Functions of kidney
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The kidneys perform several important functions: 1. They regulate homeostasis by filtering waste from the blood and precisely controlling water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. 2. They play a role in hematopoiesis by secreting erythropoietin and thrombopoietin which stimulate red blood cell and platelet production. 3. The kidneys have an endocrine function through the secretion of hormones including erythropoietin, renin, and calcitriol which help regulate blood pressure, calcium levels, and other processes.
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Functions of placenta
The placenta serves four main functions:
1. Nutritive - it allows nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones from the mother's blood to diffuse to the developing fetus.
2. Excretory - it excretes metabolic waste and end products from the fetus into the mother's bloodstream.
3. Respiratory - as the fetal lungs are not functional, the placenta acts as the fetus's respiratory organ by allowing oxygen to diffuse from the mother's blood to the fetus and carbon dioxide to diffuse in the opposite direction.
4. Endocrine - the placenta secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, HCS, and relaxin which help sustain the pregnancy and
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
1. During pregnancy, a woman's blood volume increases by about 20% due to a rise in plasma volume, which causes hemodilution. Cardiac output increases by 30% in the first trimester before decreasing to normal levels in later stages. Blood pressure typically remains unchanged in the first trimester and slightly decreases in the second trimester.
2. Changes in other physiological systems include increased respiratory and renal function to accommodate the growing fetus. Morning sickness occurs due to hormonal imbalance in early pregnancy. The endocrine system undergoes changes like increased secretion of hormones from the pituitary, adrenal cortex, thyroid and parathyroid glands to support the demands of the fetus and pregnancy.
3. Psychological changes
Lactation
Lactation involves two processes: milk secretion and milk ejection. Milk secretion is the synthesis and passage of milk through the alveolar epithelium and duct system, occurring in two phases - initiation (lactogenesis) and maintenance (galactopoiesis). Initiation is triggered after delivery as prolactin levels rise, secreting an initial low-sugar, high protein milk called colostrum. Maintenance depends on hormones like growth hormone, thyroxine, and cortisol to sustain glucose, amino acid, and mineral supply for ongoing milk production triggered by suckling. Milk ejection is the discharge of milk from the mammary gland in response to suckling, mediated by a neuroendocrine reflex.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves cyclic changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina over approximately 28 days. It begins at menarche and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle develops and ovulation occurs, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation marking the start of a new cycle. The cycle involves changes in hormone levels, the development and breakdown of tissues, and variations in the cervix and vaginal environment to prepare for potential pregnancy.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system consists of primary and accessory sex organs. The primary sex organs are the ovaries which produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The accessory sex organs include the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina which make up the reproductive tract, as well as the external genitalia. Both estrogen and progesterone are important female hormones with various functions in the reproductive system like regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system ensures the continuation of species. The testes are the primary sex organs that produce sperm through spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are formed from primitive germ cells in the testes over 74 days. It occurs in four stages: proliferation, growth, maturation, and transformation. The testes also secrete male sex hormones called androgens, including testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for masculine physical traits and plays an important role in fetal development and adult sexual maturation.
Menopause and infertility
This document discusses menopause and infertility. It describes the symptoms women experience during menopause due to declining estrogen levels, including hot flashes, mood swings, and fatigue. It also outlines various causes of infertility in males, such as low sperm count or abnormal sperm, and in females, such as ovarian cysts, uterine abnormalities, or lack of ovulation due to hormonal imbalances. Treatment options mentioned include hormone replacement therapy for menopause symptoms.
Female Reproductive Anatomy.ppt
This document provides information about the female reproductive system. It describes the external genitalia including the vulva, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening. It also details the internal reproductive organs such as the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The document explains the menstrual cycle and how hormones regulate ovulation, menstruation, and fertility. Key topics covered include menarche, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and breast anatomy.
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Functions of placenta
The placenta serves four main functions:
1. Nutritive - it allows nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones from the mother's blood to diffuse to the developing fetus.
2. Excretory - it excretes metabolic waste and end products from the fetus into the mother's bloodstream.
3. Respiratory - as the fetal lungs are not functional, the placenta acts as the fetus's respiratory organ by allowing oxygen to diffuse from the mother's blood to the fetus and carbon dioxide to diffuse in the opposite direction.
4. Endocrine - the placenta secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, HCS, and relaxin which help sustain the pregnancy and
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
1. During pregnancy, a woman's blood volume increases by about 20% due to a rise in plasma volume, which causes hemodilution. Cardiac output increases by 30% in the first trimester before decreasing to normal levels in later stages. Blood pressure typically remains unchanged in the first trimester and slightly decreases in the second trimester.
2. Changes in other physiological systems include increased respiratory and renal function to accommodate the growing fetus. Morning sickness occurs due to hormonal imbalance in early pregnancy. The endocrine system undergoes changes like increased secretion of hormones from the pituitary, adrenal cortex, thyroid and parathyroid glands to support the demands of the fetus and pregnancy.
3. Psychological changes
Lactation
Lactation involves two processes: milk secretion and milk ejection. Milk secretion is the synthesis and passage of milk through the alveolar epithelium and duct system, occurring in two phases - initiation (lactogenesis) and maintenance (galactopoiesis). Initiation is triggered after delivery as prolactin levels rise, secreting an initial low-sugar, high protein milk called colostrum. Maintenance depends on hormones like growth hormone, thyroxine, and cortisol to sustain glucose, amino acid, and mineral supply for ongoing milk production triggered by suckling. Milk ejection is the discharge of milk from the mammary gland in response to suckling, mediated by a neuroendocrine reflex.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves cyclic changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina over approximately 28 days. It begins at menarche and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle develops and ovulation occurs, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation marking the start of a new cycle. The cycle involves changes in hormone levels, the development and breakdown of tissues, and variations in the cervix and vaginal environment to prepare for potential pregnancy.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system consists of primary and accessory sex organs. The primary sex organs are the ovaries which produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The accessory sex organs include the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina which make up the reproductive tract, as well as the external genitalia. Both estrogen and progesterone are important female hormones with various functions in the reproductive system like regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system ensures the continuation of species. The testes are the primary sex organs that produce sperm through spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are formed from primitive germ cells in the testes over 74 days. It occurs in four stages: proliferation, growth, maturation, and transformation. The testes also secrete male sex hormones called androgens, including testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for masculine physical traits and plays an important role in fetal development and adult sexual maturation.
Menopause and infertility
This document discusses menopause and infertility. It describes the symptoms women experience during menopause due to declining estrogen levels, including hot flashes, mood swings, and fatigue. It also outlines various causes of infertility in males, such as low sperm count or abnormal sperm, and in females, such as ovarian cysts, uterine abnormalities, or lack of ovulation due to hormonal imbalances. Treatment options mentioned include hormone replacement therapy for menopause symptoms.
Female Reproductive Anatomy.ppt
This document provides information about the female reproductive system. It describes the external genitalia including the vulva, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening. It also details the internal reproductive organs such as the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The document explains the menstrual cycle and how hormones regulate ovulation, menstruation, and fertility. Key topics covered include menarche, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and breast anatomy.
Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
The document summarizes the ovarian and endometrial cycles. The ovarian cycle involves the development and release of oocytes over approximately 28 days and consists of the follicular and luteal phases regulated by hormones. The endometrial cycle involves preparation of the uterus for implantation over around 28 days and consists of the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases regulated by hormones. Key hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate growth and shedding of the endometrium corresponding to changes in the ovaries.
Menstruation in humans
The menstrual cycle occurs in four stages and is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland and ovaries. In the first follicle stage, follicle stimulating hormone causes a follicle to form and produce estrogen. In the second ovulation stage, the estrogen surge causes luteinizing hormone to be released from the pituitary, rupturing the follicle and releasing an egg. In the third corpus luteum stage, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which produces progesterone. If no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum decomposes in the fourth menstruation stage, dropping hormone levels and causing the uterine lining to shed and be released.
Mestrual cycle in humans
The menstrual cycle occurs approximately every 28 days as females ripen and release a mature egg. During the first half of the cycle, the pituitary gland produces hormones that stimulate egg production and release of estrogen. Around day 14, the pituitary releases LH which triggers ovulation. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. The uterine lining thickens from days 5-28 in preparation for potential pregnancy. Hormone levels fluctuate throughout the cycle to regulate changes in the ovaries, uterus, and egg development.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine and reproductive systems. It describes how the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions and how glands like the pancreas, testes and ovaries release specific hormones. It also explains the female menstrual cycle and how an egg is released and may be fertilized, leading to embryonic development with formation of the placenta and umbilical cord if implantation occurs. Sexual reproduction is contrasted with asexual reproduction, and feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels are discussed.
The menstrual cycle/ female reproductive cycle
The menstrual cycle consists of three phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. During the menstrual phase, the endometrium sheds if ovulation did not occur. In the proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens under rising estrogen levels. Ovulation occurs near the end of this phase. In the secretory phase, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential implantation. The cycle is regulated by changes in hormone levels and typically lasts around 28 days but can vary between individuals. Abnormalities include changes in cycle length, bleeding amount, or timing of menses.
Ovarian hormones-Estrogen & Progesterone
Estrogen and progesterone are the two main ovarian hormones. Estrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and stimulates the development of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also regulates the female estrus cycle. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy by supporting embryo development. Both hormones work together to regulate the female reproductive system.
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The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat and produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate at which cells convert glucose to energy, while calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones. The parathyroid glands are four small masses located on the back of the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone to raise blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to release calcium. Disorders of the thyroid can include goiters caused by iodine deficiency, cretinism in newborns from low thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism where too much hormone is produced.
Mamogenesis sir fiaz
Mamogenesis is the development of mammary glands from conception through peak lactation. It occurs in stages from embryonic development through puberty and pregnancy. The mammary gland develops from ectodermal and mesodermal cell layers between the rear legs. Mammary buds form and sprout to create the primary ducts and cistern that will become the teat and gland. During pregnancy, alveoli develop to replace fatty tissue and secretions accumulate in the last trimester in preparation for lactation. After weaning, the udder undergoes involution where alveolar cells are lost but ductal structures remain until the next pregnancy.
Menstruation cycle
The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cycle that involves changes in the ovaries and uterus, regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It includes a follicular phase where follicles in the ovaries mature, an ovulation phase where an egg is released, and a luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and progesterone is produced. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease, causing the uterus to shed its lining and result in menstruation.
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$$ MENSTRUAL CYCLE $$
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the uterus and ovaries controlled by hormones. The proliferative phase prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening its lining under estrogen. Ovulation releases an egg, after which progesterone supports the lining during the secretory phase. If implantation does not occur, hormone levels fall and the menstrual phase sheds the lining. Menstrual management involves products like pads and tampons to absorb blood and allow women to participate in daily activities during their period.
Placental function
The placenta serves many essential functions:
1) It acts as a barrier and protects the fetus from harmful substances in maternal blood while allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through.
2) The placenta provides nutrition to the fetus by selecting and transporting nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from maternal blood.
3) It produces important hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen that help maintain the pregnancy and support fetal development.
Physiology of menstruation
The physiology of menstruation involves cyclic changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium that are regulated by hormones. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH. FSH causes follicles to mature in the ovaries during the follicular phase. Rising estrogen levels cause LH and FSH levels to decrease through negative feedback. Near ovulation, estrogen peaks and causes a surge in LH which triggers ovulation. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone and estrogen. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, causing the thickened endometrium to shed and menstruation
Pancreas endocrine function ppt
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Ovarian cycle
The document discusses several topics related to human reproductive cycles:
1. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular and luteal phases, culminating in ovulation in the middle. The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase and secretes hormones to prepare the uterus.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by ovarian hormones and has proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases that regulate the endometrium.
3. Placentation begins with implantation and involves the formation of chorionic villi from the embryo and decidua from the endometrium to facilitate nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus without blood mixing. The placenta secretes important hormones throughout pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. It begins at menarche and ends at menopause. During each cycle, an egg matures and is released during ovulation around day 14. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the uterine lining sheds as menstruation over around 3-8 days. Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins released during this shedding process, which cause uterine contractions.
Ovaries.ppt
The ovaries are almond-shaped glands located on either side of the pelvis that contain follicles and the corpus luteum. The follicles secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and exists in three types - estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estrogen acts on genes and is synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries, promoting the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulating the reproductive cycle through a feedback loop with hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Physiology of pregnancy, placental hormones , parturition
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology.
Kidney function
وظائف الكلى
Función del riñón
Funzione renale
Функция почек
Fonction rénale
Nierenfunktion
كلية الطب
جامعة ابن سينا للعلوم الطبية والصيدلانية
College of medicine
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The document provides an overview of the urinary system and its functions. It describes the key organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It explains how the kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine via nephrons and how urine travels through the system to be excreted. It also covers urine composition, urinalysis, and how the urinary system maintains homeostasis and is impacted by aging.
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Hormonal Control Of Ovarian And Endometrial Cycles
The document summarizes the ovarian and endometrial cycles. The ovarian cycle involves the development and release of oocytes over approximately 28 days and consists of the follicular and luteal phases regulated by hormones. The endometrial cycle involves preparation of the uterus for implantation over around 28 days and consists of the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases regulated by hormones. Key hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate growth and shedding of the endometrium corresponding to changes in the ovaries.
Menstruation in humans
The menstrual cycle occurs in four stages and is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland and ovaries. In the first follicle stage, follicle stimulating hormone causes a follicle to form and produce estrogen. In the second ovulation stage, the estrogen surge causes luteinizing hormone to be released from the pituitary, rupturing the follicle and releasing an egg. In the third corpus luteum stage, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which produces progesterone. If no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum decomposes in the fourth menstruation stage, dropping hormone levels and causing the uterine lining to shed and be released.
Mestrual cycle in humans
The menstrual cycle occurs approximately every 28 days as females ripen and release a mature egg. During the first half of the cycle, the pituitary gland produces hormones that stimulate egg production and release of estrogen. Around day 14, the pituitary releases LH which triggers ovulation. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. The uterine lining thickens from days 5-28 in preparation for potential pregnancy. Hormone levels fluctuate throughout the cycle to regulate changes in the ovaries, uterus, and egg development.
Physiology of menstruation - Female Reproductive System - B.Pharm & Pharm.D -...
Physiology of menstruation - Female Reproductive System - B.Pharm & Pharm.D -...Kameshwaran Sugavanam
This document discusses the physiology of menstruation. It begins with an overview of menstruation and notes that it involves periodic physiological changes in females from puberty until menopause. It then outlines the four phases of the menstrual cycle: the menstrual phase involving bleeding, the follicular phase where the uterus lining thickens, ovulation where an egg is released, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. Each phase is described in 1-2 sentences with key details.Endocrine Reproductive
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine and reproductive systems. It describes how the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions and how glands like the pancreas, testes and ovaries release specific hormones. It also explains the female menstrual cycle and how an egg is released and may be fertilized, leading to embryonic development with formation of the placenta and umbilical cord if implantation occurs. Sexual reproduction is contrasted with asexual reproduction, and feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels are discussed.
The menstrual cycle/ female reproductive cycle
The menstrual cycle consists of three phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. During the menstrual phase, the endometrium sheds if ovulation did not occur. In the proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens under rising estrogen levels. Ovulation occurs near the end of this phase. In the secretory phase, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential implantation. The cycle is regulated by changes in hormone levels and typically lasts around 28 days but can vary between individuals. Abnormalities include changes in cycle length, bleeding amount, or timing of menses.
Ovarian hormones-Estrogen & Progesterone
Estrogen and progesterone are the two main ovarian hormones. Estrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and stimulates the development of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also regulates the female estrus cycle. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy by supporting embryo development. Both hormones work together to regulate the female reproductive system.
Adrenal, pancreas, pineal, etc
The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat and produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate at which cells convert glucose to energy, while calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones. The parathyroid glands are four small masses located on the back of the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone to raise blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to release calcium. Disorders of the thyroid can include goiters caused by iodine deficiency, cretinism in newborns from low thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism where too much hormone is produced.
Mamogenesis sir fiaz
Mamogenesis is the development of mammary glands from conception through peak lactation. It occurs in stages from embryonic development through puberty and pregnancy. The mammary gland develops from ectodermal and mesodermal cell layers between the rear legs. Mammary buds form and sprout to create the primary ducts and cistern that will become the teat and gland. During pregnancy, alveoli develop to replace fatty tissue and secretions accumulate in the last trimester in preparation for lactation. After weaning, the udder undergoes involution where alveolar cells are lost but ductal structures remain until the next pregnancy.
Menstruation cycle
The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cycle that involves changes in the ovaries and uterus, regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It includes a follicular phase where follicles in the ovaries mature, an ovulation phase where an egg is released, and a luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and progesterone is produced. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease, causing the uterus to shed its lining and result in menstruation.
Endocrine system overview
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormones. It discusses how the endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate bodily processes. The hormones travel via the bloodstream and each only impacts target cells that have receptors for that specific hormone. The document also reviews the different types of hormones and how hormone release is controlled, either by other hormones, changing blood levels, or neural stimulation.
$$ MENSTRUAL CYCLE $$
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the uterus and ovaries controlled by hormones. The proliferative phase prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening its lining under estrogen. Ovulation releases an egg, after which progesterone supports the lining during the secretory phase. If implantation does not occur, hormone levels fall and the menstrual phase sheds the lining. Menstrual management involves products like pads and tampons to absorb blood and allow women to participate in daily activities during their period.
Placental function
The placenta serves many essential functions:
1) It acts as a barrier and protects the fetus from harmful substances in maternal blood while allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through.
2) The placenta provides nutrition to the fetus by selecting and transporting nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from maternal blood.
3) It produces important hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen that help maintain the pregnancy and support fetal development.
Physiology of menstruation
The physiology of menstruation involves cyclic changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium that are regulated by hormones. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH. FSH causes follicles to mature in the ovaries during the follicular phase. Rising estrogen levels cause LH and FSH levels to decrease through negative feedback. Near ovulation, estrogen peaks and causes a surge in LH which triggers ovulation. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone and estrogen. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, causing the thickened endometrium to shed and menstruation
Pancreas endocrine function ppt
The document discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach and below the liver. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete three hormones - glucagon from alpha cells, insulin from beta cells, and somatostatin from delta cells. These hormones work together to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes occurs when there is a deficiency or absence of insulin from the beta cells, leading to high blood sugar. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, which is usually diagnosed in childhood and is due to destruction of the beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90% of cases and is
Ovarian cycle
The document discusses several topics related to human reproductive cycles:
1. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular and luteal phases, culminating in ovulation in the middle. The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase and secretes hormones to prepare the uterus.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by ovarian hormones and has proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases that regulate the endometrium.
3. Placentation begins with implantation and involves the formation of chorionic villi from the embryo and decidua from the endometrium to facilitate nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus without blood mixing. The placenta secretes important hormones throughout pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. It begins at menarche and ends at menopause. During each cycle, an egg matures and is released during ovulation around day 14. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the uterine lining sheds as menstruation over around 3-8 days. Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins released during this shedding process, which cause uterine contractions.
Ovaries.ppt
The ovaries are almond-shaped glands located on either side of the pelvis that contain follicles and the corpus luteum. The follicles secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and exists in three types - estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estrogen acts on genes and is synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries, promoting the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulating the reproductive cycle through a feedback loop with hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Physiology of pregnancy, placental hormones , parturition
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology.
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The document provides an overview of the physiology of the digestive system. It discusses the basic functions of the digestive system which include ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. It describes the organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and their roles, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It also discusses the layers of the GIT wall, regulation of digestive functions by nerves and hormones, and the roles of saliva, stomach secretions, bile, and pancreatic juices in digestion.
LIVER AND GALL BLADDER.pptx DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The liver and gallbladder document discusses:
1. The liver is the largest gland in the body and performs many vital metabolic functions like metabolizing nutrients, storing vitamins and minerals, and secreting bile.
2. Bile, produced by the liver, aids in digestion and absorption of fats. It is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine.
3. Gallstones form when there is a precipitation of cholesterol, calcium ions, or bile pigments in the gallbladder mucosa. Risk factors include reduced bile salts, excess cholesterol, or damage to the gallbladder epithelium.
functional anatomy and Physiology of Liver.
This document discusses the physiology of the liver, liver function tests, and pathophysiology of jaundice. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to understand liver functions, hepatic physiology, bilirubin metabolism, the basis for classifying jaundice, and differences in lab findings for different types of jaundice. It then describes the anatomy and blood supply of the liver, histology of liver lobules, bile secretion, and the many functions of the liver including metabolism, storage, detoxification, and immunity. It also discusses liver function tests and the metabolism of bilirubin before explaining the different types of jaundice and their pathophysiology.
The excretory system
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through various organs. The lungs, skin, large intestine, liver, and urinary system all play roles in excretion. The kidneys are the primary excretory organs, filtering wastes from the blood and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter blood to form urine, reabsorbing necessary substances while excreting waste.
Importance of Liver Health of Poultry in Poultry Farming .
The liver is the central laboratory of a chicken’s body. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Understanding the metabolic function and causes of disruptions in liver functions helps us to provide the birds with the right feed and health treatment.
When we cut open the body of a chicken, the first organ that is most likely revealed is the liver. The message is clear. Nature wants us to examine the liver carefully before
proceeding to the other organs.The liver contains great functional reserve capacity, which is very important in domestic animals subjected to high production requirements. This organ adapts easily to different conditions by increasing the intensity of its functions.
Particularly in broilers, the liver has to cope with many challenges, including
high energy level feed, the addition of chemotherapeutics, coccidiostats
and others, whose desired metabolites must be maintained in equilibrium by hepatic homeostasis.Incidental treatments with highly hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic antibiotics
or sulfonamides pose serious risks and cause situations of difficult prognosis during a 40-45 day period in which the body acquires satisfactory muscular mass. What is the function of the liver and what might be the cause of malfunctioning?
Biochemistry of Liver.pptx
The liver performs over 500 vital functions including processing nutrients from digestion and storing glycogen and other substances. It receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the hepatic portal vein, holding about 13% of the body's blood supply. The liver detoxifies xenobiotics and synthesizes proteins, vitamins, and other substances used by other tissues. It also produces bile which helps emulsify and absorb lipids and neutralizes acid in the intestines.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
URINARY SYSTEM, FLUID, ELECTROLYTES, AND ACID BASE BALANCE Final Presentatio...
Our tireless urinary system acts as a filtration factory, keeping our blood clean. The two bean-shaped kidneys, located just below the ribcage, are the stars of the show. Millions of microscopic filtering units called nephrons within each kidney work overtime. Blood travels through these nephrons, where waste products like urea, a byproduct of breaking down proteins, and excess water are separated out.
Essential elements and water are meticulously reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, while the leftover liquid waste becomes urine. Thin tubes called ureters, one for each kidney, then act as pipelines, transporting the urine down to the bladder. The bladder, a muscular sac in the lower abdomen, acts as a reservoir, comfortably storing urine until you feel the urge to eliminate it. When it's time, muscles in the bladder contract, and urine travels down the urethra, a tube leading out of the body, to be voided.
Unit 8 (urinary)
The document discusses the urinary system and its functions. It begins by describing the urinary system's role in filtering waste from the bloodstream and excreting it as urine. It then discusses the kidneys' primary function of maintaining homeostasis by filtering waste and regulating fluid balance. Finally, it outlines some key components and characteristics of normal urine, including its typical color, smell, pH, density, and soluble contents.
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5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
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Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
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Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
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In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
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Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
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Functions of kidney
- 1. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY Dr. Maria idrees; PT
- 2. 1. ROLE IN HOMEOSTASIS • Primary function of kidneys is homeostasis. • It is accomplished by the formation of urine. • During the formation of urine, kidneys regulate various activities in the body, which are concerned with homeostasis such as:
- 3. i. Excretion of Waste Products Kidneys excrete the unwanted waste products, which are formed during metabolic activities: a. Urea (end product of amino acid metabolism) b. Uric acid (end product of nucleic acid metabolism) c. Creatinine (end product of metabolism in muscles) d. Bilirubin (end product of hemoglobin degradation) e. Products of metabolism of other substances.
- 4. ii. Maintenance of Water Balance Kidneys maintain the water balance in the body by conserving water when it is decreased and excreting water when it is excess in the body. This is an important process for homeostasis
- 5. iii. Maintenance of Electrolyte Balance Maintenance of electrolyte balance, especially sodium is in relation to water balance. Kidneys retain sodium if the osmolarity of body water decreases and eliminate sodium when osmolarity increases.
- 6. iv. Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance The pH of the blood and body fluids should be maintained within narrow range for healthy living. Body is under constant threat to develop acidosis, because of production of lot of acids during metabolic activities. However, it is prevented by kidneys, lungs and blood buffers, which eliminate these acids.
- 7. • Among these organs, kidneys play major role in preventing acidosis. In fact, kidneys are the only organs, which are capable of eliminating certain metabolic acids like sulfuric and phosphoric acids.
- 8. 2. HEMOPOIETIC FUNCTION • Kidneys stimulate the production of erythrocytes by secreting erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is the important stimulating factor for erythropoiesis. Kidney also secretes another factor called thrombopoietin, which stimulates the production of thrombocytes
- 9. 3. ENDOCRINE FUNCTION • Kidneys secrete many hormonal substances in addition to erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. Hormones secreted by kidneys i. Erythropoietin ii. Thrombopoietin iii. Renin iv. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) v. Prostaglandins.
- 10. 4. REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE • Kidneys play an important role in the long- term regulation of arterial blood pressure by two ways: i. By regulating the volume of extracellular fluid ii. Through renin-angiotensin mechanism.
- 11. 5. REGULATION OF BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL • Kidneys play a role in the regulation of blood calcium level by activating 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol into vitamin D. Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium from intestine