Fundamentals of Landscape Design

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LEVEL:4TH ,TERM:1ST
GROUP NO:03
ID:166005
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16TH BATCH
Dept.of Architecture,DUET

Principles of Design
Elements of Design
The Design Process
Landscape Design Guidelines
3
6
11
19
CONTENTS
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 Design principles guide designers in organizing elements visually
pleasing landscape.
Proportion Order Repetition
Principles
Unity
Proportion
 Absolute proportion is the scale or size of
an object.
 Relative proportion is the size of an object
in relation to other objects.
•Proportion in hardscape
•Proportions in voids
•Proportion in plants
Relative proportion
Absolute proportion
(The house is large) (House are the small size)
Sorrento drive residence
Source:Basic Principles of Landscape Design
Writer:Gail Hansen

4
Repetition:
 repeated use of features like plants with
identical shape, line, form, texture etc.
 Too much repetition creates monotony
 used effectively can lead to rhythm ,
focalization or emphasis.
 Unity can be achieved.
Colorado center corporate campus
Repetition in plants
Repetition in hardscape materials
Order
SYMMETRICAL
BALANCE
Mirror images) are
placed on either side of
an axis.
ASYMMETRICAL
BALANCE
Non-Equivalent placed
on either side of an
axis
PERSPECTIVE
BALANCE
The objects have
greater visual weight
MASS
COLLECTION
Arranging the groups
around a central
space
Order:
Writer:Gail Hansen

•All the separate parts of the landscape work together to create great total design.
•Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other features work together .
• create a unified space.
UNITY:
Size Texture
Principles of Design 5
Writer:Gail Hansen

used to create interest through level changes.
With regards to building height, retaining height
and retaining measures.
 as opposed to one large cut.
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• Accommodate level changes
•Protect Views
Avoiding reflective materials.
Ensure views.
Trees are to be planted to frame a view.
Rather than obscure the view.
(APPLEGARTH) HOUT BAY (Updated 15 June 2017)

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•Use natural screening to create privacy
A soft and cost effective & improve privacy.
Shrubs and trees selected from the plant palette.
Should not negatively affect the adjacent properties.
If it is higher than 1.5m is soft Screening.
•Create sheltered outdoor spaces
Include lawn & seating area on paving or a
deck and planting areas.
 Hard landscape elements are encouraged to
create structure in the garden.
•Transition between the landscape and the
buildings
Transition zone
The use of pergolas and trees that would
soften the buildings and integrate the
building with the landscape is encouraged.
The tree canopy provides second “roof”

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• Tree planting guidelines and tree
staking detail
From the approved list.
 Used carefully to create shade and an
improved micro climate .
Planted in a well prepared tree hole with
minimum dimensions of 1.2 x 1.2 x 1m.
• Retaining walls
 Retaining walls have to be rectilinear in shape
(Not curved).
 Retaining walls should be composed of
straight lines
 and 90˚ corners to create unity between the
built and landscape forms.
 For building material and height, refer to the
Design Manual the requirements of which are
applicable to landscape design.
 Use of visible concrete retaining block (CRB)
walls are prohibited

9
• Planting design of the areas
adjacent to road verge
 The front of the properties visible from the road
should be seen as part of the street scape.
 The soft and hard landscape palette should
match the surrounding road reserve in these
areas.
 In areas visible from the road, mass planting of
single species is not allowed.
 A planting mix should be used consisting of three
or more species.
 The planting and maintenance of this area is the
responsibility of the estate ( AOA).
• Landscape Servitude area
 The first 1m adjacent to the property
boundary fence needs to be kept clean and
planted with a suitable low groundcover
from the approved plant list for the area.
 This needs to act as a clear line of site for
the cameras monitoring the boundary.
 No planting should obstruct the view of
cameras.
 All landscape servitude areas need to be
maintained by the adjacent home owner
1.0 m
1.0 m
1.0 m

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• Rainwater storage tanks • Irrigation
• Garden Furniture • Fertilizer

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Elements of Design
Lines
Straight lines
Diagonal lines
Vertical lines
Horizontal lines
Forms
Formal
(geometrical forms)
circles
squares
polygons
Informal
(naturalistic
forms)
Meandering line
Organic edges
Fragmented
edges
Texture
Coarse texture
Fine texture
Medium texture
color
Monochromatic
scheme
Analogous
scheme
Complementary
scheme
Elements of Design:
Elements of Design
Source : Text book of Basic Principles of Landscape Design
Writer : Gail Hansen

12
1. Lines : Line creates all forms and patterns and can be used in a variety of ways in the landscape.
Straight & Horizontal Line divide the space
 Straight lines are structural and forceful. they
create a formal character.
 Curved lines create an informal, natural, relaxed
character.
 Vertical lines move the eye up, making a space
feel larger.
Curve Line
Vertical Line
Elements of Design

13
2. Forms : Shape is created by an outline that encloses a space, and form is the three-dimensional mass
of that shape.
Circle
Square
 Polygon make interesting shape
 Circle create focal point
 Square produce grid pattern
Formal (Geometric Forms)
Polygon
Elements of Design

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Informal(Naturalistic Forms)
Fragmented edges
Meandering lines Organic edges
 Fragmented edges Create
a gradually disappearing
edge on patio or walkways.
 Meandering line can be
described as smooth line
with deeply curved
undulations.
 Organic edges mimic the
edges of natural material,
such as foliage, plant forms.
Elements of Design

15
Tree forms : Tree form used for visual appeal, but
the form is important for function.
Different type of tree form are used in landscape
design. such as,
Shrub forms : choosing shrub often
depends on weather.
Elements of Design
Columnal
Vase Tree
Weeping Tree
Round Tree Pyramidal
Ovel Tree
spreading
clumping
irregular
mounding

COLOR:
 The visual response of eye to reflected rays of light
 Optical sensation, originating in the brain’s
perception of light energy reflected to the eye from a
pigmented surface.
TEXTURE
 The surface quality of a material , as perceived by sight or touch.
 It can be smooth, coarse, waxy, rough, delicate, velvety.
 Used to provide variety, interest, and contrast.
 A plant can generally be described as having a coarse, medium, or fine texture.
Elements of Design 16
Lorna lane residence
Writer:Gail Hansen

Medium Texture
• Medium texture plants have foliage and branches that are neither overly large nor small and delicate.
• They are characterized by medium sized leaves with simple shapes and smooth edges.
A space feels smaller with fine texture on the
perimeter
A space feels larger with fine texture on the
perimeter
Fine Texture
• Finer textures are easier for the viewer’s eyes to look at.
•They make an area seem larger and more expanded.
Course Texture
• Visually coarse textures have border impacts. Coarse textures keep the viewer’s eyes busy.
• making a large space seem smaller and more intimate.
Elements of Design 17
Colorado center corporate campus
Writer:Gail Hansen

The Design Process
The five steps of the design process include:
conducting a
site inventory
and analysis
determining
users needs
creating
functional
diagrams
developing
conceptual
design plans
drawing a final
design plan
Establish the aesthetic,
functional, and
horticultural
requirements for the
design.
Apply those
requirements to the
creation of the final
landscape plan.
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Understand of
site
Remember the
user
Create and link
spaces
Use a form
and/or style
theme
Consider the
function of
plants
Structure the
planting
Highlight
important points
Pay attention to
detail
Take time into
account
Protect of
resources
Throughout the design process there are ten
important things to consider:
The Design Process
Source:Landscape Design: Ten Important Things to Consider
Gail Hansen de Chapman

1.Soil type
2.Topography
•Loam is a mixture of sand , silt & clay.
•Ideal blend of soil for plant growth.
•40% sand,40% silt & 20% clay.
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Understand of Site
Issues of concern include the soil type, topography, and regional climate
Full sun Dense shade
Full shade
Partial shade
Light shade
3.Regional climate
• Sun/shades pattern.
• The amount and length of exposure to sun or shade.
• Create microclimates.
Direct
summer
sun for 6 or
more hours
a day.
Provides
little
indirect
light.
Areas take
in less than
an hour of
direct sun a
day.
Occurs where
plants get less
than 2 hours of
direct sun or are
shaded for at
least half the day.
The plants receive
3 to 5 hours of
direct sun in the
summer and shade
for less than 4
hours each day.
The Design Process

Calculating the length of exposure to sun or shade:
L=H/tan(A)
Here,
L=length of Shadow
H=height of the tree/obstacle
A= Altitude angle of the sun at mid-day
L
H
A
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Sun and Shade analysis of a site:
Remember the User:
There are five things to consider:
1) how do currently use the yard,
2) how do user want to use the yard,
3) aesthetically, how do user want it to look,
4) what is maintenance style, hands-off or
hands-on,
5) what is client budget.
The Design Process

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Use a Theme:
Theme
Form theme
Geometric
circle, square,
and rectangle
used for the
hardscape
Naturalistic
irregular (organic
edge) or
curvilinear
(meandering
lines
Use for
plantings
Style theme
Formal architectural
garden style(French,
Spanish, Italian, and
Middle Eastern)
Less formal designs
include Oriental,
English, and
American.
apply to the planting
plan and may include
tropical, desert,
meadow, woodland,
marsh, or coastal
plantings
Formal style
Naturalistic style
The Design Process

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Create and Link Spaces
A yard can generally be divided into three areas:
•public (the front yard),
•private (the back yard), and
•service (typically the side yard)
Arbors
Plant beds
Sod areas
Outdoor
room
Paved
surfaces
•the curves and bends of the path should partially conceal
what lies ahead.
•This provides a sense of mystery that promotes
exploration and discovery of the landscape.
Informal garden
The Design Process

23
Consider the Function of Plants
Physical barriers
•block both the view and access
Implied barriers
•block access but not the view
•For psychological comfort •Microclimates
Structure the Plantings:
Shrubs act as
walls in a space
The branches of trees form a ceiling canopy overhead.
The Design Process

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Main layer
Second layer
Final layer
Layer Type of
Plants
Purpose
Main
layer
Trees and
large shrubs.
separate or en-frame spaces,
control the size of the space.
Second
layer
Mid-ground
plants
For massing and infill.
Final
layer
Foreground
plants
provide emphasis or focal points.
The Design Process

26
Pamelo Burton & Company
Landscape architect in Santa
Monica , California
• She is known for her
interdisciplinary approach to
private and public projects,
bringing together plant materials
,art and architecture.
•In 2006 ,she become a fellow of
the American society of landscape
architects.
Philosophy :
To create a landscape and by changing the landscape to achieve the best use of the site
and it also related to the environment.
Pamelo Burton
ARCHITECT
https://en.m.wikipedia.rg

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Lago Vista Residence
Beverly Hills, California
•Area:1.7 acres
Private space
Service
space
Public
space
•Located on a ridge with steep grades on
either side of the residence,
•Offering separate spaces for
entertaining and relaxation.
•The curves and bends of the path
provides a sense of mystery that
promotes exploration and discovery of the
landscape.
•Theme : Naturalistic form theme
•Organic edge mimic the nature.
•Circular form create a focal point
CASE STUDY-01
www.pamelaburtonco.com

• A series of garden rooms linked by a circumambulatory path
• Utilizing the grade changes to embrace and separate
programmed spaces,
•Offers a variety of experiences
knee-height texture
along the path
Outdoor rooms
•Repetition in hardscape materials and plants.
Color: Analogous color scheme.
Analysis:
•Trees are not used to create a frame.
• Circular focal point space can be more
interesting by planting structure.
• Curved lines create an informal, natural, relaxed character.
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Lorna lane residence
Location: Brentwood , California.
Area: 0.75 acres.
Groundcover form
• Circular form create focal point &
• Connect other forms
Irregular form create
interesting space
• Curve line create
natural ,relaxed
character
Fragmented edge
materials used
 In the lawn, a long, linear
stone trough is filled with
irises.
 Wrapping the lawn, a
decomposed granite path is
bordered by an ever-
changing palette of sun and
shade loving shrubs,
designed in the pattern of the
color wheel.
 The garden room filled with
color all year from the foliage
and flowers. Legend
1.Guest parking court
2.Upper terrace
3.Iris rill
4.Pergola with stone bench
5.Lower terrace
6.Vegetable garden & grill area
7.North garden terrace
8.Pool
9.Outdoor shower
10.Fountain
11.Main parking court
12.Infiltration planter
CASE STUDY-02

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 Straight line lead the eye directly a focal point.
 Create pattern control movement.
 Vertical line move the eye up.
 making a space larger.
 Relative proportion create a comfortable space.
 Tree form create a boundary for movement or
visualization.
 Shrub form create a fine texture .
 Shade tree form create shady
area.
 Different cooler create a
variety in landscape

•A large sunken lawn below the upper terrace, bordered on the
south by a stone and wood pergola with a stone bench at the
base.
Upper terrace
Pergola
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Analysis:
• whose landscape references the symmetry and balance
of French and English gardens with a palette appropriate
for this area of Los Angeles.
• Repetition in hardscape materials creates monotony. if
used effectively then it can lead to rhythm , focalization
or emphasis in landscape design.
Source : pamelaburtonco.com/projects/lorna-lane-residence

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Sorrento Drive residence
Location:Brentwood, California
• Area: 0.5 acres
• Client sought delight from the graciousness, comfort and
attention to detail in their new house and garden.
• an axial arrangement
 The pool is encircled by closely-planted trees
and narrow ribbons of colored concrete.
Public space
Private space
• Relaxation outdoor space
CASE STUDY-03
•Formal (Geometric Forms)

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Repetition in plants and hardscape.
•A decorative granite pathway with
• Proportionate plants creates natural views.
•used for the hardscape- Geometric form theme
Analysis:
•A large sunken lawn by a stone and wood pergola
with a stone bench at the base can make outdoor
space more interesting.
•Pool side repeated use of trees provides visually
monotony and bored feelings.
 A tranquil dining pavilion that includes a large
outdoor fireplace overlooks the garden.
 The well-groomed garden areas, linked together by
pathways.
Medium texture
Course texture

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Bonhill residence
Location : Brentwood, CA
N
•Based on a series of outdoor rooms.
•Symbolic representations of mass and void.
•Use of various types of plant to create texture.
•Effectively use of repetition create rhythm.
CASE STUDY-04
•Natural screening to create privacy.
•A courtyard at the back of the house uses randomly
shaped paving stones to form a perfect square around an
existing Coral tree, which looks out over the garden below.
Coral tree

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•The garden has gradually become a sculpture garden; the
citrus orchard has been replaced by a Richard Long sculpture
piece, and the void of the open lawn is bordered by a Richard
Serra piece of steel.
• Meandering line can be
described as smooth line with
deeply curved undulations.
• Lawn is bordered by Camphor trees and a walkway
Garden room
Analysis:
• Here the garden room
which
conceder as sheltered
outdoor
spaces.
•In this design the lawn is
considered as a bordered
but the lawn also create the
visual problem.

Colorado Center Corporate Campus
Location: Santa Monica, California
Architect: Gensler
Area:15 acres
• Color change according to monochromatic
color in color wheel.
CASE STUDY-05
Purpose : To create an environmentally-
appropriate design that focused on employee-
centric amenities and water-wise planting.
•Large lawn areas were replaced with
shrubs and grasses that conveyed
movement, color and intrigue using the idea
of green to gold
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• Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other
features work together and create a unified
space.
• Used to create interest through level changes.
• Hard landscape
elements are
encouraged to
create structure
in the garden.
• Space feel larger by texture.
37

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• More repetition create monotonous .
• If we use effective repetition then it can help to create
rhythm.
Used to create interest through level changes.
But more level change can be danger for users.
• Use of trees in this plaza gives a shade and
shelter for people and this makes spaces more
peaceful. .
ANALYSIS

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UCR The Barn
Location: Riverside, CA
Architect: SVA Architecture
Area: 60000SFT
•This landscape was designed alongside
the renovation and expansion of UCR’S
historic Barn event space.
•Purpose : New creative spaces
for students to study or relax in an
exterior garden environment
•Theme : Geometric form theme
Entry
 Tress are used carefully to create shade and an
improved micro climate .
 Relative proportion is the size of an object in relation
to other objects.
CASE STUDY-06

 Curved lines create an informal, natural,
relaxed character.
 Straight lines are structural and forceful.
they create a formal character.
•The plant palette consciously utilizes drought tolerant and
low maintenance species and incorporates a dry boulder
swale.
Outdoor spaces
40

 Retaining walls have to be rectilinear in shape (Not
curved).
 composed of straight lines
 90˚ corners to create unity between the built and
landscape forms.
 The front of the properties visible from the road.
 Planting design of the areas adjacent to road verge.
41
Analysis:
•Tress are used carefully to create shade
and an improved micro climate.
• Road side repeated use of trees provides
visually monotony and bored feelings.
•The front of the properties visible from the
road as a result Privacy is lost.

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•The plan of the private residence shows the
relationship of the main house and guest house as
they frame the garden.
Malibu Beach House
Location: Malibu, California
Area:0.5 acres
•From the Pacific Coast Highway (National Defense
Highway), the interior garden is framed by the guest
house and main house, and opens to the full expanse
of the Pacific Ocean.
•Located in Malibu, this project spans three lots. The garden uses the Japanese concept of "borrowed landscape", a framing
device that blocks out certain views through plant screening and accentuates others by situating them within a landscape
frame
CASE STUDY-07

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•Yellow Kangaroo Paw
(Anigozanthos), Mexican Marigold
(Tagetes) and Duranta repens
"variegata" were incorporated within
the grass massing to create a
complex salt-tolerant palette of
yellows and greens.
•The design was executed to optimize
the flowing , dramatic movement of
grasses, contrasting red bark of the
Arbutus tree, and seasonal color of the
Kangaroo Paw.
•Meeting the clients request for "lots of
color", the design combines multiple
plants in a yellow palette.
•The summer landscape with fog
reveals a garden that mimics the
adjacent landscape

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•Exterior parking on
both sides of the
property utilizes
permeable paving
with planted joints
•Provides a shaded threshold next to a
reflecting pool with a bronze edge.
•Drought-tolerant planting palette
reduces the carbon footprint
•Provide a secure boundary.
•18 inches hedge below the deck level
•A low maintenance, walk
able ground cover
•An informal sandy walk
•Tree form create a
boundary for movement or
visualization
Analysis:
Repeated use of grass in walkway create monotony and bored feeling
.Trees are used to create frame within guest house and main house.

45
Common characteristics of Architect Pamelo Burton:
• tends to crate outdoor spaces.
• new landscape design must be follow the existing natural
landscape.
•Well defined spaces are designed through the use of plants.
•Architect sought to use a theme in her design.
•Private and public spaces are more defined.
Works Pattern

Fundamentals of Landscape Design

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