1. The document discusses different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It provides details on their composition and calorific values. 2. Details are given on the proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels which analyze their moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. 3. Different natural gases are described along with their compositions and calorific values. Coal gas, producer gas, water gas, LPG, biogas, and compressed natural gas are discussed.

1. FUELS
CXHY + O2 CO2 + H2O
CALORIFIC VALUE (CV) : Heat produced per unit weight or volume of fuel
High CV  SOHCQ 2240)8/(345008080
100
1
 Kcal/Kg
Low CV 



 537
100
9
HHCVQ Kcal/Kg
FUEL
SOLID
LIQUID
GASEOUS
WOOD, COAL, COKE
PETROLEUM, PETROL, KEROSENE
Primary/
Natural
Secondary/
Derived NATURAL GAS, COAL GAS, WATER GAS
DULONG’s FORMULA

2. SOLID FUEL % Moisture %C %H CV (Kcal/Kg)
3
WOOD 25 50 6 4000 - 5000
PEAT 25 58 5.7 5400
LIGNITE 20 67 5 6000
BITUMINOUS 4 83 5 8000
ANTHRACITE 1.5 93 8300 - 8700
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
X gm
W gm
After 1 hr. Heating at 105°- 107°C W1 gm; % Moisture = -------------------
100(W-W1)
X
7 mins heating in crucible with lead W2 gm;
% Volatile Matter = -----------------------
100 (W1 – W2)
X
Heating in air at 700° - 750°C till constant weight; % Ash = -----------------------
(W3 gm)
100 (W3 – W2)
X
% of Fixed Carbon = 100 – (% Moisture + % VM + % Ash)

3. ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
C
C + O2 = CO2H2 + ½ O2 = H2O
Increase in wt. of CaCl2 tube : z gm
Increase of wt. of Potash bulb: y gm
Therefore,
x
z
H
x
y
C
18
1002
%
44
10012
%




C Therefore,
x
VN
N
1004.1
% 11 

Fuming HNO3
H2SO4
BaCl2
Therefore,
x
w
S
233
10032
%

BaSO4
W gm

4. EGEE 102-Pisupati 4
NATURAL GAS (C1 – C4) 0° – 30°C
PET ETHER(C5 – C6) 30° – 70°C
PETROL(C7– C8) 70° – 120°C
NAPTHA(C9– C10) 120° – 150°C
KEROSENE(C10– C16) 150° – 300°C
HEAVY OIL(C15– C18) 300° – 350°C
LUB OIL(C17– C20) 350° – 400°C
VASELIN(C18– C22) 400°C
PITCH(C30– C40)

5. COMPRESSION RATIO = ---------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME DURING SUCTION STROKE
VOLUME DURING COMPRESSION STROKE

6. • The main driver for knock is ignition timing. As the ignition is
advanced - the spark is fired earlier in the engine operating
cycle - the pressure and temperature during the combustion
event become higher, thus making knock more likely.
• Happens when fuel burn ignites irregularly and prematurely
• Usage of fuel with low octane rating
• Poor design of engine and due to their own structural
problem
The main driver for knock is ignition timing. As
the ignition is advanced - the spark is fired
earlier in the engine operating cycle - the
pressure and temperature during the
combustion event become higher, thus making
knock more likely.
• Happens when fuel burn ignites irregularly and
prematurely
• Usage of fuel with low octane rating
• Poor design of engine and due to their own
structural problem

8. 1. Branched-chain alkanes, because straight chain alkanes
as heptane ignites readily which causes KNOCKING
2.
TEL • Pb accumulates in the engine,
1,2- dibromoethane (CH2BrCH2Br) is added to
petrol. The formation of volatile PbBr2.
• Lead is a neurotoxin, or nerve poison.
Antiknock Compound

9. TEL can also be replaced by,
CETANE NUMBER, applicable for Diesel Engine

10. GASEOUS FUELS
1. Coal Gas : H2 = 44% , CO2 = 2.8% , CO = 9.3 % , O2 = 0.5 % , N2 = 6.4 % , CV = 4900 Kcal / M3
2. Producer Gas : H2 = 8 - 12% , CO = 22 - 30% , N2 = 64 % , CV = 1300 Kcal / M3
3. Water Gas : H2 = 48% , CO2 = 4% , CO = 42 % , N2 = 4 % , CV = 2800 Kcal / M3
4. LPG: Butane = 95 % , Propane = 5 % , CV = 29780 Kcal / M3
5. Gobar Gas : H2 = 7.4% , CO2 = 35% , CH4 = 55 % , N2 = 2.6 % , CV = 5300 Kcal / M3
6. Compressed Natural Gas : H2 = 3% , CH4 = 70 - 90% , C2H6 = 5 - 10% , CO2 ,CO rest
Dry and Wet CV = 1600 Kcal / M3