This document discusses grammar structure and function. It defines the eight parts of speech and their structures. It then explains how words can have the same structure but different functions based on how they are used in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The key terms of grammar structure and function are defined, including the different types of phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. Exercises are provided to distinguish word structures from their functions.

1. Part 2
FunctionBy
Ronald Speener

2. Objectives
• To list the eight parts of speech
• To be able to differentiate between a
word’s structure and function
• To be able to identify phrases and clauses
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3. Communication Hierarchy
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Sounds
Words
Phrases
Sentences
Paragraphs
Essays
Writing
Speaking
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4. Two Basic Classifications
Structure
• What a word is
Function
• What a word does
• How a word is used in
– Phrases
– Clauses
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5. FUNCTION
Terminology
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6. Sentence
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The sentence is the basic unit of thought.
It consists of at least a subject and a verb
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Noun
Car
Verb
Stopped

7. Important
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In a sentence, the
structure of a word
is always the same
but the function can
change

8. Subject
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The subject is what the sentence is about.
- a subject is a noun, pronoun or
phrase.
Jack walks the dog. The dog walks Jack.
He walks the dog.
Walking a dog is good exercise.
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9. Verb
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The verb is what the subject does. A verb is
a single word or series of words.
Jack walks the dog. The dog walked Jack.
He was walking the
dog.
He should have
been walking the
dog.
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10. Complete Subject
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The complete subject is the everything in
the sentence from the start of the
sentence to the verb.
Jack walks the dog on a very short leash.
When the neighbor’s cat is out, Jack walks the
dog on a very short leash to prevent the dog from
chasing the cat.
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11. Predicate
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The predicate is the everything in the
sentence from the verb to the end of the
sentence.
Jack walks the dog.
Jack walks the dog on a very short leash.
When the neighbor’s cat is out, Jack walks the
dog on a very short leash to prevent the dog
from chasing the cat.
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12. Not Verb Verbs
Sometimes the
structure verb does
not function as a
verb in a sentence
For these to function
as a verb in a
sentence, addition
verbs (helping
verbs) are required
•Running (Present participle)
• Gone (Past Participle)
• Been (Past Participle)
• To walk (Infinitive)
• Be (Simple form)
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13. Direct Object
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The direct object receives the action of
the verb.
Jack walks the dog.
The dog walks Jack.
Jack walks it.
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14. Indirect Object
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The indirect object is to whom the action
is done.
The indirect object can be a noun or
pronoun
Jack walks Mary home.
Jack walks her home.
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15. Complement
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The complement describes the subject or
direct object.
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Subject
Compliment
Object
Compliment

16. Subject Complement
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The complement completes the
description of the subject. It is usually
found after an linking verb such as is,
are, was, were, feels, etc.
Jack was kind.
Jack felt kind.
Jack was kindness.
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17. Object Complement
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The complement completes the
description a direct object.
Jack called himself a good student.
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18. THE PHRASE
Terminology
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19. Phrase
• A phrase is a
group of words
that go together in
a sentence but are
not a sentence
• big brown dog
• to drive a car
• walking the big
brown dog
• with a yellow
flower
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20. Adjective Phrase
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A adjective phrase describes a
noun.
A simply delightful movie
The red and yellow shoes
The Chinese elm tree
Decorating the house
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21. Prepositional Phrase
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A prepositional phrase starts with a
preposition and ends with a noun or
pronoun.
by the book between you and me
The noun or pronoun at the end of a
prepositional phrase is never the subject of
the sentence.
in plain sight
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22. Verb Phrases
• The main verb with helping verbs
a) Jack went to the store.
b) Jack was going to the store.
c) Jack was not going to the store.
d) Jack might have been going to the store.
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23. Verbal Phrases
A verbal phrase is a phrase that has
a verb which does not function as
a verb.
• Infinitive phrase –
• Present Participle
• Past participle –
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24. Verbal Phrases—Infinitive
Infinitive phrase—to + verb
• To drive a car one must be at least age 16.
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25. Verbal Phrases—Participle
Present Participle—(-ing phrase
without a helping verb)
• Gerund (subject) –
a) Mowing is hot work.
• Present Participle (adjective) –
a) Ted was a mean mowing machine.
b) Mowing the lawn, Tina ran over the
water hose.
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26. Verbal Phrases—Participle
Past participle –
a) Broken into little parts, the dish was not
repairable.
b) Worked very hard, the car broke down.
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27. CLAUSES
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28. Clause
• All clauses have a
subject and verb
• Not all clauses are
sentences
Independent
• Sentence
Dependent
• Not a
sentence
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29. Independent Clause
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An independent clause can be a
sentence
It has a subject and verb
It is a complete thought
Jack walks the dog.
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30. Dependent Clause
• An dependent clause
cannot be a sentence
• It has a subject and
verb
• It is not a complete
thought
• It must be connected
to an independent
clause too
• Before Jack walks the
dog, is not a
complete thought
• The dog, which
weighs 100 pounds,
walks Jack.
• He walks the dog
although Mary feeds
it.
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31. Sentence or Not a Sentence
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.
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32. Sentence Types
• Sentences
which combine
dependent and
independent
clauses are
named
– Simple
– Compound
– Complex
– Compound-
complex
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Simple
• One independent clause
Compound
• Two or more independent clauses
Complex
• Independent and Dependent
clauses
Compound-Complex
• Two independent and one dependent
clause

33. Simple sentence
• One independent clause
Jack walked Mary home.
Jack walked Mary to the red house at
the end of the street.
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34. Compound
• 2 independent clauses
Jack took Mary to the movies, and he walked
Mary home.
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1 2

35. Complex
• Independent and dependent clause
After Jack walked Mary home, he went dancing with
Helen.
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36. Compound-Complex
• Two or more independent clauses and a
dependent clause
After Jack walked Mary home, he went
dancing with Helen, and then he took
Carmen out for pizza.
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37. Summary
• The right structure for the right function
leads to grammatically correct sentences.
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38. Terms
• Structure
– Noun
– Verb
– Pronoun
– Adjective
– Adverb
– Conjunction
– Preposition
– Interjection
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39. Function Terms
• Sentence
–Subject
–Verb
–Direct object
–Indirect object
–Compliment
–Participle
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40. Function Terms
Phrase
Preposition
Verb
Verbal
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41. Function Terms
•Clause
–Independent
–Dependent
•Sentences
–Simple
–Compound
–Complex
–Compound-Complex
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42. Structure Exercise
• Jack went to the
store
a) Noun
b) Verb
c) Adjective
d) Adverb
• Jack went to the
store in his
pajamas
a) Noun
b) Preposition
c) Conjunction
d) Interjection
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43. Structure Exercise
• Jack went to the
store
a) Noun
b) Verb
c) Adjective
d) Adverb
• Jack went to the
store in his
pajamas
a) Noun
b) Preposition
c) Conjunction
d) Pronoun
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44. Structure Exercise
• Jack planted red
flowers in the
garden.
a) Noun
b) Verb
c) Adjective
d) Adverb
• Jack carefully
planted red flowers
in the garden.
• Noun
a) Noun
b) Preposition
c) Adjective
d) Adverb
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45. Function Exercise
• Jack planted red
flowers in the
garden.
a) Subject
b) Verb
c) Pronoun
d) Direct Object
• Jack carefully
planted red
flowers in the
garden.
a) Subject
b) Verb
c) Pronoun
d) Direct Object
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46. Function Exercise
• Jack planted red
flowers in the
garden.
a) Verbal Phrase
b) Prepositional
Phrase
c) Predicate
d) Direct Object
• Jack carefully
planted red
flowers in the
garden.
a) Subject
b) Verb
c) Pronoun
d) Direct Object
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47. Resources
• Definition of Basic Sentence Parts
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.ht
m
• Clauses: The essential building blocks
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm
• Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers
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