Deuteromycota
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Group Red presented on the Deuteromycota, also known as Imperfect Fungi. The Deuteromycota do not produce sexual structures and are classified based on their asexual structures alone. They have four orders - Moniliales, Sphaeropsidales, Melanconiales, and Mycelia Sterlia. Deuteromycota are found worldwide and play various roles in everyday life, as they can ripen cheese, produce the antibiotic penicillin, cause diseases, and produce toxic compounds.
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Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota refers to fungi that reproduce asexually and whose sexual reproduction cycle is unknown. They are characterized by septate mycelium and reproduce through conidia. There are four orders within Deuteromycota distinguished by where conidia and conidiophores are produced. Some Deuteromycota have sterile mycelium or sclerotia and some undergo a parasexual cycle involving plasmogamy and haploidization but not true meiosis.
Ascomycota
This document provides information about ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that reproduces sexually through spore-filled structures called asci. It discusses the structure of ascomycetes including their hyphae and septa. Examples of ascomycetes are described such as yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic Pneumocystis jirovecii, and edible mushrooms like Morchella esculenta. The life cycle and references are also summarized.
Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota are imperfect fungi that reproduce asexually through conidia. They were classified as imperfect because scientists never observed their sexual reproduction phase. While they lack observable sexual reproduction, they display hyphae and asexual spore structures similar to other fungi. Examples include black mold, athlete's foot fungi, and Penicillium species important in food and medicine.
Fungi classification : Alexopoulus and Mims Classification
Fungi classification : Alexopoulus and Mims ClassificationKannathasan K, APA College of Arts & Culture, Palani, Tamilnadu India
This document provides a classification of fungi into four divisions, several subdivisions and classes, and numerous orders. It breaks fungi down into the kingdoms of Mycetae and divisions of Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota, and Amastigomycota. Many classes of fungi are identified within these divisions, such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes. The classification system organizes fungi in a hierarchical manner from kingdom down to order.Nutrition in Fungi
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Deuteromycotina
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Phylum Deuteromycota
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Deuteromycotina
This document discusses the classification of Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti), which reproduce asexually through a parasexual cycle and lack a known sexual stage. It describes their key characteristics and divisions according to different systems. Deuteromycota are divided into 3 classes - Coelomycetes, Loculoascomycetes, and Hyphomycetes. The classes are further divided into orders and families based on their asexual reproductive structures.
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Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota refers to fungi that reproduce asexually and whose sexual reproduction cycle is unknown. They are characterized by septate mycelium and reproduce through conidia. There are four orders within Deuteromycota distinguished by where conidia and conidiophores are produced. Some Deuteromycota have sterile mycelium or sclerotia and some undergo a parasexual cycle involving plasmogamy and haploidization but not true meiosis.
Ascomycota
This document provides information about ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that reproduces sexually through spore-filled structures called asci. It discusses the structure of ascomycetes including their hyphae and septa. Examples of ascomycetes are described such as yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic Pneumocystis jirovecii, and edible mushrooms like Morchella esculenta. The life cycle and references are also summarized.
Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota are imperfect fungi that reproduce asexually through conidia. They were classified as imperfect because scientists never observed their sexual reproduction phase. While they lack observable sexual reproduction, they display hyphae and asexual spore structures similar to other fungi. Examples include black mold, athlete's foot fungi, and Penicillium species important in food and medicine.
Fungi classification : Alexopoulus and Mims Classification
Fungi classification : Alexopoulus and Mims ClassificationKannathasan K, APA College of Arts & Culture, Palani, Tamilnadu India
This document provides a classification of fungi into four divisions, several subdivisions and classes, and numerous orders. It breaks fungi down into the kingdoms of Mycetae and divisions of Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota, and Amastigomycota. Many classes of fungi are identified within these divisions, such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes. The classification system organizes fungi in a hierarchical manner from kingdom down to order.Nutrition in Fungi
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Deuteromycotina
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Phylum Deuteromycota
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Deuteromycotina
This document discusses the classification of Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti), which reproduce asexually through a parasexual cycle and lack a known sexual stage. It describes their key characteristics and divisions according to different systems. Deuteromycota are divided into 3 classes - Coelomycetes, Loculoascomycetes, and Hyphomycetes. The classes are further divided into orders and families based on their asexual reproductive structures.
Myxomycota
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the division Myxomycota. It discusses that Myxomycota are commonly known as plasmodial slime molds and differ from true fungi by having a vegetative body composed of a protoplast bounded by a membrane without a cell wall. They reproduce through both asexual and sexual means including forming spores. The document outlines several classes within Myxomycota including Myxomycetes, the most well known class of true slime molds, as well as Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes.
Heterothallism
1. Heterothallism is the production of two types of fungal structures (thalli or hyphae) designated as + and - strains. These structures undergo nuclear fusion to form zygotes.
2. Blakeslee demonstrated that in heterothallic fungi species, zygospores are only produced when hyphae of opposite strains (+ and -) fuse together. No zygospores are formed when hyphae of the same strain fuse.
3. Fungi produce sex hormones that facilitate the recognition and fusion of opposite strain hyphae, allowing for reproduction. Examples include trisporic acid in Mucor mucedo and alpha factor in yeast.
Ascomycota
This document provides an overview of key features of the ascomycota phylum. It describes their cell walls, hyphae, ability to fuse, and occurrence of dikaryotic cells. It then discusses important aspects of their life cycle including the meiosporangia or ascus, teleomorph and anamorph stages, and types of ascomata. It also details the different types of asci and ascospores as well as methods of asexual reproduction.
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Mastigomycotina
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Alternaria
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Fusarium life cycle
This document provides information about the Fusarium wilt disease of pigeon pea plants. It discusses the causal fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. udum, including its vegetative structure, reproduction through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, and disease cycle. The fungus is a soilborne pathogen that infects young pigeon pea roots and root hairs, spreading through the vascular system and producing wilt symptoms like yellowing and wilting leaves. The disease cycle involves the fungus surviving as mycelium or spores in the soil until new host plants are infected through their roots.
Habit and Habitat of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, mushrooms and more. They are found wherever organic matter and suitable temperatures are present, including in soil, water, decaying material and on living things. Fungi play several ecological roles like forming mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots, creating lichens with algae or cyanobacteria, breaking down dead material as saprophytes, or living as parasites on plants, animals or other fungi. Most fungi thrive in warm, humid conditions with some also requiring light for spore formation.
Basidiomycotina
The document discusses the phylum Basidiomycotina and provides details about three major classes: Uredinomycetes, Ustomycetes, and Basidiomycetes. It focuses on characteristics of rust fungi (order Uredinales) and smut fungi (order Ustilaginales), including that rusts require two hosts to complete their lifecycle and are obligate parasites, while smuts are facultative saprophytes. Specific examples of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis and the smut genus Ustilago are also outlined.
Heterothalism in fungi
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Fungi-ascomycete
Ascomycetes are a large phylum of fungi characterized by producing sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Common types of ascomycetes include yeasts, powdery mildews, and cup fungi. Ascomycetes can cause food spoilage and plant diseases but also include many edible mushrooms and fungi used to produce antibiotics. The lifecycle of ascomycetes involves both asexual reproduction via conidia and sexual reproduction involving the formation of ascospores within asci.
Oomycetes
Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are fungus-like protists that feed by absorbing nutrients through their cellulose cell walls. They reproduce both sexually, through oogonia and antheridia forming oospores, and asexually via biflagellate zoospores. While commonly found in water, many oomycetes are terrestrial. Some are parasitic on animals, plants, and crops, causing diseases like late blight of potato. They have characteristics like diploid nuclei, cellulose cell walls, and two flagella per motile spore that distinguish them from true fungi.
Fungi imperfecti
The document summarizes classifications of fungi imperfecti (asexual fungi) and provides a detailed taxonomy of fungi. It describes three classes of fungi imperfecti - Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Agonomycetes - based on their structures and reproductive characteristics. It then outlines several classification systems for fungi proposed by different scientists from 1950-1962 and provides a detailed taxonomy of fungi from the divisions Chytridiomycota to Deuteromycota.
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Sex hormones in fungi
Sex hormones play an important role in the sexual reproduction of fungi. Several types of sex hormones have been identified including sirenin, antheridiol, oogoniol, and trisporic acid. Sirenin is a pheromone produced by female Allomyces gametes that attracts male gametes. Antheridiol and oogoniol regulate sexual development in Achlya fungi. Trisporic acid stimulates zygophore development in Mucorales. Yeast also produces a sex hormone called alpha factor, a peptide pheromone that induces mating structure formation in yeast. These fungal sex hormones help control processes like gamete attraction, sex organ initiation and differentiation,
Oomycetes
Oomycetes, commonly known as water molds, are eukaryotic organisms that are closely related to algae. They include some of the most devastating plant pathogens, causing diseases like late blight of potato and downy mildew of grapevines. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually, through the formation of gametangia and fertilization leading to thick-walled oospores, and asexually via motile zoospores or non-motile sporangia. While they were long classified as fungi, genetic evidence shows they are more closely related to algae and plants. Key differences from true fungi include having cell walls composed of cellulose and lacking chitin.
Reproduction in fungi
Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction is more common and occurs through fragmentation, fission, budding or sporulation. Sporulation produces spores like sporangiospores or conidia. Sexual reproduction involves the union of nuclei through plasmogamy and karyogamy, followed by meiosis. It occurs via processes like planogametic copulation, gametangial contact or somatogamy and produces offspring through recombination of genetic material.
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Myxomycota
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the division Myxomycota. It discusses that Myxomycota are commonly known as plasmodial slime molds and differ from true fungi by having a vegetative body composed of a protoplast bounded by a membrane without a cell wall. They reproduce through both asexual and sexual means including forming spores. The document outlines several classes within Myxomycota including Myxomycetes, the most well known class of true slime molds, as well as Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes.
Heterothallism
1. Heterothallism is the production of two types of fungal structures (thalli or hyphae) designated as + and - strains. These structures undergo nuclear fusion to form zygotes.
2. Blakeslee demonstrated that in heterothallic fungi species, zygospores are only produced when hyphae of opposite strains (+ and -) fuse together. No zygospores are formed when hyphae of the same strain fuse.
3. Fungi produce sex hormones that facilitate the recognition and fusion of opposite strain hyphae, allowing for reproduction. Examples include trisporic acid in Mucor mucedo and alpha factor in yeast.
Ascomycota
This document provides an overview of key features of the ascomycota phylum. It describes their cell walls, hyphae, ability to fuse, and occurrence of dikaryotic cells. It then discusses important aspects of their life cycle including the meiosporangia or ascus, teleomorph and anamorph stages, and types of ascomata. It also details the different types of asci and ascospores as well as methods of asexual reproduction.
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Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
Mycology presentation (phycomycetes)
The document provides information about the classification, characteristics and life cycle of phycomycetes (algal fungi). It discusses their general features such as being aquatic, amphibious or terrestrial. Their thallus can be unicellular or coenocytic. Asexual reproduction occurs through sporangiospores, zoospores, aplanospores or conidia. Sexual reproduction ranges from isogamy to oogamy. The zygospore germinates to form a haploid or diploid mycelium. Phycomycetes are classified into 6 classes based on presence of flagella or their absence.
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Alternaria
This document discusses the fungal genus Alternaria. It belongs to the division Eumycota. It includes both saprophytic and parasitic species that can cause diseases in various plants. Some important pathogenic species and the diseases they cause are mentioned. The symptoms of infection generally start as small yellow-brown spots on leaves that enlarge to form concentric rings. As the disease progresses, photosynthetic area is reduced and leaves dry up and fall off. The fungus reproduces asexually through multicellular, septate conidia. Environmental conditions can affect conidia size and number of septa. The conidia are disseminated by wind and germinate in humid conditions to form new mycelia.
Fusarium life cycle
This document provides information about the Fusarium wilt disease of pigeon pea plants. It discusses the causal fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. udum, including its vegetative structure, reproduction through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, and disease cycle. The fungus is a soilborne pathogen that infects young pigeon pea roots and root hairs, spreading through the vascular system and producing wilt symptoms like yellowing and wilting leaves. The disease cycle involves the fungus surviving as mycelium or spores in the soil until new host plants are infected through their roots.
Habit and Habitat of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, mushrooms and more. They are found wherever organic matter and suitable temperatures are present, including in soil, water, decaying material and on living things. Fungi play several ecological roles like forming mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots, creating lichens with algae or cyanobacteria, breaking down dead material as saprophytes, or living as parasites on plants, animals or other fungi. Most fungi thrive in warm, humid conditions with some also requiring light for spore formation.
Basidiomycotina
The document discusses the phylum Basidiomycotina and provides details about three major classes: Uredinomycetes, Ustomycetes, and Basidiomycetes. It focuses on characteristics of rust fungi (order Uredinales) and smut fungi (order Ustilaginales), including that rusts require two hosts to complete their lifecycle and are obligate parasites, while smuts are facultative saprophytes. Specific examples of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis and the smut genus Ustilago are also outlined.
Heterothalism in fungi
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Fungi-ascomycete
Ascomycetes are a large phylum of fungi characterized by producing sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Common types of ascomycetes include yeasts, powdery mildews, and cup fungi. Ascomycetes can cause food spoilage and plant diseases but also include many edible mushrooms and fungi used to produce antibiotics. The lifecycle of ascomycetes involves both asexual reproduction via conidia and sexual reproduction involving the formation of ascospores within asci.
Oomycetes
Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are fungus-like protists that feed by absorbing nutrients through their cellulose cell walls. They reproduce both sexually, through oogonia and antheridia forming oospores, and asexually via biflagellate zoospores. While commonly found in water, many oomycetes are terrestrial. Some are parasitic on animals, plants, and crops, causing diseases like late blight of potato. They have characteristics like diploid nuclei, cellulose cell walls, and two flagella per motile spore that distinguish them from true fungi.
Fungi imperfecti
The document summarizes classifications of fungi imperfecti (asexual fungi) and provides a detailed taxonomy of fungi. It describes three classes of fungi imperfecti - Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Agonomycetes - based on their structures and reproductive characteristics. It then outlines several classification systems for fungi proposed by different scientists from 1950-1962 and provides a detailed taxonomy of fungi from the divisions Chytridiomycota to Deuteromycota.
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Sex hormones in fungi
Sex hormones play an important role in the sexual reproduction of fungi. Several types of sex hormones have been identified including sirenin, antheridiol, oogoniol, and trisporic acid. Sirenin is a pheromone produced by female Allomyces gametes that attracts male gametes. Antheridiol and oogoniol regulate sexual development in Achlya fungi. Trisporic acid stimulates zygophore development in Mucorales. Yeast also produces a sex hormone called alpha factor, a peptide pheromone that induces mating structure formation in yeast. These fungal sex hormones help control processes like gamete attraction, sex organ initiation and differentiation,
Oomycetes
Oomycetes, commonly known as water molds, are eukaryotic organisms that are closely related to algae. They include some of the most devastating plant pathogens, causing diseases like late blight of potato and downy mildew of grapevines. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually, through the formation of gametangia and fertilization leading to thick-walled oospores, and asexually via motile zoospores or non-motile sporangia. While they were long classified as fungi, genetic evidence shows they are more closely related to algae and plants. Key differences from true fungi include having cell walls composed of cellulose and lacking chitin.
Reproduction in fungi
Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction is more common and occurs through fragmentation, fission, budding or sporulation. Sporulation produces spores like sporangiospores or conidia. Sexual reproduction involves the union of nuclei through plasmogamy and karyogamy, followed by meiosis. It occurs via processes like planogametic copulation, gametangial contact or somatogamy and produces offspring through recombination of genetic material.
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mitosporic fungi their teliosporic stages, status of asexual fungi, saccardo system of classification, conidium ontogeny, major plant pathogens, fusarium, alternaria, colletotrichum, pestalotiopsis,
Philodina
Philodina are microscopic freshwater invertebrates belonging to the phylum Rotifera. They have a vermiform body that can shorten and lengthen, and move using cilia. Philodina feed by creating a current with their corona of cilia that sweeps food into their mastax for chewing. They reproduce asexually through parthenogenesis, with females producing genetically identical daughters without mating. Philodina have an asexual life cycle where they remain in their dominant form and can survive drying out to resume activity when rehydrated.
Mycology
This document provides information about the ascomycete fungus Taphrina deformans. It begins by describing the characteristics of ascomycetes in general and notes that Taphrina deformans is a member of the order Taphrinales. The document then discusses how T. deformans infects host plants, producing enzymes that degrade the cell wall and changing the plasma membrane. It also causes the production of the plant hormone auxin. The different names this fungus has been classified under are provided. The document concludes by summarizing its disease cycle in peach trees and plum trees and some of the hormones and cytokinins it produces in culture.
3 kingdom
The document summarizes key information about bacteria. It states that bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus and vary in size from 1 to 10 micrometers. It describes the main cellular structures of bacteria, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, DNA, and flagellum. It notes that bacteria can be harmful when they cause diseases, but they can also be beneficial as they are used to make food and medicines, and are important decomposers.
OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI.pptx
according to AINSWORTH CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI, FUNGI is classified into 2 divisions – MYXOMYCOTA that includes the slime molds and EUMYCOTA
Diversity of Living Things
The document discusses classifications of living things according to 5 kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes key characteristics of organisms within each kingdom, including bacteria and cyanobacteria in Monera, protozoa and algae in Protista, and the four divisions of fungi. The history of biological classification from Aristotle to modern systems is also summarized.
Oomycetes
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Oomycetes
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Fungi-Molds and Yeasts
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Cercospora
1. Cercospora is a genus of fungi that commonly causes leaf spot diseases on many economically important plants.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of conidiophores and conidia. Conidiophores emerge through stomata or ruptured leaf epidermis and produce single conidia at their tips.
3. Cercospora species can cause significant damage and yield loss to crops like groundnuts, banana, tobacco, and cotton through the leaf spot diseases they produce.
characteristic and structure of fungi
Fungi have several key characteristics:
1. They lack chlorophyll and must obtain nutrients by absorbing their surroundings, living as saprophytes, parasites, or symbiotically.
2. Their bodies are made of thread-like structures called hyphae that can join together to form a mycelium network.
3. They can be unicellular yeasts or multicellular mushrooms and molds, and reproduce through spores.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by digesting external materials and can be saprophytic or parasitic. Fungi have filamentous hyphae that can aggregate into a mycelium and reproduce both sexually and asexually via spores. They are found universally and prefer moist, dim environments.
Class xi ch 2
This document provides information on various kingdoms and types of organisms. It discusses key characteristics of Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia kingdoms. Within these kingdoms, it describes important groups like cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime moulds, protozoans, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes. It also summarizes generalized life cycles of fungi and alternation of generations in plants.
Fungi
Microorganism : Fungi, Classification, structure , general characteristics and morphology related to food
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are very small organisms that are not visible to the naked eye. They can live in all environments from cold to hot and in places like air, water, soil, and inside other living things. All ecosystems depend on microorganisms like fungi, cyanobacteria, and lichens that form a layer in soil. Microorganisms can be unicellular like amoebas or multicellular like mold. They are broadly classified as bacteria, algae, protozoa, or fungi.
Dai back of chilli
This document describes dieback disease of chilli caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici. It lists the causal organism and its taxonomy. The main symptoms are necrosis of twigs from the tip backwards, drying of flowers and fruits, and dieback of branches. The fungus spreads via airborne conidia or rain splash. Management involves collecting and burning crop debris, seed treatment with fungicides, and spraying fungicides after fruits begin to ripe.
Lecture07
1. The Deuteromycota phylum contains fungi that reproduce asexually through spores known as conidia. They were classified based on conidia morphology since their sexual cycles were unknown.
2. The taxonomy of Deuteromycota is based on Saccardo's system of classifying spore shapes and colors. Four orders are recognized: Moniliales, Sphaeropsidales, Melanconiales, and Mycelia Sterilia.
3. Although lacking known sexual cycles, genetic recombination in Deuteromycota can occur through the parasexual cycle of heterokaryon formation, diploidization, mitotic crossing over, and
Fungi
Fungi
Introduction
Difference between fungi and bacteria
Classification of fungi
Importance of fungi
kingdom of fungi fungiug1ch1-200321084448.pdf
The document discusses fungi and provides details about their characteristics and structures. It describes fungi as eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Their somatic structures are typically filamentous and branched hyphae surrounded by cell walls containing chitin and/or cellulose. The document then covers fungi habitat, thallus structure, cell wall composition, nutrition, and reproductive mechanisms. It provides detailed information on the mycelial thallus structure and septation in hyphae.
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原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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Deuteromycota
- 1. Presented by: Group Red Joven Soriano Cedric Molina Patrick Daquinag Jamila Lechico Jamaila Siasat Darlene Angeles Princess Dela Cruz
- 2. DEUTEROMYCOTA AKA “Fungi Imperfecti” or “Imperfect Fungi” Classified as belonging to the form Phylum Deuteromycota Do not possess the sexual structures that are used to classify other fungi Less well described in comparison to other divisions Cannot be called a true phylum Most members live on land with a few aquatic exceptions They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance strictly asexual lost their sexual phase through the course of evolution
- 3. The Deuteromycota has four orders: a. Moniliales b. Sphaeropsidales c. Melanconiales d. Mycelia Sterlia Four orders
- 4. MONILILALES large and heterogeneous form division of fungi comprising forms for which no sexually reproductive stage is known conidia and coniophores are produced in mycelium
- 5. SPHAEROPSIDALES produce their conidia in pycnidia or in stromata
- 7. Mycelia Sterlia Mycelium sterile, conidia not produced They have sclerotia
- 8. DEUTEROMYCOTA IN EVERYDAY LIFE ripen some cheese antibiotic penicillin cause serious diseases pontent toxic compounds