Fusarium is a genus of fungi that includes over 300 species. Many Fusarium species are soil-dwelling but some are plant pathogens that cause diseases like root and stem rot. Several Fusarium species can also cause infections in humans, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The genus is divided into different species complexes based on phylogeny, with the Fusarium solani complex and Fusarium oxysporum complex accounting for around 70% of human infections. Identification of Fusarium species requires examining characteristics like conidial morphology, colony pigmentation and growth under the microscope.
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
Laboratory manual for fusarium research 3rd edition Lester BurgessMarcos Buitrago
Authors of this laboratory manual are Lester W. Burgess, Brett A. Summerell, Suzanne Bullock, Kathryn P. Gott and David Backhouse.
Fusarium Research Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney
August, 1994
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
Laboratory manual for fusarium research 3rd edition Lester BurgessMarcos Buitrago
Authors of this laboratory manual are Lester W. Burgess, Brett A. Summerell, Suzanne Bullock, Kathryn P. Gott and David Backhouse.
Fusarium Research Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney
August, 1994
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. • Most Fusarium species are soil fungi and have a worldwide distribution.
• Some are plant pathogens, causing root and stem rot, vascular wilt or fruit
rot.
• Several species have emerged as important opportunistic pathogens in
humans causing hyalohyphomycosis (especially in burn victims and bone
marrow transplant patients), mycotic keratitis and onychomycosis (Guarro
2013).
3. • Other species cause storage rot and are important mycotoxin producers.
• Currently the genus Fusarium comprises at least 300 phylogenetically
distinct species.
• 20 species complexes and nine monotypic lineages.
4. Morphological Description
• Colonies are usually fast growing, pale or bright-colored
(depending on the species) with or without a cottony aerial
mycelium.
• The color of the thallus varies from whitish to yellow, pink, red or
purple shades.
• Species of Fusarium typically produce both macro- and
microconidia from slender phialides.
5. • Macroconidia are hyaline, two to several-celled, fusiform to sickle-
shaped, mostly with an elongated apical cell and pedicellate basal cell.
• Microconidia are one or two-celled, hyaline, smaller than macroconidia,
pyriform, fusiform to ovoid, straight or curved. Chlamydospores may be
present or absent.
6. Cultures of F. oxysporum showing purple pigmentation and F.
subglutinans showing pink pigmentation.
7. • Fusarium chlamydosporum complex contains five phylogenetically
distinct species and is common in soils and the rhizosphere of numerous
vascular plants worldwide. It is occasionally isolated from human and
animal infections.
Fusarium chlamydosporum complex, culture showing
pink to ochraceous to brownish surface and a
carmine red reverse.
8. • Fusarium dimerum complex contains 12 phylogenetically distinct species
including F. delphinoides, F. penzigii and F. dimerum. These are regarded
as cosmopolitan saprotrophs in soil and on plant materials (Domsch et al.
2007). They have also been isolated from human corneal ulcers after
trauma and from disseminated or localised infections in
immunocompromised patients
Fusarium dimerum complex
culture showing orange to deep
apricot colour due to confluent
conidial slime, and macroconidia.
9. • Fusarium fujikuroi complex consists of 50 phylogenetically distinct
species including 13 of which have been reported to cause human
infection; F. acutatum, F. ananatum, F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, F.
guttiforme, F. napiforme, F. nygamai, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F.
sacchari, F. subglutinans, F. temperatum and F. thapsinum.
• Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex consists of 40
phylogenetically distinct species. They occasionally cause infections in
humans and animals.
10. • Fusarium oxysporum complex contains at least five phylogenetically
distinct species and accounts for about 20% of human infections caused
by fusaria. All are ubiquitous soil borne pathogens responsible for
vascular wilts, rots, and damping-off diseases of a broad range of plants.
A number of these fusaria are also clinically important, causing localised
or deeply invasive life threatening infections in humans and other animals.
Mortality in patients who are persistently and severely neutropenic is
typically 100%.
11. • Fusarium solani complex contains at least 60 species and accounts for
about 50% of human infections caused by fusaria. All are ubiquitous soil
borne pathogens responsible for vascular wilts, rots, and damping-off
diseases of a broad range of plants. A number of these fusaria, notably F.
keratoplasticum, F. petroliphilum, F. lichenicola and F. solani are clinically
important, causing localised or deeply invasive life threatening infections in
humans and other animals.
12. Identification of Fusarium species is often difficult due to the variability
between isolates (e.g. in shape and size of conidia and colony colour) and
because not all features required are always well developed (e.g. the absence
of macroconidia in some isolates after subculture).
1. Colony growth diameters on potato dextrose agar and/or potato sucrose
agar after incubation in the dark for four days at 25˚C.
2. Culture pigmentation on potato dextrose agar and/or potato sucrose agar
after incubation for 10-14 days with daily exposure to light.
3. Microscopic morphology including shape of the macroconidia; presence
or absence of microconidia; shape and mode of formation of
microconidia; nature of the conidiogenous cell bearing microconidia; and
presence or absence of chlamydospores.
