Epidimilogy and manegment of rust fungus

14/10/2017 Dept. of Plant Pathology

14/10/2017 Dept. of Plant Pathology 3

Outline of presentation
Introduction
Present status of rust pathogen
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Case studies
Conclusion

 Used for religious offerings
 Used for floral decorations
 It includes - production of loose and long cut flowers
- nursery production of ornamental plants
- production of planting materials
 Plays an important role in the export arena.

Area* and production**
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Area Production Area Production Area Production
Flowers cut
233
518
255
543
317
502
Flowers loose 1729 1754 1805
Total flowers 233 2247 255 2297 317 2306
Table 1. Area and production of flower crops 2012-13 to 2014-15
* ‘000 ha
** ‘000 ton
6Dept. of Plant Pathology14/10/2017

Indian floriculture industry comprises of flowers such as
Rose
Carnation
China aster
Chrysanthemum
Jasmine
Orchids
Gladiolus
Lily
Lotus
Tube rose
Dahlia
Gerbera
Crossandra
Marigold
Biotic
Abiotic

 Diverse group of plant pathogens.
 Over 20,000 species of fungi are parasitic in nature and
can cause diseases in crops and plants.
 Rusts are biotrophs and some of them are quarantine
significance.

 Rust epidemics have impacted the development of human
society.
 Fungal pathogens have an early accounts in the Bible,
Greek and Roman literature.
 Romans worshipped a god called robigus.
During Robigalia they used to sacrifice red dogs, foxes
and cows in order to please Robigus.
Plant Pathology by- G. N. Agrios

Classification
Phylum : Basidiomycota ( 37%)
Sp1: Agaricomycotina Sp2: Ustilaginomycotina Sp3: Pucciniomycotina
Pucciniomycotina 190 – genera
8016 - species
(8 classes) Rust and related fungi
C1 : Pucciniomycetes C2 : Microbotryomycetes
O1 : Pucciniales O2 : Septobasidiales
Rust fungi (95%)
8 families
An introduction to fungi by- H. C. Dube

Sl.No Family Genus Species Host
1 Coleosporiaceae Coleosporium asterum China aster
2 Melampsoraceae - - -
3 Mikronegeriaceae - - -
4 Phakopsoraceae - - -
5 Phragmidiaceae Phragmidium mucronatum Rose
6 Pucciniaceae Puccinia
Gymnosporang
ium
Uromyces
horiana,
chrysanthemi and
hemerocallidis
-
dianthi, hobsoni,
transversalis
Chrysanthemum
and Daylily
-
Carnation,
Jasmine and
Gladiolus
7 Raveneliaceae - - -
8 Incertae sedis Hemileia americana Orchids
Table 3. List of rust causing pathogens in flower crops

Life cycle of rust pathogen
Stage 0
Stage I
Stage II
Stage IV
Stage III
Rust is the greatest enemy, Pliny (29-27 AD)
Pycnium
Aecium
Uredinium
Telium
Basidium
P
A
U
T
B

Table 2. Three types of life cycles in rusts
Life
cycle
Spermati
a/ Pycnia
Aecio-
spores
Uredinio
-spores
Telio-
spores
Basidio
-spores
Example
Macro-
cyclic
+ (-) + + + + Puccinia
hemerocallidis,
Phragmidium
mucronatum
Demi-
cyclic
+ (-) + - + + Puccinia horiana
Micro-
cyclic
+ (-) - - + + Uromyces hobsoni

 Reddish to orange blister-like swellings called pustules.
 Chlorosis or yellowing on the upper surface of leaves
 Pustules containing rust-coloured spores erupt in concentric rings
that form a distinct target spot.
 With severe infections, necrosis, leaf distortion and defoliation
occurs.

Rust of rose - Phragmidium mucronatum Pers.
Teliospore under microscopeOrange - reddish rust pustules

Rust of aster- Coleosporium asterum Diet.
Uredopore under microscopeOrange - yellow rust pustules

Teliospore under microscopeReddish brown pustules
Brown rust of chrysanthemum- Puccinia chrysanthemi Roze.White rust of chrysanthemum- Puccinia horiana Henn.
Raised, buff and pinkish waxy pustules
(Quarantine significance -OEPP/ EPPO, 1982)

Rust of daylily
Puccinia hemerocallidis Thum.
Small yellow spots
Rust of orchid
Hemileia americana Mass.
Orange yellow pustules

Rust of jasmine-
Uromyces hobsoni Vize.
Rust of gladiolus-
Uromyces transversalis Thum.
Rust of carnation-
Uromyces dianthi Pers.
Teliospore under microscope

Epidemiology
The occurrence of plant disease is a result of a complex
interaction of a susceptible host plant, the presence of a
pathogenic causal organism and the environment.
Time
Environment
6-24°C
80-100%

Visual
examination
Microscopic
examination
PCR
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH.mp4

1. Regulatory methods
2. Cultural methods
3. Biological methods
 Plant quarantine
Chrysanthemum white rust and Gladiolus rust
 Crop and field sanitation
Use of healthy planting material
 Growing of resistant cultivars
4. Chemical methods
 Triazoles and Strobilurin group of fungicides are more effective.
 Bacillus sp. can used as a biological control.

Case study 1
Viability of Puccinia horiana teliospores under
various environmental conditions
Bonde et al. (2014)
Pl. Health Prog., 15(1): 25 - 28
Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU), Frederick

Fig. 1 Infected chrysanthemum leaf with non-sporulating
lesions of chrysanthemum white rust
Bonde et al. (2014)

Fig. 2 Infected chrysanthemum leaf mounted to the lid of a Petri
dish to induce and collect basidiospores
Table 1. Rating of sporulation on each test half leaf
Rating Description
0 None – no sporulation
1 Light- a single layer of basidiospores
2 Moderate- one layer thick with pale gray
coloured basidiopores
3 Heavy- several layers deep with white-gray
coloured basidiospores
Bonde et al. (2014)

Fig. 3 Relative sporulation ratings (as ratios) for leaf pieces that had been
maintained dry or moist soil in the green house condition at 22° to
26°C
Days
Survivalratio
Bonde et al. (2014)
28 Days
7 Days
300 g soil

Days
Survivalratio
Fig. 3 Relative sporulation ratings ( as ratios) for leaf pieces that
had been maintained dry or moist soil in the cold room at 5°C
Bonde et al. (2014)
77 Days

Days
Survivalratio
Fig. 3 Relative sporulation ratings ( as ratios) for leaf pieces that
had been maintained dry or moist soil in the freezer at -20°C
Bonde et al. (2014)
112 Days

Case study 2
In situ hybridization for the detection of rust fungi in
paraffin embedded plant tissue sections
Ellison et al., 2016
Pl. Methods., 12:37
Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, USA

Fig. 1 List of steps involved in ISH protocol
Ellison et al. (2016)

Table 1. Accession numbers of sequences used in CLUSTALW and BLAST
alignments.

Table 2. List of sequencing primers and ISH probes.
Primer/ Probe Sequence
Primer 1 Puccinia 18S forward 5’ CAATTGGAGGGCAAGTCTGGTGCCAGCAGC 3’
Primer 1 Puccinia 18S reverse 5’ TGGACCTGGTGAGTTTCCCCGTGTTGAGTC3’
Puccinia horiana 18S anti-sense 5’/Biotin/AAGTTCACCAAGAGGTAAGCCTCCAACA
AATCAGTACACACCAAAAGGCAGACCAACTGC 3’
Puccinia horiana 18S sense 5’/Biotin/GCAGTTGGTCTGCCTTTTGGTGTGTACTG
ATTTGTTGGAGGCTTACCTCTTGGTGAACTT3’
Uromyces transversalis 18S anti-sense 5’/Biotin/AAGTTCACCAAGAGGTAAGCCTCCAACA
AATCAGTACACACCAAAAGGCGGACCAACTGC 3’
Uromyces transversalis 18S sense 5’/Biotin/GCAGTTGGTCCGCCTTTTGGTGTGTACTG
Phakopsora pachyrhizi 18S anti-sense 5’/Biotin/AAGTTCACCAAGAGGTAAGCCTCCAACA
AATCAGTACACACCAAATGGCGGACCAACTGC 3’
Phakopsora pachyrhizi 18S sense 5’/Biotin/GCAGTTGGTCTGCCATTTGGTGTGTACTG

Fig. 2 Images of samples of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. infected with
Puccinia horiana Henn. prepared by ISH.

Fig. 3 Images of samples of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.
infected with Puccinia horiana Henn. prepared by ISH.

Fig. 3 Images of samples of Chrysanthemum morifolium infected
with Puccinia horiana prepared by ISH.
52°C (Final wash) 42°C (Final wash)

Fig. 4 Images of samples of Chrysanthemum morifolium infected with
Puccinia horiana prepared by ISH.

Fig. 5 Images of samples of Gladiolus hortulans infected with
Uromyces transversalis prepared by ISH.

Case study 3
Two new Phragmidium species identified on Rosa plants
native to China
Yang et al. (2015)
Phytotaxa., 217(2): 182 - 190
Beijing Forestry University, China

Infected leaves
Ph. zhouquensis on
Rosa omeiensis
Telium
Teliospores
V. S. of teliumTelium
Fig. 1 Yang et al. (2015)

Ph. longissima on
Rosa lichiangensis
Uredinium
Urediniospores
Teliospores Telium Telium
Telium Teliospores
Fig. 2 Yang et al. (2015)

Fungal taxon Host plant Species no. Location GenBank
accession no.
Phragmidium
zhouquensis
Rosa omeiensis BJFC-R01516
BJFC-R01529
China
China
KP407637
KP407638
Ph. longissima Rosa lichiangensis BJFC-R00338
BJFC-R00360
China
China
KP407633
KP407634
Ph. biloculare Potentilla
flabellifolia
BPI881121 USA JF907670
Ph. fragariae Potentilla sterilis - - JF907670
Ph. fusiforme Rosa hugonis
Rosa pendulina
BJFC-R00942
-
China
Switzerland
KP407632
AJ715522
Table 1 Sequence data analyzed in this study or obtained from GenBank.
Yang et al. (2015)
Cont.

accession no.
Ph. handelii Rosa webbiana BJFC-R01030
BJFC-R01421
BJFC-R01437
BJFC-R01458
-
China
China
China
KP407631
KP407628
KP407629
KP407630
Ph. ivesiae Potentilla gracilis BPI877968
BPI863637
USA
USA
JF907673
JF907672
Ph. mexicanum Potentilla hebiichigo
Potentilla indica
BPI881108
BPI877884
South Korea
USA
JF907671
JF907664
Ph. montivagum Rosa cf. woodsii FO47828 - AF426213
Ph. mucronatum Rosa corymbifera
R. rubiginosa
-
-
Germany
Germany
AJ715520
AJ715521
Ph. potentillae-
canadensis
Potentillae canadensis BPI877885 USA JF907668
Yang et al. (2015)
Cont.

accession no.
Ph. rubi-idaei Rubus idaeus - - AF426215
Ph. sanguisorbae Sanguisorba
minor
- - AF426216
Ph. tormentillae Potentilla
simplex
BPI877888 USA JF907669
Ph. tuberculatum Rosa rugosa
Rosa sp.
Rosa floribunda
BJFC-R00936
BJFC-R00959
BPI877980
BPI877977
China
China
USA
USA
KP407635
KP407636
KJ841922
KJ841923
Ph. violaceum Rubus fruticosus - - AF426214
Puccinia tanaceti Artemisa
brevifolia
IBA5340 Japan AB190908
Yang et al. (2015)

14/10/2017 Dept. of Plant Pathology 48Fig. 3 Phylogram analysis Yang et al. (2015)

Case study 4
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of
chrysanthemum white rust pathogen Puccinia horiana
(Henn) and the effect of liquid based formulation of
Bacillus spp. for the management of chrysanthemum white
rust under protected cultivation
Dheepa et al., 2016
Biol. Control.,103: 172- 186
Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Sl.
No
Variety Colour Company Per cent Disease Index of white
rust (October– December, 2013)
Yercaud Kothagiri
Per cent Disease Index of white
rust (January–March, 2014)
Yercaud Kothagiri
1 Bonfire yellow Yellow Florenza flora 89.55 95.82 55.97 60.45
2 Bonfire orange Orange Florenza flora 45.44 48.62 28.40 30.67
3 Kuga bright
orange
Bight orange Florenza flora 90.75 97.10 56.72 61.26
4 Tequila Pink Florenza flora 93.57 100.00 58.48 63.16
5 Saffin pink Bright pink Selecta 100.00 100.00 64.53 69.69
6 Laguna white Bright pink Selecta 95.44 100.00 59.65 64.42
7 Terror red Red Selecta 32.00 34.24 20.00 21.60
8 Punch white Bright white Florenza flora 99.82 100.00 62.39 67.38
9 Haiwain pink Moderate pink Florenza flora 67.34 72.06 42.09 45.46
10 Kuga orange Orange Florenza flora 57.77 61.60 35.98 38.86
11 Amalfi Light pink Florenza flora 36.61 39.17 22.88 24.71
12 Vanity pink Pink Selecta 25.07 26.83 15.67 16.92
13 Calimiro sunny Purple Selecta 43.09 46.10 26.93 29.08
14 Sparkle white White Selecta 33.78 36.14 21.11 22.80
15 Calimiro pink pink Selecta 27.50 29.43 17.19 18.57
Mean 62.72 65.81 39.19 42.34
Table 1. Survey for the occurrence of Chrysanthemum white rust during winter and
summer.
Dheepa et al. (2016)

Fig. 1 Score chart for chrysanthemum white rust caused by Puccinia horiana.
0 1-25 26-50 56-75 76-100

Fig. 2 Sunken yellow spot on the adaxial surface of the leaf
and raised waxy pustules on the abaxial surface of
the leaf.

Fig. 3 Reddish brown pustules
on calyx.
Fig. 4 Telia observed under
light microscope
Fig. 5 Telia observed under scanning
electron microscope.
Bicelled, no echinulations and
pedicellate teliospores

54
Fig. 6 PCR amplification of Puccinia horiana.
Fig. 7 Amplification of cloned product

Table 2. Bioassay of crude metabolites of Bacillus spp., extracted in Ethyl acetate
against the germination of the teliospore of Puccinia horiana.
Sl.
No
.
Crude metabolites Per cent of spores germination
(150 ppm)
Per cent reduction in spore
germination (150 ppm)
50 (µl) 75(µl) 100(µl) 150(µl) 50 (µl) 75(µl) 100(µl) 150(µl)
1 B. amyloliquefaciens-
BSC7
55.00a
(48.00)
40.00a
(39.00)
35.00a
(36.00)
10.00a
(18.00)
45.00h
(42.00)
60.00g
(51.00)
65.00g
(54.00)
90.00f
(71.00)
2 B. subtilis- BS2 59.00b
(50.00)
45.00b
(42.00)
40.00a
(39.00)
24.00b
(29.00)
41.00g
(40.00)
55.00f
(48.00)
60.00f
(51.00)
76.00e
(61.00)
3 Ochrobactrum spp.,-
BSD5
66.00ab
(55.00)
50.00ab
(45.00)
50.00a
(45.00)
35.00bc
(36.00)
34.00f
(35.00)
50.00e
(45.00)
50.00d
(45.00)
65.00d
(54.00)
4 B. tequilensis- BSC2 69.00abc
(56.00)
50.00ab
(45.00)
45.00a
(42.00)
42.00c
(40.00)
31.00e
(34.00)
50.00e
(45.00)
55.00e
(48.00)
58.00c
(49.00)
5 B. cereus-BSC11 80.00abc
(64.00)
74.00bc
(45.00)
71.00b
(58.00)
67.00d
(55.00)
20.00d
(27.00)
26.00d
(30.00)
29.00c
(32.00)
33.00b
(35.00)
6 B. subtilis- STR15 82.00abc
(65.00)
79.00c
(60.00)
77.00b
(62.00)
69.00d
(56.00)
18.00c
(25.00)
21.00c
(27.00)
23.00b
(29.00)
31.00b
(34.00)
7 B. methyltrophicus 84.00bcd
(70.00)
83.00c
(63.00)
82.00b
(67.00)
80.00d
(65.00)
16.00b
(23.00)
17.00b
(24.00)
18.00a
(25.00)
20.00a
(27.00)
8 Control 100.00d
(88.00)
100.00d
(88.00)
100.00c
(88.00)
100.00e
(88.00)
0.00a
(0.00)
0.00a
(0.00)
0.00a
(0.00)
0.00a
(0.00)
Data in parentheses are arcsine transformed values.
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level

Table 3. Antimicrobial compounds identified from Bacillus subtilis strain BS2 through GC/MS.
Sl. No RT Name of the compound Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight
Peak area %
1 1.79 n-Butylacetate C6H12O2 116 24.43
2 2.20 m-Xylene C8H10 106 7.54
3 2.54 Carbolic acid C6H6O 94 0.52
4 3.99 1-Dodecene C12H24 168 1.14
5 4.95 3,4 Dimethylbenzaldehyde C9H10O 134 0.005
6 6.74 1-Tridecene C13H26 182 0.30
7 7.05 Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) C14H22O 206 0.22
8 7.66 1-Hexadecene C16H32 224 0.04
9 9.39 E-15-Heptadecenal C17H32O 252 0.60
10 11.77 1-Nonadecene C19H38 266 0.74
11 14.44 Hexadecanoic acid, butyl ester C20H4O2 312 0.77
12 16.68 cis-13-Octadecenoic acid C18H34O2 282 0.93
13 18.70 Octadecanoic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester C22H44O2 340 4.11
14 20.92 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester C24H38O4 390 8.60

Fig. 8 Chromatogram of antimicrobial compounds identified from Bacillus subtilis
strain BS2 through GC/MS.
14/10/2017 Dept. of Plant Pathology 57Dheepa et al. (2016)

Table 4. Antimicrobial compounds identified from B. amyloliquefaciens strain BSC7 through GC/MS.
Sl.
No
RT Name of the compound Molecular
formula
Mol.
wt
Peak
area %
1 1.19 Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester C16H32O2 256 0.18
2 2.51 Phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester C16H22O4 278 1.06
3 2.56 1H-Indene, 1-ethylidene C11H10 142 4.61
4 2.83 Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane C12H3606Si6 444 2.73
5 3.87 n-Tetradec-1-ene C14H28 196 4.21
6 5.53 n-Nonadecane C19H40 268 3.85
7 6.26 n-Pentadecane C15H32 212 1.53
8 7.24 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl C17H36O 256 0.36
9 7.38 2,6,10-Trimethyltetradecane C17H36 240 3.08
10 7.38 n-Nonadecane C19H40 268 3.85
11 8.82 Z-5-Methyl-6-heneicosen-11-one C22H42O 322 1.18
12 8.82 Octasiloxane,1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15 hexadecamethyl C16H50O7Si8 578 1.18
13 9.32 n-Heptacosane C27H56 380 3.61
14 14.93 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester C18H36O2 284 3.13
15 17.82 Linoleic acid ethyl ester C20H36O2 308 2.86
16 18.44 Palmitic acid, ethyl ester C18H36O2 284 2.89
17 26.29 Diisooctyl phthalate C24H38O4 390 3.91

Fig. 9 Chromatogram of antimicrobial compounds identified from Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens strain BSC7 through GC/MS.
14/10/2017 Dept. of Plant Pathology 59Dheepa et al. (2016)

Table 5. Bioefficacy of biocontrol agents in the control of Puccinia horiana on chrysanthemum cv. Saffin pink.
Sl.
No
Treatment details
(@ 1000ml/ acre)
Mean
number
of spots/
leaf
Diameter
of spots
(mm)
% of
dried
up
leaves
with
telia
Height of
plants
( cm)
%
disease
index of
CWR
No. of stem/ m2
Marketa
ble stems
free from
CWR
Rejected
stems
with
CWR
T1 Root and soil drenching with BS2
isolate of B. subtilis
3.88c
(11.30)
2.03de
(8.19)
6.69bf
(14.98)
119.22h 27.82f
(31.83)
53.0b
(46.71)
22.12e
(28.05)
T2 Root and soil drenching with STR15
isolate of B. subtilis
3.91c
(11.40)
2.37c
(8.85)
7.63b
(16.03)
109.80g 33.72d
(35.49)
50.72bc
(45.44)
28.40d
(32.20)
T3 Root and soil drenching with BSC11
isolate of B. cereus
3.91c
(11.40)
2.12d
(8.36)
7.36bc
(15.74)
91.44b 32.22d
(34.58)
49.66cd
(44.80)
29.40d
(32.83)
T4 Root and soil drenching with BSD2
isolate of B. methylotrophicus
5.81b
(13.90)
2.54b
(9.17)
7.02cde
(15.36)
108.41f 40.12c
(39.30)
42.26e
(40.54)
35.58b
(36.62)
T5 Root and soil drenching with BSD5
isolate of Ochrobactrum spp.,
3.98c
(11.51)
2.40c
(8.91)
7.16cd
(15.52)
101.04e 39.04c
(38.66)
47.55d
(43.59)
30.62cd
(33.59)
isolate of B. tequilensis
5.85b
(13.99)
2.64b
(9.34)
6.89def
(15.21)
94.27c 42.70b
(40.80)
44.38e
(41.77)
33.10bc
(35.11)
isolate of B. amyloliquefaciens
3.88c
(11.30)
2.12d
(8.37)
6.75ef
(15.06)
110.29g 30.00e
(33.20)
52.83b
(46.62)
22.20e
(28.10)
T8 Foliar spray with 0.1% Azoxystrobin
@ 200ml/ acre)
2.91d
(9.81)
1.96e
(8.04)
6.62f
(14.91)
100.27d 18.55g
(25.50)
59.17a
(50.28)
15.94f
(23.52)
T9 Uninoculated control 26.79a
(31.17)
2.96a
(9.90)
35.56a
(36.6)
76.41a 56.09a
(48.49)
0.00f
(3.30)
80.0a
(63.40)
Data in parentheses are arcsine transformed values.
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level

Case study 5
Effects of varieties, cutting health and fungicide
application on chrysanthemum white rust
Yusuf et al., 2016
AGRIVITA J. Agric. Sci., 39(1): 21 - 30
Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Indonesia

Fig. 1 Development of white rust disease intensity on chrysanthemum
plants grown under plastic house conditions.
Yusuf et al. (2016)

Fig. 2 White rust disease intensity of chrysanthemum plants from
different cutting sources under plastic house conditions.
Yusuf et al. (2016)

Table 1. White rust disease intensity of chrysanthemum plants at different
fungicide applications under plastic house condition.
Fungicide
application
Percentage of rust disease intensity after… days after planting (%)
15 22 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 92
With
fungicide
9.6a 12.25a 15.08a 16.19a 16.21a 17.68a 17.45a 17.47a 14.58a 11.91a 11.73a 6.82a
No
fungicide
14.89b 14.76a 16.33b 16.81a 16.87a 18.59a 18.66a 18.58a 15.14a 12.56a 11.64a 7.21a
*) Values in the same column followed by the same letter were not significantly different.

Fig. 3 Development of white rust disease intensity on three
chrysanthemum cultivars.
Yusuf et al. (2016)
Reagent Purple
Puma White
Town Talk

Table 3. Plant height and number of leaves of chrysanthemum under plastic house
conditions based on varieties, rust symptom at seedling stage and fungicide
treatments.
Treatments Plant growth parameters
Plant height (cm) Number of leaves
Chrysanthemum cultivars
Puma white 109.01a 57.80 a
Town Talk 129.19 b 59.76 b
Reagent Purple 134.88 c 74.01 c
Rust symptom at seedling stage
Symptomless 125.75a 64.41a
Rust infected cuttings 122.98 a 63.31a
Fungicide application
No fungicide 121.18 a 62.01 a
With fungicide 127.42b 65.71 b
Yusuf et al. (2016)
*) Values in the same column followed by the same letter were not significantly different.

Case study 6
Field management of chrysanthemum white
rust caused by Puccinia horiana P. Hennings
Munilakshmi et al., 2016
IPS (SZ)- National symposium on “Recentadvances in plant health
management for sustainable productivity” held on 15-16 Dec, 2016. pp. 100
Department of Plant Pathology, CoH, Bengaluru

Treatments: 12
Replications: 3
Statistical design: Randomized Complete Block Design
Plot size: 2 × 1.2 m
Crop spacing: 40 × 30 cm. (Green valley marigold)
Two sprays were given at 15 days interval.
Treatm
ents
Treatment details Concentration Trade name
T1 Chlorothalonil 0.2% JatayuR
T2 Myclobutanil 0.1% BoonR
T3 Hexaconazole 0.1% Contaf plusR
T4 Propiconazole 0.1% BumperR
T5 Myclobutanil + Mancozeb 0.1% + 0.25% BoonR
T6 Tetraconazole + Chlorothalonil 0.1% + 0.2% DomarkR + JatayuR
T7 Thiophenate methyl 0.1% RokoR
T8 Azoxystrobin 0.1% MiradorR
T9 Copper Oxychloride + Chlorothalonil 0.3% + 0.2% Cuprina + JatayuR
T10 Hexaconazole + Captan 0.1% + 0.2% Contafplus+MerimainR
T11 Hexaconazole+Zineb 0.2% AvatarR
T12 Control - -
Material and Methods
Munilakshmi et al. (2016)

 Pale-green to yellow spots on upper surface and on the corresponding lower
surface, raise, buff or pinkish pustules was observed. Severely affected leaves
necrosis, leaf distortion and defoliation takes place.
Symptoms

Fig. 1 Score chart for chrysanthemum white rust caused by Puccinia horiana.
0 1-25 26-50 56-75 76-100

Tr. No. Treatment details Conc. Per cent Disease Index
(PDI)
Before spray After spray
T1 Chlorothalonil 0.2% 59.92 55.19
T2 Myclobutanil 0.1% 56.22 50.74
T3 Hexaconazole 0.1% 54.36 47.78
T4 Propiconazole 0.1% 55.00 43.33
T5 Myclobutanil + Mancozeb 0.1% + 0.25% 56.48 47.41
T6 Tetraconazole + Chlorothalonil 0.1% + 0.2% 57.18 54.81
T7 Thiophanate methyl 0.1% 49.63 38.89
T8 Azoxystrobin 0.1% 51.48 47.04
T9 Copper oxy chloride +
Chlorothalonil
0.3% + 0.2% 56.96 50.37
T10 Hexaconazole + Captan 0.1% + 0.2% 56.67 54.81
T11 Hexaconazole+Zineb 0.2% 59.26 54.78
T12 Control - 61.11 69.26
SEm±
CD@0.05
1.90 2.26
5.60 7.70
Table 1. Field efficacy of different fungicides on reducing the severity of
chrysanthemum white rust

 Strict quarantine regulations should be maintained.
 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique will helps in
diagnosing the pathogen without back ground staining.
 Use of resistant varieties helps in managing the rust pathogen.
 Use of Bacillus spp., as a biocontrol agent helps in reducing the disease
incidence of Puccinia horiana.
 Thiophanates, triazoles and strobilurins are most effective fungicides
against rust pathogen.

“Everything can stop but not agriculture”.
- Pandit Nehru

Epidimilogy and manegment of rust fungus

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