Fungi and plant pathology
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Notes for this syllabus UNIT I Classification of Fungi based on Alexopoulos and Mims – Economic importance of Fungi – Beneficial aspects (Industries, Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture, Genetical Studies) – Harmfulness (Plant diseases, Human Diseases, Food Spoilages) UNIT II Structure and reproduction of the following: a. Myxomycetes : Stemonitis b. Oomycetes : Albugo c. Ascomycetes : Penicillium UNIT III Structure and Reproduction of the following: a. Basidiomycetes : Puccinia and Agaricus b. Deuteromycetes : Cercospora UNIT IV General Characterstics, Structure & Reproduction of Lichens – Crustose, Foliose & Fruticose, Economic importance of Lichens PLANT PATHOLOGY UNIT V Symptoms, causes and control of the following diseases a. Viral disease : Bunchy top of Banana b. Bacterial disease : Citrus Canker C. Fungal disease : Blast disease in Rice d. Mycoplasma : Little leaf of Brinjal
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Source: Conversation with Bing, 13/7/2023
(1) (PDF) INTRODUCTORY-NEMOTOLOGY | ashish chaudhary - Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/34273375/INTRODUCTORY_NEMOTOLOGY.
(2) Plant Nematology Lab - University of Leeds. http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/nem/.
(3) Plant Nematology: , 2nd Edition - Google Books. https://books.google.com/books/about/Plant_Nematology.html?id=LTv7AgAAQBAJ.
(4) Nematology - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology.
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The sugar beets had bumps and growths that made them stunted. This is likely crown gall disease, caused by the soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A. tumefaciens contains a tumor-inducing plasmid that gets transferred to plant cells, integrating into the plant DNA and causing uncontrolled cell growth and gall formation through the production of auxin and cytokinin. The infected field should be replanted with cereal crops for a long time to decrease the A. tumefaciens population, and the antibiotic agrocin can be sprayed to further treat the field.
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2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
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5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
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Plant hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins play important roles in modulating plant defense responses and resistance or susceptibility to pathogens. These hormones interact through complex signaling pathways and can have positive or negative crosstalk depending on the pathogen, plant species, and environmental conditions. Salicylic acid is important for resistance to biotrophic pathogens while jasmonic acid and ethylene help defend against necrotrophs. Abscisic acid generally suppresses defenses against necrotrophs. Gibberellins can enhance susceptibility through jasmonic acid signaling. Cytokinins positively interact
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This document discusses managing plant roots for health. It provides examples of root systems from different crops and environments. Healthy roots are white in color, proliferate in all directions, and efficiently use soil resources. Unhealthy roots are less efficient and may show deformities or nutrient deficiencies. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding root function and architecture through direct observation.
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Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Heat tolerance in wheat
This document provides information about heat stress in wheat crops. It discusses how heat stress reduces wheat yields and quality by affecting grain filling. Several traits for measuring heat tolerance are described, including canopy temperature depression, membrane thermo-stability, chlorophyll content, and stay green ability. Breeding approaches to develop heat tolerant wheat varieties are summarized, such as selection, mutation breeding, and hybridization. Research on heat tolerant wheat varieties developed in India is also mentioned.
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Cercospora is a genus of fungi that causes leaf spot diseases in various crops like groundnut and banana. It reproduces asexually through conidiophores and conidia. Symptoms include pale green to brown spots on leaves which enlarge and cause leaves to dry up. Control methods include fungicide application and avoiding repeated use of same fungicides. Viruses are biological agents that infect plant cells and force them to produce more virus particles. They are transmitted horizontally by insects or mechanically and vertically through seeds and vegetative propagation. Common viral diseases include tobacco mosaic virus, barley yellow dwarf virus, and soybean bud blight virus. Control methods include use of disease-free seeds and planting material, trap
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This document summarizes bunchy top of banana, a serious viral disease of banana plants. The disease causes the leaves of infected plants to form a rosette-like cluster at the apex. It is caused by the Banana bunchy top virus, an isometric DNA virus transmitted by insects. Symptoms include clustered, stunted leaves and brown streaks on leaves and petioles. Infected plants fail to produce fruit and eventually decay. Control measures include removing and destroying infected plants, using certified virus-free planting material, and spraying herbicides to kill the virus. The disease is prevalent in banana growing regions in India.
Blast disease in Rice
The document summarizes blast disease, a fungal disease that affects rice plants. It is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which can infect all above ground parts of rice including leaves, stems, and panicles. Symptoms include initial white to gray-green lesions on leaves and nodes that enlarge and merge, potentially killing entire leaves. Control methods include planting resistant varieties, adjusting planting times, splitting nitrogen fertilizer applications, applying silicon fertilizers to soils, and using systemic fungicides.
Lichens sturcture, classification and reproduction
This document discusses lichens, which are symbiotic organisms consisting of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. It covers the structure, classification, and reproduction of lichens based on where they grow such as on soil, leaves, plastic, or metal. The document also mentions that lichens can contain either blue green algae or green algae.
Measurement of bacteruak growth
This document discusses methods for measuring bacterial growth, including direct measurement, serial dilution techniques, and the plate method. It is signed by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head i/c of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India.
Citric acid production
This document discusses citric acid, including its natural occurrence, industrial production, and uses. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits, especially in high concentrations in lemons and limes. It is produced industrially through fermentation using microorganisms. The major steps in industrial citric acid production are substrate preparation, selection of microorganisms, controlling fermentation conditions such as temperature and pH, and recovering the citric acid through precipitation and filtration. Citric acid has various applications as a flavoring and preservative in foods and beverages.
Bacterial photosynthesis
Bacterial photosynthesis is the process by which certain types of bacteria are able to produce energy from sunlight. These bacteria contain pigments like chlorophyll that allow them to absorb sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like sugars through a process similar to plant photosynthesis. However, bacterial photosynthesis differs from plant photosynthesis in some key structural and chemical details of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Mushroom diseases & managements
Mushroom diseases and their management are discussed in this document. It provides information from Dr. V. Ramesh, who is the Assistant Professor and Head In-Charge of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, India. The document thanks the reader.
Penicillium structure and reproduction
Penicillium is a genus of fungus that produces antibiotics. It reproduces asexually through the formation of conidiophores that bear phialides which produce chains of conidia. Dr. V. Ramesh is an assistant professor and head of the botany department at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India who can be contacted via email or phone regarding Penicillium structure and reproduction.
Mushroom training and research centers in tamil nadu
This document discusses mushroom training and research centers in Tamil Nadu and India. It was written by Dr. V. Ramesh, who is the Assistant Professor and Head In-Charge of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. The document provides information on mushroom training and research centers located in Tamil Nadu and across India.
Measurement of bacteruak growth
This document discusses methods for measuring bacterial growth, including direct measurement, serial dilution techniques, and the plate method. It is signed by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head i/c of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India.
Little leaf of brinjal
Little Leaf of Brinjal is a disease that affects eggplant (Solanum melongena) plants. The disease was first reported in India in 1939, and favors rainy seasons for infection. Symptoms include small, soft, pale green leaves without thorns. The auxiliary and lateral buds are stimulated, shortening the internodes and giving the plant a bushy appearance. Infected plants also become sterile. Control measures include removing and burning infected plants, spraying Metasystox before fruit set to control insect vectors, and spraying the antibiotic Tetracycline to suppress symptoms.
Culture media
This document discusses culture media and its preparation for growing microorganisms. It is authored by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India. The document focuses on differential medium, which allows differentiation between types of microorganisms.
Biostatistics
This document provides information about biostatistics from Dr. V. Ramesh, the Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, India. It discusses types of tables used in biostatistics, including simple tables with one character and complex tables with more than two characters. Census data from 2019-2020 is cited from the Government of India.
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve experiments were conducted by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head i/c of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, India. The experiments measured bacterial growth over time and identified distinct phases of bacterial proliferation. Dr. Ramesh thanked the reader for their time and interest in his research on bacterial growth curves.
Agaricus
The document summarizes the structure and reproduction of Agaricus, a saprophytic fungus commonly known as the white button mushroom. It has a vegetative mycelium that grows underground and produces a fruiting body above ground containing gills. The gills contain basidia that produce basidiospores for reproduction. Agaricus reproduces through three methods - vegetative reproduction by mycelium, asexual reproduction via chlamydospores, and sexual reproduction where two mycelial strains fuse and produce basidiospores in the fruiting bodies.
Bioactive potential of xylaria spp.
This document discusses the potential of the fungal genus Xylaria as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites with various applications. It summarizes research on the diversity of Xylaria species, the chemical compounds isolated from different Xylaria such as xylarighan, orthosporin, and xylarinic acid. The document also describes experiments showing that extracts from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. KC405623 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against drug-resistant pathogens and cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines. It concludes that Xylaria represents an underexplored source of pharmaceutical compounds worthy of further study.
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Lichens sturcture, classification and reproduction
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CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. 11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...