 103 SSV)
Prospective; multicenter - EuropeanProspective; multicenter - European
f/u between 180 and 360 days (mean 290f/u between 180 and 360 days (mean 290 ++ 84d)84d)
Mean vein treatment length – 50 cmMean vein treatment length – 50 cm ++ 20cm20cm
All patients treated with bipolar Celon lab RFITT systemAll patients treated with bipolar Celon lab RFITT system
Mean treatment time: 89secMean treatment time: 89sec ++ 66 (1.8cm/sec)66 (1.8cm/sec)
Phlebology 2013;28: 38-46
13. ResultsResults
Occlusion rate at mean f/u 290 days - 92%;Occlusion rate at mean f/u 290 days - 92%;
partial occlusion 4%; failure 3%partial occlusion 4%; failure 3%
Occlusion rate 98.4% withOcclusion rate 98.4% with
lower power 18-20 Wlower power 18-20 W
Catheter withdrawal rate >1.5s/cm (no failures >2.5s/cm)Catheter withdrawal rate >1.5s/cm (no failures >2.5s/cm)
Experienced (>20 cases) operatorExperienced (>20 cases) operator
Pain scores (visual analog scale)Pain scores (visual analog scale)
2/10 at day 1; 1 after 7d; 0 on all subsequent visits2/10 at day 1; 1 after 7d; 0 on all subsequent visits
Complications - Sensory disturbance 5.8%Complications - Sensory disturbance 5.8%
Tumescence not used in 27% of limbsTumescence not used in 27% of limbs
14. Pain Score at follow-up visits1
(Scale: 0 none to 10 max)
1
RECOVERY Study: Almeida J et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009
Celon RFITT
15. Hamel-Desnos C., Desnos P.
Controversies and Updates in Vascular Surgery
Jan 17-19, 2013 Paris, France
Prospective, single center study
168 Saphenous veins
126 GSV, 36 SSV, 6 ASV
Average vein diameter - 8.2 mm (3.5-15)
Mean power – 19W
71% female (117); mean age 58
Mean CEAP 2 (2 - 6); mean BMI 25 (17-43)
16. Hamel-Desnos C., Desnos P.
Controversies and Updates in Vascular Surgery
Jan 17-19, 2013 Paris, France
Results:Results:
•FU – 4y; Mean FU – 2.5yFU – 4y; Mean FU – 2.5y
•92% of complete occlusion92% of complete occlusion
• 7.2% of partial occlusion7.2% of partial occlusion
•Mean pull back timesMean pull back times
• Success: 6s/cmSuccess: 6s/cm
• Failures (partial or total): 4s/cmFailures (partial or total): 4s/cm
• *Paresthesias: 9s/cm*Paresthesias: 9s/cm
ComplicationsComplications
• Paresthesias – 8%Paresthesias – 8%
Laser?
Not!
17. Fcare Systems EVRF Procedure
Monopolar Technology
EVRF radio frequency generator
CR45i unipolar catheter
• Flexible catheter
• Tortuous anatomy
• 5 Fr Sheath
18. Fcare Systems EVRF Procedure
Monopolar Technology
One generator – 3 devicesOne generator – 3 devices
Needle 0.150mm - for Rx of
Spider veins and rosacea
Spider Veins
- Veinwave technology
Catheter for Rx of VVs 1
to 4mm and Perforators
Small VVs
- Not approved for use in US
Catheter CR45i for Rx
of saphenous vein
GSV/SSV
Not approved for use in US
19. EVRF Clinical Study
Piñón H, MD.
Presented at the XLIII Congress of Vascular Surgery
November 2011 Mexico.
Prospective, non-randomizedProspective, non-randomized
30 patients, 54 GSV30 patients, 54 GSV
CEAP 3 – 6CEAP 3 – 6
1 month f/u1 month f/u
Results:Results:
Occlusion rate – 92% complete, 6% - partialOcclusion rate – 92% complete, 6% - partial
without reflux, 2% partial with refluxwithout reflux, 2% partial with reflux
Pain – 0/10 in all patients at 7 daysPain – 0/10 in all patients at 7 days
Procedure times? Complication rates?Procedure times? Complication rates?
20. EVRF Early and Midterm Results
Szabo A and Danciu P: Vein Therapy News Feb/March 2013
150 limbs in 150 pts150 limbs in 150 pts
Single center, Prospective?Single center, Prospective?
Output power – 25W; 4 beeps/0.5cm?Output power – 25W; 4 beeps/0.5cm?
f/u at 1d, 1wk, 1 to 2 monthsf/u at 1d, 1wk, 1 to 2 months
129 GSV, 15 SSV and 6 GSV + SSV129 GSV, 15 SSV and 6 GSV + SSV
High ligation in 6 limbs with SFJ > 20mmHigh ligation in 6 limbs with SFJ > 20mm
Concomitant phlebectomy in all casesConcomitant phlebectomy in all cases
ResultsResults
Complete occlusion in 99% (149/150) at 1moComplete occlusion in 99% (149/150) at 1mo
Postop pain score (VAS) - 2/10 (when?)Postop pain score (VAS) - 2/10 (when?)
21. VNUS Closure Plus – bipolar technology
Vein Occlusion Rates – single center results
Weiss & WeissWeiss & Weiss11
::
140 limbs / 120 patients140 limbs / 120 patients
98% complete vein occlusion at 1 wk98% complete vein occlusion at 1 wk
90%90% (19/21) complete vein disappearance under ultrasound at 2 years(19/21) complete vein disappearance under ultrasound at 2 years
KistnerKistner22
300 cases300 cases
Vein occlusionVein occlusion 97%97% @ 1 year@ 1 year
WhiteleyWhiteley33
1022 limbs1022 limbs
Vein Occlusion RatesVein Occlusion Rates LimbsLimbs PercentagePercentage
1 year1 year 216/217216/217 99%99%
2 year2 year 106/106106/106 100%100%
3 year3 year 26/2626/26 100%100%
1. Weiss RA, Weiss MA. Controlled radiofrequency endovenous occlusion using a unique radiofrequency catheter under duplex guidance to
eliminate saphenous varicose vein reflux: a 2-year follow-up. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:38-42.
2. Kistner RL. Endovascular obliteration of the greater saphenous vein: The Closure procedure. Jpn J Phlebol 2002;13: 325-33.
3. Whiteley MS, Holdstock J, Price B, Gallagher T, Scott M. Radiofrequency ablation of refluxing superficial and perforating veins using VNUS
Closure and TRLOP technique. Abstract presented at the XVII Annual meeting of the European Society for Vascular Surgery, Dublin, Ireland,
Sept. 6-8, 2003.
23. Future Of RFA: Continuous Or Segmental?
Summary
New Continuous RF caths are smaller and moreNew Continuous RF caths are smaller and more
flexible than present Segmental cathsflexible than present Segmental caths
Continuous RF still operator dependent, but withContinuous RF still operator dependent, but with
faster pullback times – may lead to less variablefaster pullback times – may lead to less variable
resultsresults
Published data for alternative RF devices isPublished data for alternative RF devices is
sparse, short term and of poor qualitysparse, short term and of poor quality
Segmental ablation is still theSegmental ablation is still the Gold StandardGold Standard forfor
endovenous ablation but new Continous RFendovenous ablation but new Continous RF
technologies show promisetechnologies show promise
Catheter cost may dictate the futureCatheter cost may dictate the future
26. First Generation RFA Device
Results: How Good Was It?
Substantial Body of Clinical Evidence
Over 60 publications
Mechanism of action and pathophysiological
outcomes well understood
4 randomized trials comparing RFA with vein stripping
surgery demonstrated superiority of RFA
Multicenter registry involving 30+ centers worldwide
with 1222 limbs/1005 pts treated proven the durability
of the treatment with 5-year follow-up data
Multiple independent reports validated the results of
major trials
27. First Generation RFA Device
All Randomized Trials: RFA vs. Stripping
1. Rautio T, Ohinmaa A, Perala J, Ohtonen P, Heikkinen T, Wiik H, Karjalainen P, Haukipuro K, Juvonen T.
Endovenous obliteration versus conventional stripping operation in the treatment of primary varicose
veins: a randomized controlled trial with comparison of the costs. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 35: 958-65.
2. Lurie F, Creton D, Eklof B, Kabnick LS, Kistner RL, Pichot O, Schuller-Petrovic S, Sessa C. Prospective
randomized study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure procedure) versus ligation and
stripping in a selected patient population (EVOLVeS Study). J Vasc Surg. 2003; 38: 207-14.
3. Lurie F, Creton D, Eklof B, Kabnick LS, Kistner RL, Pichot O, Sessa C, Schuller-Petrovic S. Prospective
Randomised Study of Endovenous Radiofrequency Obliteration (Closure) Versus Ligation and Vein
Stripping (EVOLVeS): Two-year Follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29:67-73.
4. Stoetter L, Schaaf I, Bockelbrink A. Invaginating stripping, kryostripping or endoluminal radiofrequency
obliteration to treat GSV insufficiency: duplex ultrasound findings and clinical outcome postoperatively
and at 1-year follow up. 17th annual meeting of American Venous Forum. San Diego, Feb, 2005
5. Hinchliffe RJ, Ubhi J, Beech A, Ellison J, Braithwaite BD. A Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial of
VNUS Closure versus Surgery for the Treatment of Recurrent Long Saphenous Varicose Veins. Eur J
Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 Aug 30; [Epub ahead of print]
SummarySummary
RFA patients - significantly less pain and post-op morbidity,RFA patients - significantly less pain and post-op morbidity,
faster recovery and better quality of life than stripping patientsfaster recovery and better quality of life than stripping patients
28. First Generation RFA Device
VNUS Clinical Registry – Results
Multicenter (>30 centers);1006 patients and 1222 limbs treated
1. Merchant RF, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a
treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2005, 42(3): 502-509
1 Yr 2 Yrs 3 Yrs 4 Yrs 5 Yrs
Absence of reflux
417/473
88%
232/263
88%
117/133
88%
103/119
87%
98/117
84%
29. First Generation RFA Device
VNUS Clinical Registry - Results
1. Merchant RF, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a
treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2005, 42(3): 502-509
1 Yr 2 Yrs 3 Yrs 4 Yrs 5 Yrs
Absence of reflux
417/473
88%
232/263
88%
117/133
88%
103/119
87%
98/117
84%
30. First Generation RFA Device
VNUS Clinical Registry - Results
1. Merchant RF, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a
treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2005, 42(3): 502-509
1 Yr 2 Yrs 3 Yrs 4 Yrs 5 Yrs
Absence of reflux
417/473
88%
232/263
88%
117/133
88%
103/119
87%
98/117
84%
Vein occlusion
(≤ 3 cm patent stump)
412/473412/473
87%87%
232/263
88%
111/133
84%
101/119
85%
102/117102/117
87%87%
31. New Generation RFA Device
ClosureFAST Study
Multicenter (13 Study Centers in Europe and the US)
326 patients; 396 limbs treated
Percent Female = 73.3%
Average Age = 47.2 ± 12.4 years
Average Height = 170.0 cm ± 8.4 cm
Average Weight = 74.2 kg ± 16.9 kg
All veins treated were GSV from groin to knee
Average vein diameter at 3 cm from SFJ 5.5 ± 2.1 mm (2.0 - 18.0mm )
Average length of veins treated: 36.9 ± 10.6 cm
Average energy delivery time: 2.2 ± 0.6 min
Average procedure time (cath in to cath out): 15.2 ± 7.5m
32. CLF Occlusion Rate at 3 Years - 92.9%
Kaplan Meier Analysis
•0 •5 •10 •15 •20 •25
•100
•99
•98
•97
•96
•95
•94
•93
•92
Time (months)
OcclusionRate(%)
1 month
99.7%
n=337 6 Months
98.5%
n=317
1 Year
96.4%
n=286
2 Year
94.7%
n=286
•30 •35 •40
3 Year
92.9%
n=255
ClosurePlus 3 year Occlusion Rate - 84% 1
1. Merchant RF, et al. J Vasc Surg 2005; 42: 502-509
37. Complications
Follow-up Time PointFollow-up Time Point All TimeAll Time 2 Year2 Year 3 Year3 Year
Post TreatmentPost Treatment n = 396n = 396 n = 267n = 267
EcchymosisEcchymosis 21 (5.3%)21 (5.3%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
ErythemaErythema 9 (2.3%)9 (2.3%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
HematomaHematoma 4 (1.0%)4 (1.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
ParesthesiaParesthesia 16 (4.0%)16 (4.0%) 1 (0.3%)1 (0.3%) 1 (0.3%)1 (0.3%)
PhlebitisPhlebitis1
6 (1.5%)6 (1.5%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 1 (0.3%)1 (0.3%)
Skin PigmentationSkin Pigmentation 12 (3.0%)12 (3.0%) 1 (0.3%)1 (0.3%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
Thermal Skin InjuryThermal Skin Injury 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
Thrombus Extension / DVTThrombus Extension / DVT2
6 (1.5%)6 (1.5%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
1. Patient had foam sclerotherapy and phlebectomy between years 2 and 3
2. Before recommendation to place catheter ≥ 2 cm from the SFJ
38. Evolution of RF Endovenous Ablation
Summary
ClosureFASTClosureFAST
More efficient design and reliable mode ofMore efficient design and reliable mode of
action than older RF devicesaction than older RF devices
More User FriendlyMore User Friendly
Better Vein Occlusion and Reflux Free ratesBetter Vein Occlusion and Reflux Free rates
Similar mild recovery and long term symptomSimilar mild recovery and long term symptom
relief profilerelief profile
Equivalent or lower complication ratesEquivalent or lower complication rates
39. Evolution of Endovenous Ablation:
Closure and ClosurePlus (CLP) – 1st
Generation
Design and Mode of Action
• Electrodes for transfer of RF
energy to vein wall (bipolar
technology)
– Heats vein wall to 850
C
• Continuous catheter pullback
during treatment
• Thermocouple monitors vein wall
temperature and impedance with
feedback loop to generator
• Saline drip required
• Two catheter sizes
• 6F and 8F
Bipolar Continuous Pullback Technology
40. RF Ablation
How the Device has Evolved
VNUS MedicalTechnologies is
founded - 1995
RF energy: Restore catheter
0.0250.025” lumen” lumen
Closure Catheter - 2001
ClosurePlus – 2003
Integrated handle
41. First Generation RF Device
Limitations
Operator Dependent treatment variability
Inadequate Transfer of Energy
• Pullback too fast (>2-3cm/min)
• speed – decrease energy delivery
• Inadequate tumescent compression
•Poor Electrode Contact with vein wall
• Especially vein diameters >12mm (supine)
• Only small area of vein is treated at any given
time
2–3cm/min
42. First Generation Device - CLP
Ease of Use
Slow pullback speeds
2-3cm/min
Impedance monitoring
Generator
Shut-off
Clean
electrodes
High
Impedance
Char
buildup
Start Again!!!
43. First Generation RFA Devices –
Closure and ClosurePlus
Design and Mode of Action
Electrodes for transfer of RF energy
to vein wall (bipolar technology)
– Heats vein wall to 850
C
Continuous catheter pullback during
treatment
Thermocouple monitors vein wall
temperature and impedance with
feedback loop to generator
Saline drip required
Two catheter sizes
6F and 8F
44. New Generation RF -
ClosureFAST
Design and Mode of Action
RF Energy heats Catheter tip (7cm
heating element) to 120° C
Conductive Heat Transfer from
heating element to vein wall achieves
temperatures of 100-110°C
Vein wall heating only when catheter is
stationary (energy dosage not physician-
dependant)
No impedance monitoring
No saline drip
46. What’s Next in RF?
Back to the future
Olympus Celon RFiTT ProceduOlympus Celon RFiTT Procedurere
Developed in 2007 as alternative to VNUSDeveloped in 2007 as alternative to VNUS
Uses Bipolar technologyUses Bipolar technology
Resistive heating of the vein wallResistive heating of the vein wall
20 J/cm vs 60-80 J/cm with CLF20 J/cm vs 60-80 J/cm with CLF
48. RF Ablation
In the Beginning
VNUS MedicalTechnologies is
founded - 1995
RF energy: Restore catheter
0.0250.025” lumen” lumen
Closure Catheter - 2001
ClosurePlus – 2003
Integrated handle
49. RF Data – Baseline for ComparisonRF Data – Baseline for Comparison
Recovery StudyRecovery Study
Almeida J et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009Almeida J et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009
- Multicenter, single-blinded, randomized studyMulticenter, single-blinded, randomized study
- 69 patients; 87 limbs (46 CLF; 41 EVLA – 980nm)69 patients; 87 limbs (46 CLF; 41 EVLA – 980nm)
- Patient followup at 2,7,14 & 30d post EVLAPatient followup at 2,7,14 & 30d post EVLA
- Primary endpointsPrimary endpoints
- Post-op painPost-op pain
- Severity of bruisingSeverity of bruising
- Adverse eventsAdverse events
- Secondary endpointsSecondary endpoints
Occlusion status, VCSS, Reflux, Tenderness, QOLOcclusion status, VCSS, Reflux, Tenderness, QOL
(CIVIQ2)(CIVIQ2)
50. Pain Score at follow-up visits1
(Scale: 0 none to 10 max)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2 Days 7 Days 14 Days 30 Days
ClosureFAST™ catheter 980 nm Laser
p < 0.0001 p < 0.0001 p < 0.0001 NS
CLF catheter
1. RECOVERY Study: Almeida J et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009
0.7
51. Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS)
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
Screening 2 Days 7 Days 14 Days 30 Days
ClosureFAST™ catheter 980 nm Laser
NS
p = 0.0009
p = 0.0002
p = 0.0035
NS
Note: Lower score reflects a better QOL
CLF catheter
52. What’s Next in RF?
Back to the future
Olympus Celon RFiTT ProcedureOlympus Celon RFiTT Procedure
Developed in 2007 as alternativeDeveloped in 2007 as alternative
to VNUSto VNUS
Uses Bipolar technologyUses Bipolar technology
Resistive heatingResistive heating of the vein wallof the vein wall
20 J/cm vs 60-80 J/cm with CLF20 J/cm vs 60-80 J/cm with CLF
llskjljl
54. • Based on the same
technology as the
ClosureFast™ catheter with
a 4cm shorter heating
element
• Shorter segmental ablation
with the versatility to treat
various sources of
superficial venous reflux
7cm
3cm
ClosureFAST 3cm
Segmental RF Ablation
Most Recent Improvement
Rx 3 - 5cm vein
segments
55. Continuous Monopolar RF
AdvantagesAdvantages
Catheters are thin (5Fr sheath) and pliableCatheters are thin (5Fr sheath) and pliable
Better for tortuous veins?Better for tortuous veins?
Significantly cheaper catheters thanSignificantly cheaper catheters than
Segmental cathetersSegmental catheters
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
May take longer than Segmental RFMay take longer than Segmental RF
Pull back technology – may lead toPull back technology – may lead to
inconsistent resultsinconsistent results
56. Pain Score at follow-up visits1
(Scale: 0 none to 10 max)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2 Days 7 Days 14 Days 30 Days
ClosureFAST™ catheter 980 nm Laser
p < 0.0001 p < 0.0001 p < 0.0001 NS
CLF catheter
1
RECOVERY Study: Almeida J et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009
0.7
0.2
Editor's Notes
The restore catheter was originally developed to shrink the vein and restore valve function.
Endovenous RFA is defined as the use of radio frequency (RF) signals to cause cell damage or to
281
282 Garcı ́a-Madrid et al.
Annals of Vascular Surgery
alter or destroy tissue structure by means of a hyper- thermia process. RF waves represent electromag- netic energy within a frequency range of 300 kHz to 1 MHz. When waves come in contact with tissue, they cause a vibration and friction of atoms and transformation of their mechanical energy into thermal energy (ohmic or resistive heating).
With the closureplus cath continuous pullback was employed and is still employed by laser to perform the procedure. Remember though, that the vein wall must heat to &gt; 60c for long term outcomes to be successful.
The thermal effect on the vein wall is directly related to the treatment temperature and the treatment time, the latter being a function of catheter pullback speed. With a treatment temperature of 85° to 90°C at a pullback speed of 3 to 4 cm /min, the thermal effect induced sufficient collagen contraction to occlude the lumen, while limiting heat penetration to perivenous tissue.
Rate of pullback is 1cm/min for 5cm followed by 2cm/min. So 45cm segment would take 25mins.Adjust times in red
Wikipedia: An infrared heater is a body with a higher temperature which transfers energy to a body with a lower temperature through electromagnetic radiation. No contact or medium between the two bodies is needed for the energy transfer. Infrared heaters can be operated in vacuum or atmosphere.[1]
Best of all it only takes between 2 and 5 mins to treat a 45cm segment of saphenous vein.
With the original probe the probe does not heat up but rather RF energy is delivered to the vein wall to achieve a tempeture of 85 degrees. With closurefast the heating element is actually heating to 120 celsius and is contact with the vein wall so that heat is delivered to the vein wall in a uniform and controlled fashion vs laser where incident light and steam bubbles deliver heat to the vein wall in an uncontrolled non uniform fashion which is why vein perforations occur and are not seen with closure or closurefast.
With the original probe the probe does not heat up but rather RF energy is delivered to the vein wall to achieve a tempeture of 85 degrees. With closurefast the heating element is actually heating to 120 celsius and is contact with the vein wall so that heat is delivered to the vein wall in a uniform and controlled fashion vs laser where steam bubbles deliver heat to the vein wall in an uncontrolled non uniform fashion which is why vein perforations occur and are not seen with closure or closurefast.
Learning curve &gt; 20 procedures
There was a statistically significant difference in Pain Scores favoring ClosureFAST at 2 days, 1wk and 2wks
Reticular, collateral, and perforating veins can be treated with F Care Systems’ CR12i and of the vein easily. Smooth insertion is ensured with the advanced coating material around the catheter. The non-insulated tip transmits the high frequency signal to the vein wall. This causes the vein to coagulate and eventually disappear.
The catheter is manipulated with a sterilized handset. Scrolling the handset’s wheel will move the catheter in or out of the vein.
An important first principle is the fact that electricity will always seek a ground and can always seek the path of least resistance. The actual flow of electrons in a period of time is called the present and is measured in amperes (I). The pathway taken by the uninterrupted flow of electrons is the circuit. Resistance or impedance may be the obstacle to flow and it is measured in ohms. The voltage (V) may be the power or force pushing the present through the resistance. The strength of electrosurgery is measured in watts (W) and is based on multiplying the volts (V) through the amps (W=V x I).
The actual monopolar circuit. Finally, the output features from the RF generator are also essential in determining the particular extensiveness of the impact on tissue and the power with which instruments perform. Within the monopolar circuit, there is an active electrode in the surgical site, and a return electrode in a distant site that&apos;s generally positioned on the patient&apos;s thigh. The current flows through the body between your electrodes. The monopolar RF generator provides three waveform settings: cut, blend, and coagulation.
The bipolar circuit. As opposed to the external nature of the monopolar circuit, within the bipolar system the active and return electrodes can be found within the surgical instrument. The output from the generator is really a continuous sine wave in a low voltage like a monopolar cutting waveform. The ability is usually limited to 70 watts and until recently, has been used exclusively for tissue desiccation and vessel coagulation.
Fcare inventor Danicolu is also the inventor of the Veinwave device for spider veins. That generator could only be used with the veinwave device. The generator by Fcare uses the same technology for spider veins but can also be used for reticular, small VV and GSV. It is a 3 in 1 device. Reticular, collateral, and perforating veins can be treated with F Care Systems’ CR12i and of the vein easily. Smooth insertion is ensured with the advanced coating material around the catheter. The non-insulated tip transmits the high frequency signal to the vein wall. This causes the vein to coagulate and eventually disappear.
The catheter is manipulated with a sterilized handset. Scrolling the handset’s wheel will move the catheter in or out of the vein.
An important first principle is the fact that electricity will always seek a ground and can always seek the path of least resistance. The actual flow of electrons in a period of time is called the present and is measured in amperes (I). The pathway taken by the uninterrupted flow of electrons is the circuit. Resistance or impedance may be the obstacle to flow and it is measured in ohms. The voltage (V) may be the power or force pushing the present through the resistance. The strength of electrosurgery is measured in watts (W) and is based on multiplying the volts (V) through the amps (W=V x I).
The actual monopolar circuit. Finally, the output features from the RF generator are also essential in determining the particular extensiveness of the impact on tissue and the power with which instruments perform. Within the monopolar circuit, there is an active electrode in the surgical site, and a return electrode in a distant site that&apos;s generally positioned on the patient&apos;s thigh. The current flows through the body between your electrodes. The monopolar RF generator provides three waveform settings: cut, blend, and coagulation.
The bipolar circuit. As opposed to the external nature of the monopolar circuit, within the bipolar system the active and return electrodes can be found within the surgical instrument. The output from the generator is really a continuous sine wave in a low voltage like a monopolar cutting waveform. The ability is usually limited to 70 watts and until recently, has been used exclusively for tissue desiccation and vessel coagulation.
VAS = visual analog scale
Represents all patients who were in the study. It is not the same as a life table.
There is abundant clinical evidence in the peer review literature validating the efficacy of RF as a treatment for venous disease with results equal to or better than stripping. The 2 primary and unique advantages of RF to other modalities for treatment are a Contrlolled delivery of energy and mild postoperative recovery. There are over 60 publications on RFA in the peer review literature. Four of these are RCTs comparing RFA to Vein Stripping surgery.
Mild Patient Recovery is what was there before
92% of limbs that are reflux free at 1 year remain reflux free at 5 years.
92% of limbs that are reflux free at 1 year remain reflux free at 5 years.
92% of limbs that are reflux free at 1 year remain reflux free at 5 years demonstrating the durability of the procedure
From Veith 2009 CLF final results talk
Represents all patients who were in the study. It is not the same as a life table.
96% are reflux free even though occlusion rate is only 92.9% . Even some veins recanalized some veins did not show reflux
Kaplan Meier Analysis
293 limbs were treated among 227 patients.
At screening = prior to treatment.
At screening 45% were C4 or C3 and at 36 months only 9% are C3 or C4 and 83% are C1 or C2
293 limbs were treated among 227 patients.
At screening = prior to treatment.
At screening 45% were C4 or C3 and at 36 months only 9% are C3 or C4 and 83% are C1 or C2
Thrombus extensions were the result of a slight forward heating of the catheter. An early recommendation was made by the company to place the catheter tip at least 2 cm from the SFJ (sapheno-femoral junction). Hereafter no further thrombus extensions were recorded in the study. Thrombus extensions often reach into the CFV (common femoral vein) and may therefore be classified as DVT (deep venous thrombosis). Opposite to common DVTs in the leg, these thrombus extensions are non-occluding.
Note: Previously 7 thrombus extensions have been reported; one non-device or procedure related PE was reported in a patient with known pulmonary disease, however, a DVT was never found.
Thrombus extensions were the result of a slight forward heating of the catheter. An early recommendation was made by the company to place the catheter tip at least 2 cm from the SFJ (sapheno-femoral junction). Hereafter no further thrombus extensions were recorded in the study. Thrombus extensions often reach into the CFV (common femoral vein) and may therefore be classified as DVT (deep venous thrombosis). Opposite to common DVTs in the leg, these thrombus extensions are non-occluding.
Note: Previously 7 thrombus extensions have been reported; one non-device or procedure related PE was reported in a patient with known pulmonary disease, however, a DVT was never found.
The restore catheter was originally developed to shrink the vein and restore valve function.
With the closureplus cath continuous pullback was employed and is still employed by laser to perform the procedure. Remember though, that the vein wall must heat to &gt; 60c for long term outcomes to be successful.
The thermal effect on the vein wall is directly related to the treatment temperature and the treatment time, the latter being a function of catheter pullback speed. With a treatment temperature of 85° to 90°C at a pullback speed of 3 to 4 cm /min, the thermal effect induced sufficient collagen contraction to occlude the lumen, while limiting heat penetration to perivenous tissue.
Rate of pullback is 1cm/min for 5cm followed by 2cm/min. So 45cm segment would take 25mins.Adjust times in red
Multiple re-treatments often necessary
Best of all it only takes between 2 and 5 mins to treat a 45cm segment of saphenous vein.
With the original probe the probe does not heat up but rather RF energy is delivered to the vein wall to achieve a tempeture of 85 degrees. With closurefast the heating element is actually heating to 120 celsius and is contact with the vein wall so that heat is delivered to the vein wall in a uniform and controlled fashion vs laser where incident light and steam bubbles deliver heat to the vein wall in an uncontrolled non uniform fashion which is why vein perforations occur and are not seen with closure or closurefast.
The restore catheter was originally developed to shrink the vein and restore valve function.
There was a statistically significant difference in Pain Scores favoring ClosureFAST at 2 days, 1wk and 2wks
With the closureplus cath continuous pullback was employed and is still employed by laser to perform the procedure. Remember though, that the vein wall must heat to &gt; 60c for long term outcomes to be successful.
The thermal effect on the vein wall is directly related to the treatment temperature and the treatment time, the latter being a function of catheter pullback speed. With a treatment temperature of 85° to 90°C at a pullback speed of 3 to 4 cm /min, the thermal effect induced sufficient collagen contraction to occlude the lumen, while limiting heat penetration to perivenous tissue.
There was a statistically significant difference in Pain Scores favoring ClosureFAST at 2 days, 1wk and 2wks