1) Bifurcation stenting approaches are based on the angiographic configuration of lesions in the main and side branches. Significant disease (>50% stenosis) in the side branch ostium increases the risk of side branch closure and restenosis.
2) The default approach is one-stent with provisional side branch treatment. Two-stent techniques are used if the side branch has significant disease and high closure risk features.
3) Techniques like crush, culotte, and T-stenting aim to provide full coverage of both branches, but have limitations and risks. Physiologic assessment with IVUS and FFR can help decide if jailed side branches require intervention.
A coronary bifurcation consists of a flow divider (carina) and three vessel segments:
The proximal main vessel (PMV)
The distal main vessel (DMV) and
The side branch (SB).
A bifurcation lesion is a major epicardial coronary artery stenosis next to and/or including the ostium of a significant side branch
A significant SB is a branch whose severe narrowing or acute occlusion before or during intervention can cause considerable ischemia or a new infarction area that will worsen the clinical course of a particular patient.
Other important elements to consider that are not inherent in the bifurcation classifications include:
Extent of disease on the SB (limited to the ostium or involving the vessel beyond the ostium)
Its size (over 2.5mm in reference diameter)
Bifurcation angle, and
Disease distribution
Stratification of a given bifurcation lesion
The double kissing (DK) crush technique is better for complex coronary bifurcation
Stenting the side branch (SB)
Balloon crush
First kissing
Stenting the main vessel (MV)
2nd kissing balloon inflation
Careful rewiring from the proximal cell of the MV stent to make sure the wire is in the true lumen of the SB stent is key to acquiring optimal angiographic results
Balloon anchoring from the MV
Alternative inflation and each kissing inflation using large enough non-compliant balloons at high pressure
Proximal optimisation technique are mandatory to improve both angiographic and clinical
rotablation is procedure used in complex pci with heavily calcified lesion for adequate expansion of stent.if used in indicated case and well aware of contraindication is necessary for achieving good results.
A coronary bifurcation consists of a flow divider (carina) and three vessel segments:
The proximal main vessel (PMV)
The distal main vessel (DMV) and
The side branch (SB).
A bifurcation lesion is a major epicardial coronary artery stenosis next to and/or including the ostium of a significant side branch
A significant SB is a branch whose severe narrowing or acute occlusion before or during intervention can cause considerable ischemia or a new infarction area that will worsen the clinical course of a particular patient.
Other important elements to consider that are not inherent in the bifurcation classifications include:
Extent of disease on the SB (limited to the ostium or involving the vessel beyond the ostium)
Its size (over 2.5mm in reference diameter)
Bifurcation angle, and
Disease distribution
Stratification of a given bifurcation lesion
The double kissing (DK) crush technique is better for complex coronary bifurcation
Stenting the side branch (SB)
Balloon crush
First kissing
Stenting the main vessel (MV)
2nd kissing balloon inflation
Careful rewiring from the proximal cell of the MV stent to make sure the wire is in the true lumen of the SB stent is key to acquiring optimal angiographic results
Balloon anchoring from the MV
Alternative inflation and each kissing inflation using large enough non-compliant balloons at high pressure
Proximal optimisation technique are mandatory to improve both angiographic and clinical
rotablation is procedure used in complex pci with heavily calcified lesion for adequate expansion of stent.if used in indicated case and well aware of contraindication is necessary for achieving good results.
Bifurcation lesions are common and associated with higher risks of major cardiac events and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Treatment requires understanding of lesion characteristics, stent design and therapeutic options. We review the evidence for provisional vs 2-stent techniques. We conclude that provisional stenting is
suitable for most bifurcation lesions. We detail situations where a 2-stent technique should be considered and the steps
for performing each of the 2-step techniques. We review the importance of lesion preparation, intracoronary imaging,
proximal optimization (POT) and kissing balloon inflation
Bifurcation stenting is challenge for intervention cardiologist, understanding of lesion, strategy for stenting, imaging has very important for success.
Guide extension assisted stenting technique for coronary bifurcationRamachandra Barik
A novel stenting technique for coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs) is presented. With the help of a guide extension-assisted technique using a GuideLiner mounted on both guidewires in the branches of the bifurcation lesion and advanced to the carina of the bifurcation, a stent can be implanted at the most possible appropriate site of the side branch in side-branch mono-ostial (medina 0, 0, 1) or in the distal mono-ostial (medina 0, 1, 0) in non-true CBLs. The technique can also be used to stent the side branch in two-stent techniques for complex true CBLs (tri-ostial or medina 1, 1, 1).
Retrograde coronary chronic total occlusion interventionRamachandra Barik
Chronic total occlusion remains one of the most challenging subsets and represents the “last frontier" of percutaneous coronary intervention. Retrograde recanalization is one of the most significant amendments
of the technique and has become an important complement to the classical antegrade approach. It
yields a high success rate even in most complex patients. With emergence of important iterations, this
approach has become safer, faster, and more successful. The author proposes a step-by-step guide to the
retrograde approach with alternatives to various steps for operators wishing to embark on this strategy
Wellens syndrome. Wellens syndrome (also referred to as LAD coronary T-wave syndrome) refers to an ECG pattern specific for critical stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending artery. The anomalies described occur in patients with recent anginal chest pain, and do not have chest pain when the ECG is recorded.
Congenital defects can put a strain on the heart, causing it to work harder. To stop your heart from getting weaker with this extra work, your doctor may try to treat you with medications. They are aimed at easing the burden on the heart muscle. You need to control your blood pressure if you have any type of heart problem.
Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your health care provider may recommend that you make lifestyle changes including:
Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt
Getting regular physical activity
Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight
Limiting alcohol
Not smoking
Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily
CRISPR technologies have progressed by leaps and bounds over the past decade, not only having a transformative effect on
biomedical research but also yielding new therapies that are poised to enter the clinic. In this review, I give an overview of (i)
the various CRISPR DNA-editing technologies, including standard nuclease gene editing, base editing, prime editing, and epigenome editing, (ii) their impact on cardiovascular basic science research, including animal models, human pluripotent stem
cell models, and functional screens, and (iii) emerging therapeutic applications for patients with cardiovascular diseases, focusing on the examples of Hypercholesterolemia, transthyretin amyloidosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
A post-splenectomy patient suffers from frequent infections due to capsulated bacteria like Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis despite vaccination because of a lack of
memory B lymphocytes. Pacemaker implantation after splenectomy is less common. Our patient underwent
splenectomy for splenic rupture after a road traffic accident. He developed a complete heart block after
seven years, during which a dual-chamber pacemaker was implanted. However, he was operated on seven
times to treat the complication related to that pacemaker over a period of one year because of various
reasons, which have been shared in this case report. The clinical translation of this interesting observation
is that, though the pacemaker implantation procedure is a well-established procedure, the procedural
outcome is influenced by patient factors like the absence of a spleen, procedural factors like septic measures,
and device factors like the reuse of an already-used pacemaker or leads.
Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is feasible in low-birth-weight infants. A female baby was born prematurely with a birth weight of 924 g. She had a PDA measuring 3.7 mm. She was dependent on positive pressure ventilation for congestive heart failure in addition to the heart failure medications. She could not be discharged from the hospital even after 79 days of birth, and even though her weight reached 1.9 kg in the neonatal intensive care unit. We attempted to plug the PDA using an Amplatzer Piccolo Occluder, but the device failed to anchor. Then, the PDA was plugged using a 4-6 Amplatzer Duct Occluder using a 6-Fr sheath which was challenging.
Accidental misplacement of the limb lead electrodes is a common cause of ECG abnormality and may simulate pathology such as ectopic atrial rhythm, chamber enlargement or myocardial ischaemia and infarction
A Case of Device Closure of an Eccentric Atrial Septal Defect Using a Large D...Ramachandra Barik
Device closure of an eccentric atrial septal defect can be challenging and needs technical modifications to avoid unnecessary complications. Here, we present a case of a 45-year-old woman who underwent device closure of an eccentric defect with a large device. The patient developed pericardial effusion and left-sided pleural effusion due to injury to the junction of right atrium and superior vena cava because of the malalignment of the delivery sheath and left atrial disc before the device was pulled across the eccentric defect despite releasing the left atrial disc in the left atrium in place of the left pulmonary vein. These two serious complications were managed conservatively with close monitoring of the case during and after the procedure.
Trio of Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis, Right Posterior Septal Accessory Pathway a...Ramachandra Barik
A 57-year-old male presented with recurrent palpitations. He was diagnosed with rheumatic mitral stenosis, right posterior septal accessory pathway and atrial flutter. An electrophysiological study after percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy showed that the palpitations were due to atrial flutter with right bundle branch aberrancy. The right posterior septal pathway was a bystander because it had a higher refractory period than the atrioventricular node.
Percutaneous balloon dilatation, first described by
Andreas Gruentzig in 1979, was initially performed
without the use of guidewires.1 The prototype
balloon catheter was developed as a double lumen
catheter (one lumen for pressure monitoring or
distal perfusion, the other lumen for balloon inflation/deflation) with a short fixed and atraumatic
guidewire at the tip. Indeed, initially the technique
involved advancing a rather rigid balloon catheter
freely without much torque control into a coronary
artery. Bends, tortuosities, angulations, bifurcations,
and eccentric lesions could hardly, if at all, be negotiated, resulting in a rather frustrating low procedural success rate whenever the initial limited
indications (proximal, short, concentric, noncalcified) were negated.2 Luck was almost as
important as expertise, not only for the operator,
but also for the patient. It is to the merit of
Simpson who, in 1982, introduced the novelty of
advancing the balloon catheter over a removable
guidewire, which had first been advanced in the
target vessel.3 This major technical improvement
resulted overnight in a notable increase in the procedural success rate. Guidewires have since evolved
into very sophisticated devices.
Optical coherence tomography-guided algorithm for percutaneous coronary intervention. Vessel diameter should be assessed using the external elastic lamina (EEL)-EEL diameter at the reference segments, and rounded down to select interventional devices (balloons, stents). If the EEL cannot be identified, luminal measures are used and rounded up to 0.5 mm larger for selection of the devices. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided optimisation strategies post stent implantation per EEL-based diameter measurement and per lumen-based diameter measurement are shown. For instance, if the distal EEL-EEL diameter measures 3.2 mm×3.1 mm (i.e., the mean EEL-based diameter is 3.15 mm), this number is rounded down to the next available stent size and post-dilation balloon to be used at the distal segment. Thus, a 3.0 mm stent and non-compliant balloon diameter is selected. If the proximal EEL cannot be visualised, the mean lumen diameter should be used for device sizing. For instance, if the mean proximal lumen diameter measures 3.4 mm, this number is rounded up to the next available balloon diameter (within up to 0.5 mm larger) for post-dilation. MLA: minimal lumen area; MSA: minimal stent area;NC: non-compliant
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac disorder,
characterised by a typical ECG pattern and an increased
risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD).
BrS is a challenging entity, in regard to diagnosis as
well as arrhythmia risk prediction and management.
Nowadays, asymptomatic patients represent the majority
of newly diagnosed patients with BrS, and its incidence
is expected to rise due to (genetic) family screening.
Progress in our understanding of the genetic and
molecular pathophysiology is limited by the absence
of a true gold standard, with consensus on its clinical
definition changing over time. Nevertheless, novel
insights continue to arise from detailed and in-depth
studies, including the complex genetic and molecular
basis. This includes the increasingly recognised
relevance of an underlying structural substrate. Risk
stratification in patients with BrS remains challenging,
particularly in those who are asymptomatic, but recent
studies have demonstrated the potential usefulness
of risk scores to identify patients at high risk of
arrhythmia and SCD. Development and validation of
a model that incorporates clinical and genetic factors,
comorbidities, age and gender, and environmental
aspects may facilitate improved prediction of disease
expressivity and arrhythmia/SCD risk, and potentially
guide patient management and therapy. This review
provides an update of the diagnosis, pathophysiology
and management of BrS, and discusses its future
perspectives.
The Human Developmental Cell Atlas (HDCA) initiative, which is part of the Human Cell Atlas, aims to create a comprehensive reference map of cells during development. This will be critical to understanding normal organogenesis, the effect of mutations, environmental factors and infectious agents on human development, congenital and childhood disorders, and the cellular basis of ageing, cancer and regenerative medicine. Here we outline the HDCA initiative and the challenges of mapping and modelling human development using state-of-the-art technologies to create a reference atlas across gestation. Similar to the Human Genome Project, the HDCA will integrate the output from a growing community of scientists who are mapping human development into a unified atlas. We describe the early milestones that have been achieved and the use of human stem-cell-derived cultures, organoids and animal models to inform the HDCA, especially for prenatal tissues that are hard to acquire. Finally, we provide a roadmap towards a complete atlas of human development.
The treatment of patients with advanced acute heart failure is still challenging.
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has widely been used in the management of
patients with cardiogenic shock. However, according to international guidelines, its
routinary use in patients with cardiogenic shock is not recommended. This recommendation is derived from the results of the IABP-SHOCK II trial, which demonstrated
that IABP does not reduce all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. The present position paper, released by the Italian
Association of Hospital Cardiologists, reviews the available data derived from clinical
studies. It also provides practical recommendations for the optimal use of IABP in
the treatment of cardiogenic shock and advanced acute heart failure.
Left ventricular false tendons (LVFTs) are fibromuscular
structures, connecting the left ventricular
free wall or papillary muscle and the ventricular
septum.
There is some discussion about safety issues during
intense exercise in athletes with LVFTs, as these
bands have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias
and abnormal cardiac remodelling. However,
presence of LVFTs appears to be much more common
than previously noted as imaging techniques
have improved and the association between LVFTs
and abnormal remodelling could very well be explained
by better visibility in a dilated left ventricular
lumen.
Although LVFTsmay result in electrocardiographic abnormalities
and could form a substrate for ventricular
arrhythmias, it should be considered as a normal
anatomic variant. Persons with LVFTs do not appear
to have increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias or
sudden cardiac death.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. BASIS
The approach to bifurcation lesions is based on the angiographic configuration of
the lesion(s) in the main branch and the side branch
Significant disease (>50% stenosis) in the ostium of the side branch increases the
likelihood of side-branch closure as well as the restenosis rate after PCI
4. ONE STENTVSTWO STENT STRATEGY
Default approach is one-stent technique ± provisional angioplasty/stent to side
branch
Use two-stent technique if side branch is significant and has high-risk features for
closure
5. RISK
The risk of side-branch closure with an ostial narrowing approaches 15%
PCI across an uninvolved side branch carries a less than 1% risk of occlusion
8. GUIDE CATHETER
7 F or 8 F guiding catheter should be selected if the operator anticipates using
two stents
A 6 F guiding catheter can accommodate only two monorail balloon
8 F guiding catheter can accommodate two stent systems as well as other large-
diameter PCI devices such as the Rotablator or the Flextome Cutting Balloon
The maximum Rotablator burr that can be used with a 6 F guiding catheter is 1.5
mm
It may be prudent to “upsize” guiding catheters when approaching any
bifurcation lesion so that all options remain available if trouble occurs during the
procedure
9. GUIDEWIRE
To protect the side branch, two guidewires are placed, one in the side branch and
one in the main vessel
The order of inflation is relatively unimportant
Wire markers or using two different wire types is helpful to reduce confusion
during balloon inflations and wire repositioning
When using a two-guidewire system, the guidewires may become entangled after
multiple wire manipulations
. Efforts should be made to avoid guidewire entanglement, which will prevent
advancement of the balloon and may result in failure to recross the stenosis.
10. BALLOON
Standard balloon use
Different balloon sizes may be required for each branch
Sequential balloon inflations or simultaneous “kissing” balloon inflations can be
performed with elimination of plaque shifting being the advantage of the latter
It is important to make sure that the main vessel can accommodate both balloon
diameters when performing kissing balloon inflations (proximal vessel should be
at least two thirds of the combined balloon diameters)
After stent placement in the main branch and the side branch, simultaneous
kissing balloon inflations are critical to restore the circular and fully expanded
stent to each lumen
Failure to perform final kissing balloon inflation will likely lead to restenosis
11. SEQUENTIAL BRANCH INFLATIONS
Dilate the main vessel first, the side branch second, and finish dilation in the main
branch
A sequential main-side-main branch inflation strategy provides a safe and
straightforward approach
Sequential inflations may result in suboptimal main vessel dilation and plaque
shifting , requiring repeated dilatations
An unprotected major vessel dissection will require reinstrumentation and
jeopardize further attempts to open the side branch
Serial inflations, first in one branch then in the other, as opposed to simultaneous
balloon inflations in both branches, may limit the need for extra manoeuvres.
13. IAKOVOU I., GE L.,AND COLOMBOA.: CONTEMPORARY STENTTREATMENTOF
CORONARY BIFURCATIONS. J AM COLLCARDIOL 2005; 46: PP. 1446-1455
AlthoughT stenting is less laborious than both culotte and crush, theT-technique
invariably leads to inadequate coverage of the SB ostium and has consequently
been discontinued in a number of institutions except for either isolated SB ostial
lesions or when the result of a provisional single-stent strategy is suboptimal
18. CHEVALIER B., GLATT B., ROYERT., AND GUYON P.: PLACEMENT OF
CORONARY STENTS IN BIFURCATION LESIONS BYTHE “CULOTTE”
TECHNIQUE. AM J CARDIOL 1998; 82: PP. 943-949
First described by Chevalier et al. using BMS, the culotte technique results in two
layers of stent proximal to the bifurcation, full coverage of the SB ostium and of
both branches distal to the bifurcation.The technique is suitable for all angles of
bifurcation, but it does leave a double stent layer at both the carina and the
proximal part of the bifurcation. Furthermore, rewiring both branches through
stent struts may prove both difficult and time consuming.
20. COLOMBOA., STANKOVIC G., ORLIC D.,CORVAJA N., LIISTRO F., AIROLDI F., CHIEFFO A.,
SPANOSV., MONTORFANO M.,AND DI MARIO C.: MODIFIEDT-STENTINGTECHNIQUE
WITH CRUSHING FOR BIFURCATION LESIONS: IMMEDIATE RESULTSAND 30-DAY
OUTCOME.CATHETER CARDIOVASC INTERV 2003; 60: PP. 145-151
CRUSH was first introduced by Colombo et al. as a modifiedT-stenting technique
using DES, ensures uninterrupted patency of both the MB and the SB as well as
excellent coverage of the ostium of the SB. Final kissing balloon (FKB) dilatation is
now considered mandatory to allow optimal strut contact and drug delivery to the
ostium of the SB 15 16 .
21. MINICRUSH
The minicrush technique differs from classical crush in the amount of the SB stent
protruding into the MB, with protrusion into the proximal end of the SB ostium in
the latter, limiting multiple layering of stent struts and allowing for more
complete stent endothelialization
22. REVERSE CRUSH
The reverse crush technique is employed when a provisional single-stent strategy
becomes suboptimal. Following the placement of a stent in the SB, an
appropriately sized balloon is positioned in the MB at the level of the bifurcation,
before retracting the SB stent 2–3 mm into the MB and deploying it. If the result in
the SB is satisfactory, the deploying balloon and SB wire are removed and the MB
balloon is inflated, thus crushing the SB stent. Subsequent steps are similar to
those of conventional crush technique.
24. ONLY FOR EXPERTS
Crush
Culottes
Angle is < 70 degree
Excellent coverage in excellent hand
25. CRUSH
Wire both vessels
Predilate both
Two stents are then advanced and positioned into each vessel of the bifurcation
with the proximal end of the side-branch stent in the main vessel
The side-branch stent is deployed first
The main-branch stent is then deployed
The side branch then needs to be rewired and balloon dilated
Final kissing balloon inflation is then performed to complete the procedure
26. IAKOVOU I., GE L.,AND COLOMBOA.: CONTEMPORARY STENTTREATMENTOF
CORONARY BIFURCATIONS. J AM COLLCARDIOL 2005; 46: PP. 1446-1455
The simultaneous kissing stent (SKS) technique is considered most suitable for
proximal bifurcation lesions, such as a distal left–main bifurcation lesion with an
angle of <90° between the two branches .The technique has the advantage that
control of the MB and the SB are not lost at any stage during the procedure and
FKB dilatation can be undertaken without the need to recross either stent.
27.
28. JAIL FOR ONLY UNPARDONABLE MISTAKE
Physiologic Guidance for Bifurcation or Jailed Side-Branch Stenting is decided
by IVUS and FFR
30. FFR
By using FFR, the “jailed” side branches with an FFR >0.75 have a very low clinical
event rate without further balloon or stent therapy to the side branch
Performing FFR of ostial side-branch lesions that appear to be <70% from
angiography can prove that most of these lesions are not physiologically
significant
31. KEEP IT SIMPLE STUPID: KISS
Wire both main branch and side branch if side-branch loss is important.
Consider treating side branch first (i.e., balloon dilatation, rotational atherectomy, or cutting balloon).
Dilate and stent main branch; reassess side branch (can use FFR to determine hemodynamic significance).
Provisional PTCA + stent side branch. If stenting side branch, stent with pullback technique.
Choice of two-stent technique depends on size of proximal vessel, an assessment of the importance and risk of side-
branch closure, and operator expertise and preference.
Use two wires if side branch loss is important.
Dilate smaller branch first or use Rotablator or cutting balloon.
Dilate and stent main branch; reassess side branch.
Redilate side branch.
Stent side branch through main stent only when absolutely necessary; use FFR to assess physiologic significance of side
branch.
If a two-stent technique is used, final kissing balloon inflation is necessary to optimize outcomes