Sepration of molecules on the basis of applied Electric Field
Categorized into 1) Zone Electrophoresis 2) Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
We can seprate macromolecules (DNA , RNA, PROTEINS )on the basis of their charge, size shape & molecular weight
Introduction
History
Elecrophoresis
Principle
Types of electrophoresis
Application
Conclusion
Reference
When a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes in a colloidal solution, It has been observed that the colloidal particles are carried to either the positive or negative electrode.
In other words , they behave as if they are electrically charged w.r.t. the dispersion medium. This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis.
Many important biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids, possess ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exist in solution as electrically charged species either as cations or anions.
Under the influence of an electric field these charged particles will migrate either to the cathode or to the anode, depending on the nature of their net charge.
The technique of paper electrophoresis is simple and inexpensive and requires only micro quantities of plasma for separation.
The support medium is a filter paper
The electrophoresis apparatus in its simplest form consists of two troughs to contain buffer solution, through which electric current is passed.
Frequently used in isolating proteins, amino acids and oligopeptides.
Sepration of molecules on the basis of applied Electric Field
Categorized into 1) Zone Electrophoresis 2) Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
We can seprate macromolecules (DNA , RNA, PROTEINS )on the basis of their charge, size shape & molecular weight
Introduction
History
Elecrophoresis
Principle
Types of electrophoresis
Application
Conclusion
Reference
When a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes in a colloidal solution, It has been observed that the colloidal particles are carried to either the positive or negative electrode.
In other words , they behave as if they are electrically charged w.r.t. the dispersion medium. This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis.
Many important biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids, possess ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exist in solution as electrically charged species either as cations or anions.
Under the influence of an electric field these charged particles will migrate either to the cathode or to the anode, depending on the nature of their net charge.
The technique of paper electrophoresis is simple and inexpensive and requires only micro quantities of plasma for separation.
The support medium is a filter paper
The electrophoresis apparatus in its simplest form consists of two troughs to contain buffer solution, through which electric current is passed.
Frequently used in isolating proteins, amino acids and oligopeptides.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Electrophoresis principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
the general principle on how the electrophoresis performs.
the different types of electrophoresis and the mechanism of separation based on different character of the medium and type of electrophoresis.
Separation is brought about through molecular sieving technique, based on the molecular size of the substances. Gel material acts as a "molecular sieve”.
Gel is a colloid in a solid form (99% is water).
It is important that the support media is electrically neutral.
Different types of gels which can be used are; Agar and Agarose gel, Starch, Sephadex, Polyacrylamide gels.
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Electrophoresis principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
the general principle on how the electrophoresis performs.
the different types of electrophoresis and the mechanism of separation based on different character of the medium and type of electrophoresis.
Separation is brought about through molecular sieving technique, based on the molecular size of the substances. Gel material acts as a "molecular sieve”.
Gel is a colloid in a solid form (99% is water).
It is important that the support media is electrically neutral.
Different types of gels which can be used are; Agar and Agarose gel, Starch, Sephadex, Polyacrylamide gels.
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
electrophoresis: movement of charge particles in a gel under the influence of an electric field, principle, factors, apparatus, types , application, advantage and disadvantage.
Microchip Electrophoresis is the new talk of the town, which revolutionize the field of electrophoresis. It is shown to be an attractive tool for time & cost saving development of a separation method for complex sample mixtures. It made possible the simultaneous separation of catecholamines and their cationic metabolites.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. ELECTROPHORESIS
• The term electrophoresis describes the migration of a
charged particle under the influence of electric field (electro-
charged particle and phoresis -movement).
• Many important biological molecules such as amino acids,
peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids possess
ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exists in
solution as electrically charged species either as cations or
anions.
• Under the charge of an electric field these charged particles
will migrate either to cathode or to anode, depending on the
nature of their net charge.
• This is one of the most fundamental processes used in all
types of molecular biology and RDT experiments.
3. DEFINITION
• Electrophoresis is migration of charged particles or molecules
in a medium under the influence of an applied electric field.
• The Rate of migration of charged molecules depends upon
following factors:
– (a) The strength of electric field, size and shape.
– (b) Relative hydrophobicity of the sample.
– (c) Ionic strength and temperature of the buffer.
– (d) Molecular size of the taken bio molecule.
– (e) Net charge density of the taken bio molecule.
– (f) Shape of the taken bio molecule.
• In the process of electrophoresis large molecules have more
difficulty in moving through the supporting medium (i.e., gel)
whereas the smaller medium has more mobility through it.
4.
5. • The different components in a mixture will have
different electrophoretic mobilities and hence they
can be separated.
• Mixtures of amino acids, proteins and nucleotides
can be separated by their migration in an electric
field.
6.
7.
8.
9. CLASSIFICATION
• All modern electrophoretic apparatus have supporting
media these days.
• A supporting medium is a physical support through
which the charged molecules get separated.
• It has two primary functions-adsorption and molecular
sieving of the taken molecules which are intended to be
separated.
• Depending upon the presence or absence of supporting
media the electrophoresis can be classified as free
electrophoresis and zone electrophoresis.
10.
11. 1.FREE ELECTROPHORESIS
• In this type of electrophoresis a free electrolyte is taken
in place of supporting media.
• It is mostly of two types―the micro-electrophoresis
which is mostly used in calculation of Zeta potentials (a
colloidal property of cells in a liquid medium) of the
cells and moving boundary electrophoresis which for
many years had been used for quantitative analysis of
complex mixtures of macromolecules, especially
proteins.
• Nowadays this type of electrophoresis has become out-
dated and mostly used in non-biological experiments.
12. • Free Flow Electrophoresis (FFE) is an electrophoresis procedure working
continuously in the absence of a stationary phase (or solid support material such as
a gel).
• It separates preparatively charged particles ranging in size from molecular to
cellular dimensions according to their electrophoretic mobilities (EPMs) or
isoelectric points (pIs).
• Samples are injected continuously into a thin buffer film, which may be segmented
or uniform, flowing through a chamber formed by two narrowly spaced glass
plates.
• Perpendicularly to the electrolyte and sample flow, current may be applied while
the fluid is flowing (continuous FFE) or while the fluid flow is transiently stopped
(interval FFE).
• In any case the applied electric field leads to movement of charged sample
components towards the respective counter electrode according to their
electrophoretic mobilities or isoelectric points.
• The sample and the electrolyte used for a separation enter the separation
chamber at one end and the electrolyte containing different sample components as
separated bands is fractionated at the other side.
13.
14.
15. APPLICATIONS
• Peptides, proteins, DNA, viruses, organelles,
bacteria or cells can be separated at resolutions of
3-5% of their electrophoretic mobilities and a
throughput of up to 50 mg protein or 20 million
cells per hour may be achieved.
• Highly developed modern machines may be
operated continuously or at intervals with
segmented electrolyte in various modes and with
buffers containing up to 60 mM ions.
16. 1a. MICRO ELECTROPHORESIS
• Micro electrophoresis is the best-known method for
determination of zeta potentials.
• The apparatus includes a capillary cell, two chambers that
include electrodes, and a means of observing the motion of
particles.
• The apparatus is filled with very dilute suspension and the
chambers are closed.
• A direct-current voltage is applied between electrodes in the
respective chambers.
• One uses a microscope to determine the velocity of particles.
• Zeta potential values near to zero indicate that the particles in
the mixture are likely to stick together when they collide,
unless they also are stabilized by non-electrical factors.
• Particles having a negative zeta potential are expected to
interact strongly with cationic additives.
20. • While there are specialized applications for moving boundary
electrophoresis (e.g., capillary electrophoresis), it is not a
common lab technique for two major reasons.
• Foremost, the resolution between different populations of
molecules (bands) can be lost due to fluid motion if special
precautions are not taken. Fluid motion can occur through
physical disturbance (e.g., waves induced by mechanical
vibrations) or through thermal convection (Joule heating).
• The time and electrophoretic distance needed to separate
molecules with similar charges and masses may be
impractical.
21. 1b.i. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
• Capillarity of narrow bore tube is employed to separate the
samples based on their size: charge ratio.
• Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is relatively new separation
technique compared to the traditional techniques such as agarose
gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE.
• It provides very attractive features which make it both competitive
and a good alternative.
• One of the major advantages of CE over other separation
technique is the ability to separate both charged and non-charged
molecules.
• In CE, separation of analyte ions is performed in an electrolyte
solution (background electrolyte) present in a narrow fused-silica
capillary.
22. • The ends of the capillary are immersed into vials (inlet and
outlet) filled with electrolyte solution, which also contain
electrodes connected to a high voltage supply.
• The sample solution is introduced in the capillary as a small
plug by applying pressure (hydrodynamic injection) or voltage
(electro kinetic injection).
• With the application of high voltage (5 – 30 kV) across the
capillary, zones of analyte are formed due to different
electrophoretic mobilities of ionic species and migrate
towards the outlet side of the capillary.
• In fact, different ions can be separated when their charge/size
ratio differs.
• Before reaching the end of the capillary, the separated
analyte bands are detected directly through the capillary wall.
23.
24. • Advantages:
– (a) High separation efficiency
– (b) Short analysis time
– (c) Low sample and electrolyte consumption
– (d) Low waste generation
– (e) Ease of operation
• Disadvantages:
– Due to small diameter of the capillary tube, heat is
dissipated that causes increased diffusion. Due to this
the resolution is not always proper.
• Applications:
– CE is used in the following analysis of food,
pharmaceutical products and environmental pollutants.
25. 2. ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS
• This is the most prevalent electrophoretic technique
of these days.
• In this type of electrophoresis the separation
process is carried out on a stabilizing media.
• The zone electrophoresis is of following types;
– (a) Paper electrophoresis
– (b) Cellulose acetate electrophoresis
– (c) Capillary electrophoresis
– (d) Gel electrophoresis
26.
27. 2a.PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS
• In this type of electrophoresis a filter paper (like chromatography
paper) having slight adsorption capacity and uniform pore size is
used as the supporting medium for separation of samples under
the influence of an applied electric field.
• While carrying out paper electrophoresis, a strip of filter paper is
moistened with buffer and ends of the strip are immersed into
buffer reservoirs containing the electrodes.
• The samples are spotted in the centre of the paper, high voltage is
applied, and the spots migrate according to their charges.
• After electrophoresis, the separated components can be detected
by a variety of staining techniques, depending upon their chemical
identity.
28.
29. • Applications:
– (a) Serum analysis for diagnostic purpose is carried out
by paper electrophoresis.
– (b) Muscle protein (Myosin), egg protein (albumin), milk
protein (casein), snake and insect venoms have been
satisfactorily analysed using paper electrophoresis.
• Disadvantage:
– It is very time-taking. Around 14-16 hours are needed for
the process of complete separation.
30. 2b.CELLULOSE ACETATE ELECTROPHORESIS
• It is a modified version of paper electrophoresis developed by
Kohn in 1958.
• In this type of electrophoresis bacteriological acetate
membrane filters are taken in place of regular
chromatography paper.
• The followings are advantages of cellulose acetate strips
over chromatography paper:
– (a) The cellulose acetate strips are chemically pure and free of
lignin and hemicelluloses and generally act as barriers in free
moment of large molecules.
– (b) Because of low content of glucose cellulose acetate strips are
suitable for electrophoresis of polysaccharides.
– (c) Cellulose acetate is not hydrophilic and this holds very little
buffer which further helps for a better resolution in a short time.
31. • Applications:
– It is especially used for clinical investigation such as
separation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins and
haemoglobin from blood.
32. 2c. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• Gel electrophoresis involves the use of gel as
supporting media for separation of DNA, RNA or
proteins under the influence of electric charge.
• It is usually performed for analytical purposes but may
be used as a preparative technique to partially purify
molecules prior to use for other methods such as mass
spectrometry, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing and
immuno -blotting.
• This is the most commonly used electrophoresis in
biotechnology laboratories and is used for almost all
types of experiments in RD.
33. • Principle:
– When a potential difference is applied across the electrodes
of a horizontal electrophoretic tank containing agarose gel
and biomolecules (such as nucleic acids) are loaded, then
they get separated according to their molecular size (bigger
molecules have more molecular size and smaller molecules
have small molecular size) and move to their respective
electrodes. Here the agarose gel acts as a sieve.
– As in a sieve the large particles stay above and the particles
which are smaller than the pore size passes through it,
similarly in the gel the larger and the bulky molecules stay
behind whereas the smaller molecules move faster and
quickly towards their respective electrodes.
– This process may be imagined like a running competition.
The one who is thinner and have a flexible body will be at the
ending point sooner than the one who is fat and bulky.
34.
35.
36. Application of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis:
1. Separation of restriction enzyme digested DNA including
genomic DNA, prior to Southern Blot transfer. It is often used
for separating RNA prior to Northern transfer.
2. Analysis of PCR products after polymerase chain reaction to
assess for target DNA amplification.
3. Allowing estimation of the size of DNA molecules using a DNA
marker or ladder which contains DNA fragments of various
known sizes.
4. Allows the rough estimation of DNA quantity and quality.
5. Quantity is assessed using lambda DNA ladder which contains
specific amounts of DNA in different bands.
6. Quality of DNA is assessed by observing the absence of
streaking or fragments (or contaminating DNA bands).
7. Other techniques rely on agarose gel electrophoresis for DNA
separation including DNA fingerprinting.
37. • Advantages and Disadvantages of Agarose Gel
Electrophoresis:
• The advantages are that the gel is easily poured,
and does not denature the samples. The samples
can also be recovered.
• The disadvantages are that gels can melt during
electrophoresis, the buffer can become exhausted,
and different forms of genetic material may run in
unpredictable forms.
38. SDS-PAGE
• Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis is mostly used to separate proteins
accordingly by size.
• This is one of the most powerful techniques to
separate proteins on the basis of their molecular
weight.
39. Principle:
• This technique uses anionic detergent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
(SDS) which dissociates proteins into their individual
polypeptide subunits and gives a uniform negative charge
along each denatured polypeptide.
• SDS also performs another important task. It forces
polypeptides to extend their conformations to achieve similar
charge: mass ratio.
• The rate of movement is influenced by the gel’s pore size and
the strength of electric field.
• In SDS- PAGE the vertical gel apparatus is mostly used.
• Although it is used to separate proteins on a routine basis,
SDS-PAGE can also be used to separate DNA and RNA
molecules.
40.
41. Application:
SDS-PAGE has many applications. It is mostly used for following
purposes:
1. Establishing protein size
2. Protein identification
3. Determining sample purity
4. Identifying disulfide bonds
5. Quantifying proteins
6. Blotting applications
Advantages of SDS-PAGE:
SDS-PAGE has following advantages:
1. Mobility of the molecules is high and separation is rapid.
2. All the proteins are negatively charged; therefore, all migrate
towards anode.
3. The proteins treated with SDS fixed dyes are better than the
native proteins.
4. SDS solubilizes all proteins, including very hydrophobic and even
denatured proteins.
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electrical charge in the statistical mean.
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is an electrophoretic technique for the separation of proteins based on their isoelectric point (pI).
the amount of material or items passing through a system or process.
"fast data throughput"
Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.
Hemoglobin Bart's is a tetramer of gamma (fetal) globin chains seen during the newborn period. Its presence indicates that one or more of the four genes that produce alpha globin chains are dysfunctional, causing alpha thalassemia. Hemoglobin Bart's is a tetramer of gamma (fetal) globin chains seen during the newborn period. Its presence indicates that one or more of the four genes that produce alpha globin chains are dysfunctional, causing alpha thalassemia.
Hemoglobin H disease (HbH) is a form of alpha thalassemia in which moderately severe anemia develops due to reduced formation of alpha globin chains. In this condition, as in the other forms of thalassemia, there is an imbalance of globin chains needed to form hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or α2β2, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, comprising over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin